Publication Date: 11/1993

Category: Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: CLAYS, GEOCHEMISTRY, HYDROXIDES, IRON OXIDES, MARS (PLANET), MARS SURFACE, MINERALOGY, PRECIPITATION (CHEMISTRY), SYNTHESIS (CHEMISTRY), DEPOSITION, ELECTRON DIFFRACTION, IRON, MAGNETIC PROPERTIES, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS, TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, X RAY DIFFRACTION

Bibliographic Code: 1993JGR....9820831B

Abstract:

A series of surface-modified clays containing nanophase (np) iron/oxyhydroxides of extremely small particle sizes, with total iron contents as high as found in Mars soil, were prepared by iron deposition on the clay surface from ferrous chloride solution. omprehensive studies of the iron mineralogy in these 'Mars-soil analogs' were conducted using chemical extractions, solubility analyses, pH and redox, x ray and electron diffractometry, electron microscopic imaging specific surface area and particle size determinations, differential thermal analyses, magnetic properties characterization, spectral reflectance, and Viking biology simulation experiments. The clay matrix and the procedure used for synthesis produced nanophase iron oxides containing a certain proportion of divalent iron, which slowly converts to more stable, fully oxidized iron minerals. The noncrystalline nature of the iron compounds precipitated on the surface of the clay was verified by their complete extractability in oxalate. Lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH) was detected by selected area electron diffraction. It is formed from a double iron Fe(II)/Fe(III) hydroxyl mineral such as 'green rust', or ferrosic hydroxide. Magnetic measurements suggested that lepidocrocite converted to the more stable meaghemite (gamma-Fe203) by mild heat treatment and then to nanophase hematite (aplha-Fe203) by extensive heat treatment. Their chemical reactivity offers a plausible mechanism for the somewhat puzzling observations of the Viking biology experiments. Their unique chemical reactivities are attributed to the combined catalytic effects of the iron oxide/oxyhydroxide and silicate phase surfaces. The mode of formation of these (nanophase) iron oxides on Mars is still unknown.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Exobiology and SETI from the lunar farside

Authors: TARTER, JILL C. (SETI Institute, Moffett Field; California, University, Berkeley); RUMMEL, JOHN (NASA, Washington, DC)

Notes: IN: Astrophysics from the moon; Proceedings of, the Workshop, Annapolis, MD, Feb. 5-7, 1990, (A91-56576 24-89). New York, American Institute, of Physics, 1990, p. 99-106.

Published: 1990

Corporate Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.

NASA Subject Category: SPACE SCIENCES (General)

Major Subject Terms: EXOBIOLOGY, EXTRASOLAR PLANETS, LUNAR FAR SIDE, MARS (PLANET), PROJECT SETI

Minor Subject Terms: BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, LUNAR BASES, MICROWAVE SOUNDING, PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Abstract:

Within the Life Sciences Division of NASA, the Exobiology Program seeks to understand the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. There are two feasible methods of searching for life beyond the earth. The first is to return to Mars and systematically explore its surface and subsurface with instrumentation capable of identifying extinct as well as extant life. The second is to search for advanced forms of life in other planetary systems that have developed a technology capable of modifying their environment in ways that make it detectable across the vast interstellar distances. The Exobiology Program is currently pursuing both of these options. If NASA's SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence) Microwave Observing Project of the 1990s fails to detect evidence of radio signals generated by an extraterrestrial technology, what might be the next step? The establishment of a permanent lunar base early in the next century may enable the construction of large aperture radio telescopes that can extend both the sensitivity and the frequency range of SETI observations. A lunar base may also provide the opportunity for construction of optical and IR telescopes intended for the direct detection of extrasolar planetary systems. Author

CASI Accession Number: 91A56582 Pages: 00008

Report Number: none

Contract Number: none

Sales Agency & Price: copyright

------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Experimental evaluation of pathogenicity of different variants of lassa virus

Authors: VLADYKO, A. S.; SURIKOVA, L. Y.; VOVK, T. A.; CHEREDNICHENKO, I. A.; TOROP, A. V.

Published: January 1986

Corporate Source: Joint Publications Research Service, Arlington, VA.

NASA Subject Category: LIFE SCIENCES

Major Subject Terms: ATTENUATION, CULTURE TECHNIQUES, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, LYMPHOCYTES, MENINGITIS, PATHOGENESIS, VIRUSES

Minor Subject Terms: CELLS (BIOLOGY), MICROBIOLOGY, MICROORGANISMS, PATHOGENS

Abstract:

Lasso, Machupo and Khunin belong to the highly pathogenic group of the arenavirus family. Research is conducted with the less-pathogenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus. One of the directions of research on arenavirus infections is concerned with the problems of the attenuation--acquisition of both nonpathogenic viruses and viruses with reduced pathogenicity. The characteristics (markers) by which the degree of attenuation of the infectious agent can be evaluated was examined. It is established, using LCM virus as an example, that a phenotypic characteristic such as plaque morphology can be used as such a marker. It was discovered that the color of plaques in viruses that do not evoke death of newborn mice differs from the color of plaques created by the initial virus. A dependence between plaque phenotype and pathogenicity is not discovered in LCM virus. The Lassa virus was used to demonstrate the presence of a dependence between plaque phenotype and pathogenicity. The possibility of reducing pathogenicity by conducting a number of passages of the virus in cell culture and in animals is accounted for. Plaque size serves as the phenotypic characteristic of attenuation of Lassa virus. E.A.K.

CASI Accession Number: 86N23254 Pages: 00006

Report Number: none

Contract Number: none

Sales Agency & Price: Avail: CASI HC A02/MF A02

Translation Note: Transl. into ENGLISH from Voprosy Virusologii (Moscow, USSR), no. 4, Jul. - Aug. 1985 p 454-457

------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Some characteristics of epizootic process in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome - Abstract Only

Authors: BASHKIRTSEV, V. N.; RYLTSEVA, Y. V.; TKACHENKO, Y. A.; STEPANENKO, A. G.

Published: January 1986

Corporate Source: Joint Publications Research Service, Arlington, VA.

NASA Subject Category: AEROSPACE MEDICINE

Major Subject Terms: ANTIGENS, HEMORRHAGES, IMMUNITY, RENAL FUNCTION, VIRUSES

Minor Subject Terms: ANTIBODIES, IMMUNOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, MEDICAL SCIENCE, RODENTS

Abstract:

Wild rodents caught on natural foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Ufa were analyzed for the presence of specific antigen of HFRS virus, for antibodies to this pathogenic agent and for native HFRS virus. A specific relationship was shown between the infection rate of bank voles with HFRS virus and the levels of circulating antigen and antibody to this virus. The immunity of test animals differed with age, older animals had higher immunity while, the younger animals showed more frequent presence of live virus. When selecting various age groups for isolation of viruses, the younger ones should be taken which have not manifested antibodies to the HFRS virus. E.A.K.

CASI Accession Number: 86N23234 Pages: 00001

Report Number: none

Contract Number: none

Sales Agency & Price: Avail: CASI HC A01/MF A02

Translation Note: Transl. into ENGLISH from Voprosy Virusologii (Moscow, USSR), no. 4, Jul. - Aug. 1985 p 463-468

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Using the information of cosmic rays to predict influence epidemic

Authors: YU, Z. D.

Affiliation: Hubei Research Inst. of Environmental Protection, Wuhan (China).

Journal: In NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf., Vol. 5 p 525-528 (SEE N85-3499123-93)

Publication Date: 08/1985

Category: Space Radiation

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: COSMIC RAY SHOWERS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, INFLUENZA, SOLAR RADIATION, SUNSPOTS, ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION, VIRUSES, ANTIGENS, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, PREDICTIONS, RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Bibliographic Code: 1985icr..conf..525Y

Abstract:

A correlation between the incidence of influenza pandemics and increased cosmic ray activity is made. A correlation is also made between the occurrence of these pandemics and the appearance of bright novae, e.g., Nova Eta Car. Four indices based on increased cosmic ray activity and novae are proposed to predict future influenza pandemics and viral antigenic shifts.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Microbiological and experimental-histological investigations of lunar samples returned by the Lunar 16 automatic station

Authors: KAULEN, D. R.; BULATOVA, T. I.; FRIDENSHTEYN, A. Y.; SKVORTSOVA, Y. B.

Affiliation: Kanner (Leo) Associates, Redwood City, CA.

Journal: In its Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881) p 597-605 (SEE N75-11814 02-91) Transl. into ENGLISH from the book ""Lunnyy Grunt iz Morya Izobiliya'' Moscow, Nauka Press, 1974 p 587-591

Publication Date: 10/1974

Category: Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, LUNAR SOIL, MICROBIOLOGY, EXOBIOLOGY, LUNAR MARIA, LUNAR SURFACE, LUNIK 16 LUNAR PROBE, MICROORGANISMS, VIABILITY

Bibliographic Code: 1974lssf.nasa..597K

Abstract:

Lunar surface material was studied for its content of viable microorganisms (aerobic and anaerobic, fungi, and viruses); the effect of the lunar surface material on the growth of microorganisms and its interaction with somatic cells of mammals was also observed. No viable microorganisms were detected; the samples exhibited neither stimulant or inhibitory action on the growth of microorganisms, and also showed no cytopathogenic action on tissue cultures. A suspension of lunar surface material particles was not toxic when parenterally administered to certain laboratory animals. The particles were subjected to intense phagocytosis by connective tissue cells in vivo and in vitro.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Isolation of virus-augmented tumor antigens - Ph.D. Thesis

Authors: AUSTIN, F. C. G.

Published: 1978

Corporate Source: George Washington Univ., Washington, DC.

NASA Subject Category: LIFE SCIENCES

Major Subject Terms: ANTIGENS, CANCER, CHEMOTHERAPY, IMMUNOLOGY, ISOLATION, VIRUSES

Minor Subject Terms: CELLS (BIOLOGY), CENTRIFUGES, INFLUENZA, MEMBRANE STRUCTURES, SOLVENT EXTRACTION, ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

Abstract:

Based on the knowledge that membrane extracts of virus-infected cells demonstrate augmented TSTA activity, antigens solubilized from virus-infected cells were studied to determine if they would retain their augmented antigenicity. For this purpose, an V40-transformed fibrosarcoma infected with influenza A virus was studied. The finding of enhanced TSTA activity in antigen fractions of low molecular weight supports the hypothesis that infectious virus is not required for augmentation of TSTA activity. The overall phenomenon of virus augmentation is dependent on several properties of the augmenting virus which may act cumulatively to enhance the activity of the tumor antigens. The procedures are applicable to the preparation of potent tumor antigens for use in the immunotherapy and/or mmunodiagnosis of human cancer. Dissert. Abstr.

CASI Accession Number: 79N18564 Pages: 00119

Report Number: none

Contract Number: none

Sales Agency & Price: Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 7903776

------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Planetary protection issues and future Mars missions

Authors: DEVINCENZI, D. L.; KLEIN, H. P.; BAGBY, J. R.

Affiliation: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.

Journal: Workshop held in Moffett Field, CA, 7-9 Mar. 1990

Publication Date: 12/1991

Category: Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: CONTAMINATION, ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION, EXOBIOLOGY, MARS (PLANET), MARS ENVIRONMENT, MARS SURFACE, PLANETARY QUARANTINE, CONTAINMENT, FAIL-SAFE SYSTEMS, MANNED MARS MISSIONS, MARS OBSERVER, MARS SURFACE SAMPLES, MICROORGANISMS, SPACE EXPLORATION, VIKING MARS PROGRAM

Bibliographic Code: 1991N94-33533.....D

Abstract:

A primary scientific theme for the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) is the search for life, extant or extinct, on Mars. Because of this, concerns have arisen about Planetary Protection (PP), the prevention of biological cross-contamination between Earth and other planets during solar system exploration missions. A recent workshop assessed the necessity for, and impact of, PP requirements on the unmanned and human missions to Mars comprising the SEI. The following ground-rules were adopted: (1) Information needed for assessing PP issues must be obtained during the unmanned precursor mission phase prior to human landings. (2) Returned Mars samples will be considered biologically hazardous until proven otherwise. (3) Deposition of microbes on Mars and exposure of the crew to martian materials are inevitable when humans land. And (4) Human landings are unlikely until it is demonstrated that there is no harmful effect of martian materials on terrestrial life forms. These ground-rules dictated the development of a conservative PP strategy for precursor missions. Key features of the proposed strategy include: to prevent forward-contamination, all orbiters will follow Mars Observer PP procedures for assembly, trajectory, and lifetime. All landers will follow Viking PP procedures for assembly, microbial load reduction, and bio-shield. And, to prevent back-contamination, all sample return missions will have PP requirements which include fail-safe sample sealing, breaking contact chain with the martian surface, and containment and quarantine analysis in Earth-based laboratory. In addition to deliberating on scientific and technical issues, the workshop made several recommendations for dealing with forward and back-contamination concerns from non-scicntific perspectives.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: No genome barriers to promiscuous DNA

Authors: LEWIN, R.

Journal: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), vol. 224, June 1, 1984, p. 970, 971.

Publication Date: 06/1984

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: CELLS (BIOLOGY), DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, GENETICS, CHLOROPLASTS, MITOCHONDRIA, NUCLEI, NUCLEI (CYTOLOGY)

Bibliographic Code: 1984Sci...224..970L

Farrelly and Butow (1983) used the term 'promiscuous DNA' in their report of the apparent natural transfer of yeast mitochondrial DNA sequences into the nuclear genome. Ellis (1982) applied the same term in an editorial comment. It is pointed out since that time the subject of DNA's promiscuity has exploded with a series of reports. According to a report by Stern (1984), movement of DNA sequences between chloroplasts and mitochondria is not just a rare event but is a rampant process. It was recently concluded that 'the widespread presence of ctDNA sequences in plant mtDNA is best regarded as a dramatic demonstration of the dynamo nature of interactions between the chloroplast and the mitochondrion, similar to the ongoing process of interorganellar DNA transfer already documented between mitochondrion and nucleus and between chloroplast and nucleus'.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Theory, Image Simulation, and Data Analysis of Chemical Release Experiments

Authors: WESCOTT, EUGENE M.

Affiliation: Alaska Univ., Fairbanks.

Journal: Final Report, 1 Feb. 1990 - 31 Jan. 1994 Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Geophysical Inst.

Publication Date: 04/1994

Category: Space Radiation

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: CHEMICAL CLOUDS, EARTH IONOSPHERE, EARTH MAGNETOSPHERE, IONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS, IONOSPHERIC SOUNDING, PLASMA CLOUDS, UPPER ATMOSPHERE, AURORAS, BARIUM, CALCIUM, ELECTRIC FIELDS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, POLAR REGIONS, ROCKET SOUNDING, STRONTIUM

Bibliographic Code: 1994N94-31101.....W

Abstract:

Not Available

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Environmental analysis of the chemical release module

Authors: HEPPNER, J. P.; DUBIN, M.

Affiliation: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.

Journal: Environmental analysis of the chemical release module

Publication Date: 11/1980

Category: Solar Physics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, CHEMICAL CLOUDS, ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS, SPACE SHUTTLE PAYLOADS, ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES, BARIUM, IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION, LITHIUM, RELEASING, SPACE OBSERVATIONS (FROM EARTH), TOXICITY AND SAFETY HAZARD, UPPER ATMOSPHERE

Bibliographic Code: 1980N81-13912.....H

Abstract:

The environmental analysis of the Chemical Release Module (a free flying spacecraft deployed from the space shuttle to perform chemical release experiments) is reviewed. Considerations of possible effects of the injectants on human health, ionosphere, weather, ground based optical astronomical observations, and satellite operations are included. It is concluded that no deleterious environmental effects of widespread or long lasting nature are anticipated from chemical releases in the upper atmosphere of the type indicated for the program.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: The dissociation energy of the CN radical determined from the CN internal energy release of the C + NO yielding CN + O reaction

Authors: COSTES, M.; NAULIN, C.; DORTHE, G.

Affiliation: AC(Bordeaux I, Universite, Talence, France)

Journal: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 232, no. 1, June 1990, p. 270-276.

Publication Date: 06/1990

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: COSMOCHEMISTRY, CYANOGEN, FREE RADICALS, GAS DISSOCIATION, LATE STARS, NITROGEN, CARBON, LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE, MOLECULAR BEAMS, REACTION PRODUCTS

Bibliographic Code: 1990A&A...232..270C

Abstract:

The reaction between C and NO yielding CN and O, produced by crossing two pulsed molecular beams of C and NO, is studied by probing the nascent unrelaxed CN(X2Sigma/+/) product at the crossing point with the laser-induced fluorescence technique. An experimental value of D(0)(CN) = 7.77 + or - 0.05 eV was determined, which is higher than the value 7.65 + or - 0.06 eV, derived by Bauschlicher et al. (1988) from ab-initio calculations.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: A fluid simulation of the AMPTE lithium gas releases in the solar wind

Authors: SAUER, K.; BAUHGAERTEL, K.; AXNAES, I.; BRENNING, NILS

Affiliation: AD(Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm, Sweden )

Journal: A fluid simulation of the AMPTE lithium gas releases in the solar wind Royal Inst. of Tech.

Publication Date: 08/1987

Category: Solar Physics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: AMPTE (SATELLITES), CHEMICAL CLOUDS, GAS EXPANSION, LITHIUM, MAGNETIC FIELD CONFIGURATIONS, PLASMA DYNAMICS, SOLAR WIND, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, PLASMA DENSITY, SATELLITE SOUNDING, VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION

Bibliographic Code: 1987N88-14056.....S

Abstract:

The effect of the AMPTE Li releases in the solar wind on the plasma dynamics and magnetic field structure is studied on the basis of a quasi one-dimensional fluid model, which includes a first-order correction for the lateral flow around the obstacle. The seeding rate and initial velocity of Li ions is calculated from photoionization in a spherically expanding Li cloud. In spite of the expected limited applicability of one-fluid modeling to the problem, the model reproduces the quantitative details of the magnetic field and plasma density variations, as well as the time sequence when the whole structure is swept past the satellites by the solar wind. A qualitative agreement is also found for the velocity profile and shock-like transition where the undisturbed solar wind enters the region influenced by the Li cloud.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Preparation, analysis and release of simulated interplanetary grains into low Earth orbit

Authors: STEPHENS, J. R.; STRONG, I. B.; KUNKLE, T. D.

Affiliation: Los Alamos National Lab., NM.

Journal: In NASA, Washington. Interrelationships among Circumstellar, Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust 6 p (SEE N86-23493 13-88)

Publication Date: 01/1986

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: EARTH ORBITAL ENVIRONMENTS, EXPERIMENTATION, INTERPLANETARY DUST, OPTICAL ROPERTIES, CARBON, GEOCHEMISTRY, SILICATES, SILICON CARBIDES

Bibliographic Code: 1986icid.nasaT....S

Abstract:

Astronomical observations which reflect the optical and dynamical properties of interstellar and interplanetary grains are the primary means of identifying the shape, size, and the chemistry of extraterrestrial grain materials. Except for recent samplings of extraterrestrial particles in near-Earth orbit and in the stratosphere observations were the only method of deducing the properties of extraterrestrial particles. In order to elucidate the detailed characteristics of observed dust, the observations must be compared with theoretical studies, some of which are discussed in this volume, or compared with terrestrial laboratory experiments. The formation and optical characterization of simulated interstellar and interplanetary dust with particular emphasis on studying the properties on irregularly shaped particles were discussed. Efforts to develop the techniques to allow dust experiments to be carried out in low-Earth orbit were discussed, thus extending the conditions under which dust experiments may be performed.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Preparation, analysis and release of simulated interplanetary grains into low grain orbit

Authors: STEPHENS, J. R.; STRONG, I. E.; KUNKLE, T. D.

Affiliation: Los Alamos National Lab., NM.

Journal: Presented at the Workshop on the Inter-Relationship Among Interstellar, Circumstellar and Interplanetary Grains, Wye, Md., 27 Feb. 1985

Publication Date: 00/1985

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: COSMIC DUST, EARTH ORBITS, INTERPLANETARY SPACE, ASTROPHYSICS, IDENTIFYING, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, SIMULATION

Bibliographic Code: 1985N86-14211.....S

Abstract:

Astronomical observations which reflect the optical and dynamical properties of interstellar and interplanetary grains are the primary means of identifying the shape, size, and the chemistry of extraterrestrial grain materials. The formation and optical characterization of simulated interstellar and interplanetary dust with particular emphasis on studying the properties on irregularly shaped particles are studied, as well as efforts to develop the techniques to allow dust experiments to be carried out in low-Earth orbit, thus extending the conditions under which dust experiments may be performed. The objectives are threefold: (1) to elucidate the optical properties, including scattering and absorption, of simulated interstellar grains including SiC, silicates, and carbon grains produced in the laboratory; (2) to develop the capabilities to release grains and volatile materials into the near-Earth environment and study their dynamics and optical properties; and (3) to study the interaction of released materials with the near-Earth environment to elucidate grain behavior in astrophysical environments. Interaction of grains with their environment may, for example, lead to grain alignment or coagulation, which results in observable phenomena such as polarization of light or a change of the scattering properties of the grains.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Gravitational energy release induced by the nuclear energy generation processes - The resolution of the solar neutrino dilemma

Authors: ROUSE, C. A.

Affiliation: AA(General Atomic Co., San Diego, CA)

Journal: Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 102, no. 1, Sept. 1981, p. 8-11.

Publication Date: 09/1981

Category: Solar Physics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: ENERGY TRANSFER, GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS, NUCLEAR PHYSICS, SOLAR NEUTRINOS, PERTURBATION THEORY, STEADY STATE, STELLAR MODELS, TRANSIENT RESPONSE

Bibliographic Code: 1981A&A...102....8R

Abstract:

It is proposed that a part of the energy emitted by the sun and other stars is due to a gravitational energy release (L/GN/), induced by nuclear energy generation processes. The L(GN) involves a reduction in pressure resulting from the decrease in the number of free particles per gram of stellar material in the energy generation region. The basic reference steady-state results are obtained using accurate self-consistent equation of state and solar structure calculations that reproduce temperature, density, and chemical abundance profiles of a standard evolution model of the present sun. For the standard model used, a transient rate of temperature decrease and coupled rate of density increase between one and two orders of magnitude greater than the steady-state magnitudes will yield an estimated L(GN) of about 0.0010 solar L.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Development of biological and nonbiological explanations for the Viking label release data

Affiliation: Biospherics, Inc., Rockville, MD.

Journal: Final Report, 15 Feb. 1979 - Feb. 1980 Biospherics, Inc., Rockville, MD.

Publication Date: 07/1980

Category: Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: EXOBIOLOGY, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, MARS SURFACE SAMPLES, VIKING MARS PROGRAM, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION), IRON OXIDES, SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

Bibliographic Code: 1980N80-27255......

Abstract:

The plausibility that hydrogen peroxide, widely distributed within the Mars surface material, was responsible for the evocative response obtained by the Viking Labeled Release (LR) experiment on Mars was investigated. Although a mixture of gamma Fe2O3 and silica sand stimulated the LR nutrient reaction with hydrogen peroxide and reduced the rate of hydrogen decomposition under various storage conditions, the Mars analog soil prepared by the Viking Inorganic Analysis Team to match the Mars analytical data does not cause such effects. Nor is adequate resistance to UV irradiation shown. On the basis of the results and consideration presented while the hydrogen peroxide theory remains the most, if not only, attractive chemical explanation of the LR data, it remains unconvincing on critical points. Until problems concerning the formation and stabilization of hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Mars can be overcome, adhere to the scientific evidence requires serious consideration of the biological theory.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Fission and geosynchronous release of the moon

Authors: GRJEBINE, T.; MARCHAL, C.

Affiliation: AA(Assemblee Nationale, Intergroupe Energie de la Majorite, Paris, France) AB(ONERA, Chatillon-sous-Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine, France)

Journal: (Laboratorio di Astrofisica Spaziale di Frascati, European Workshop on Planetary Sciences, Rome, Italy, Apr. 23-27, 1979.) Moon and the Planets, vol. 22, May 1980, p. 347-358.

Publication Date: 05/1980

Category: Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: EARTH-MOON SYSTEM, FISSION, GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBITS, LUNAR EVOLUTION, LUNAR ROTATION, ROCHE LIMIT, SELENOLOGY

Bibliographic Code: 1980M&P....22..347G

Abstract:

The paper considers the origin, fission, and geosynchronous release of the moon. The fission theory was discarded on the basis of energy considerations; however, the accretion of the earth and the radial segregation of heavy chemicals toward the center led to a differential rotation of the different layers so that during the geostationary period the moon was synchronous with respect to the surface layer and the earth-moon system has a correct angular momentum and large stability. It is possible to explain the formation of the one original earth continent and the lunar maria by a half-billion-year geosynchronous phase of the lunar motion; such a phase is possible if the moon was created by fission and if a long period of differential rotation of the earth had existed, the moon being in synchronism with the earth surface.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Episodic release of Ar-40 from the interior of the moon

Authors: HODGES, R. R., JR.; HOFFMAN, J. H.

Affiliation: AB(Texas, University, Richardson, Tex.)

Journal: In: Lunar Science Conference, 5th, Houston, Tex., March 18-22, 1974, Proceedings. Volume 3. (A75-3954019-91) New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1974, p. 2955-2961.

Publication Date: 00/1974

Category: Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: ARGON ISOTOPES, ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION, LUNAR ATMOSPHERE, LUNAR CORE, OUTGASSING, PERIODIC VARIATIONS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, DIURNAL VARIATIONS, LUNAR COMPOSITION, MASS SPECTROSCOPY, PHOTOIONIZATION

Bibliographic Code: 1974lusc....3.2955H

Abstract:

Measurements of lunar atmosphere made by the mass spectrometer at the Apollo 17 landing site during the first 9 lunations of 1973 show an apparently cyclical variation of radiogenic Ar-40, with maximum to minimum abundance ratio of about 2. There seems to be a 6-7 month periodicity in the oscillation, but the limited data base makes a fixed oscillatory pattern uncertain. The significance of the variation of atmospheric argon lies in the implication that its source is episodic in nature, ranging in strength from about 1% of the total rate of production of Ar-40 in the moon to near zero. This requires a presently active mechanism for transient venting of gas from deep within the moon.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Chemically Robust Carbon Particles in Peat from the Tunguska Impact Site

Authors: HOUGH, R. M.; GILMOUR, I.; NEWTON, J.; ARDEN, J.; PILLINGER, C. T.

Affiliation: Earth Sciences Dept., Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK

Journal: Meteoritics, vol. 30, no. 5, page 521

Publication Date: 09/1995

Origin: LPI

Keywords: CARBON; DIAMOND; METEORITES, TUNGUSKA

Abstract Copyright: (c) 1995 by The Meteoritical Society

Bibliographic Code: 1995Metic..30S.521H

Abstract:

The Tunguska impact event of 1908 caused the destruction of a large forested area but left no impact crater. It was interpreted to have exploded in mid-air and thus would disperse material in a fireball over a wide geographical area. Several attempts have been made to locate particles associated with the impact in materials such as tree resin (1) and even in Antarctic snow (2). One of us (JN) attended an expedition to the Tunguska impact area and collected samples of peat from a depth of 60 cm which is thought to be the level in the peat which holds the impact horizon and indeed contains charred vegetation. The peat was subjected to standard demineralization procedures using mineral and oxidizing acids to destroy all but the most resistant mineral phases. An emphasis was placed on the chromic acid treatment to remove organic carbon as the peat was inevitably of extremely high organic content but perchloric acid was also used to oxidize graphite. The residue after treatment has subsequently been examined using a scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM-820I at 30kv) with a Kevex system to obtain an energy dispersion scan and subjected to stepped combustion to determine the carbon abundance and isotopic composition. The SEM revealed the predominance in the residue of chromium containing phases possibly as a result of the extensive chromic acid treatments but several very pure carbon-rich particles were also observed. These carbon particles were anhedral and up to 15 micrometers in size. Due to the nature of the acid treatment performed upon this sample only a very robust form of carbon could survive and the most likely mineral is diamond. Further analyses using a transmission electron microscope and selected are electron diffraction will be performed to resolve the true mineralogy of these carbon particles. Stepped heating experiments on the acid resistant residue in conjunction with static mass spectrometrv (3) has been used to give both carbon and nitrogen contents as well as carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions. Carbon accounted for 0.6% by weight of the residue and was released between 550-650 degrees C with a delta^(13)C of -25 per mil. The nitrogen yield was 0.02% by weight of nitrogen released between 500-700 degrees C with a delta^(15)N of ca. 0 per mil. These represent terrestrial values and indicate that the carbon particles do not have an extraterrestrial signature. If indeed these carbon particles are diamond and related to the explosion of the Tunguska object then they may well have formed by a plasma process within the fireball (similar to CVD). Further refinements regarding the purification of acid resistant materials are in progress.

References: [1] Ceccini S. et al. (1995) in Abstracts Presented to ESF Network on Impacts Meeting, Ancona, Italy, May 12-17, 1995. [2] Roccia R. et al. (1990) GSA Spec. Pap. 247, 189. [3] Wright I. P. and Pillinger C. T. (1989) USGS Bull., 1890, 9.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: A possible solution of the most relevant astrochemical problem - The formation of molecular hydrogen

Authors: AVERNA, D.; PIRRONELLO, V.

Affiliation: AA(Catania, Universita, Italy) AB(Calabria, Universita, Rende, Italy)

Journal: (Societa Astronomica Italiana, Annual Meeting, 32nd, Catania, Italy, May 4-7, 1988) Societa Astronomica Italiana, Memorie (ISSN 0037-8720), vol. 60, no. 1-2, 1989, p. 91-97.

Publication Date: 00/1989

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: ABUNDANCE, COSMOCHEMISTRY, HYDROGEN, INTERSTELLAR CHEMISTRY, INTERSTELLAR MATTER, COSMIC DUST, COSMIC RAYS, INTERSTELLAR GAS

Bibliographic Code: 1989MmSAI..60...91A

Abstract:

A new process is investigated, according to which the H2 production in interstellar medium can follow an interaction between low energy cosmic rays and the icy grain surfaces. This mechanism is proposed on the basis of some experiments showing that H2 is released when hydrogen-rich frozen gas is bombarded with energetic particles.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Ozone as a tracer of turbulence induced by breaking gravity waves on Mars

Authors: CHASSEFIERE, E.; ROSENQVIST, J.; THEODORE, B.

Affiliation: AAService d'Aeronomie du CNRS, France ABDESPA, Meudon, France ACService d'Aeronomie du CNRS, France

Journal: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633), vol. 42, no. 10, p. 825-830

Publication Date: 10/1994

Category: Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION, ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE, GRAVITY WAVES, ISOTOPIC LABELING, MARS (PLANET), MARS ATMOSPHERE, OZONE, ATMOSPHERIC MODELS, PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS, TWO DIMENSIONAL MODELS

Bibliographic Code: 1994P&SS...42..825C

Abstract:

A link is established between the vertical structure of the eddy diffusion coefficient and the shape of the ozone profile in the middle atmosphere of Mars. By using a 2-D model of the effect of internal gravity waves on the general circulation pattern the eddy diffusion coefficient K is calculated as a function of altitude in solstitial conditions for various latitudes covering polar, mid-latitude and equatorial regions. The vertical profile of K is mainly characterized by a steep increase with altitude above a typical level of approximately equals 40 km, in the region of the atmosphere where breaking waves are expected to release their energy. By using a 1-D steady state photochemical model which is proven to provide a realtistic diurnal profile of ozone, it is shown that the enhanced vertical transport in the breaking region results in the formation of a thin ozone layer whose contrast is well correlated with the altitude of the breaking level. This correlation is quantitatively analyzed and discussed in view of future observations of ozone by solar and stellar occultation for the Mars 94 spacecraft.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Measurements of K/T Boundary Spherules from Haiti

Authors: HOUGH, R. M.; SIGURDSSON, H.; FRANCHI, I. A.; WRIGHT, I. P.; PILLINGER, C. T.; GILMOUR, I.

Affiliation: Dept. of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK76AA UK

Journal: Meteoritics, vol. 28, no. 3, volume 28, page 364

Publication Date: 07/1993

Origin: LPI

Keywords: CARBON; CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; ISOTOPIC VARIATION; OXYGEN; TEKTITES

Abstract Copyright: (c) 1993 by The Meteoritical Society

Bibliographic Code: 1993Metic..28..364H

Abstract:

Glass spherules thought to be tektites from Haiti have previously been analyzed for their mineralogy and chemical composition to identify their origin and mode of formation [1]. They contain bubbles and occur in various colors dependent upon the original target rock. To investigate these spherules and the nature of any gas phase, several dark brown glasses have been analyzed for their carbon content and isotope composition, using stepped combustion analysis and static mass spectrometry. Both brown and yellow spherules were analyzed for oxygen isotope composition using laser fluorination and conventional dynamic gas-source mass spectrometry. Some spherules were analyzed whole for carbon but one was broken into fragments for the purpose of replication. Individual fragments were initially analyzed and found to yield a total of 0.2 wt% carbon in two components of different isotopic composition. The first, released between 350-400 degrees C had a delta^13C of -22 per mil whereas the second, between 500-600 degrees C had a delta^13C of -6.3 per mil. As the lower temperature release was presumed to be contaminated, other spherule fragments were pre- treated with 0.1M chromic acid to remove organic and carbonate components. Analyses of cleaned fragments indicated a variable carbon content from 0.005 to 2.6 wt% carbon but still with two isotopically different components. The first with a delta^13C of -0.8 per mil and the second, a delta^13C of -19.0 per mil. The spherules are both variable and heterogeneous. The -19 per mil component is apparently present in most of the spherules and released by 600 degrees C. A component with a similar combustion temperature and delta^13C has been encountered in K/T residues containing nanodiamonds [2]. There is currently no information available confirming its identity, but it does not appear to be surficial or an oxidizable organic. Identification of these carbon components by future work may reveal a possible source and mode of formation for the spherules and will also clarify the effect of the internal bubbles upon the compositions.

Dark brown spherules selected for oxygen isotope measurements were broken into fragments to allow repeat analyses on the same spherule. Due to the smaller size of the yellow spherules they were analyzed whole. The dark brown spherules yield a delta^17O of 4.97 to 3.65 per mil and a delta^18O between 9.47 to 7.15 per mil. The yellow spherules yield a delta^17O of 6.77 per mil and a delta^18O of 13.02 per mil. Both closely follow the terrestrial fractionation line for Delta^17O with only a slight deviation and the delta^18O values agree with those previously measured by [3].

Heterogeneity's seen in the carbon data for the dark brown spherules seem to be reflected in the oxygen data with variations between fragments of the same spherule and between whole spherules. The yellow spherules appear to be homogeneous in terms of their oxygen isotopic compositions.

References: [1] Koeberl C. and Sigurdsson H. (1992) GCA, 56, 2113-2119. [2] Gilmour I. et al. (1992) Science, 258, 1624-1625. [3] Sigurdsson H. et al. (1991) Nature, 349, 482-486.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: The outer boundary of the Earth's electron radiation belt - Dependence upon L, energy, and equatorial pitch angle

Authors: IMHOF, W. L.; ROBINSON, R. M.; NIGHTINGALE, R. W.; GAINES, E. E.; VONDRAK, R. R.

Affiliation: AE(Lockheed Research Labs., Palo Alto, CA)

Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 98, no. A4, p. 5925-5934.

Publication Date: 04/1993

Category: Space Radiation

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: ANGULAR RESOLUTION, ELECTRON RADIATION, PITCH (INCLINATION), RADIATION BELTS, SATELLITE OBSERVATION, TERRESTRIAL RADIATION, CHEMICAL RELEASE MODULES, SCATHA SATELLITE

Bibliographic Code: 1993JGR....98.5925I

Abstract:

An investigation has been made of the location of the nightside outer boundary of the Earth's electron radiation belt and its dependence upon energy and mirror point altitude. The energy versus L dependence of the position of the trapping boundary is important for comparisons with models of the mechanisms to explain the loss of trapping at the outer edge of the radiation belt. Satellites often passed through the trapping boundary slowly, obtaining fine-scale measurements. With fine spatial resolution the cutoff L values were often found to be almost independent of energy for E below 300 keV, and were nearly independent of equatorial pitch angle up to 30 deg. In the radiation belt near the outer edge sometimes the flux dropped to only intermediate values or background level for short times (or equivalently narrow L intervals), suggesting time variations or the irregular onset of the mechanism(s) responsible for the trapping boundary.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Carbon and oxygen isotope study of carbonates from highly shocked clasts of the polymict breccia of the Haughton Crater (Canada)

Authors: AGRINIER, P.; MARTINEZ, I.; JAVOY, M.; SCHAERER, U.

Affiliation: Paris VII Univ. (France).

Journal: In Lunar and Planetary Inst., International Conference on Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution p 1-2 (SEE N93-10112 01-46)

Publication Date: 00/1992

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: BRECCIA, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON 13, CARBONATES, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, DECARBONATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, IMPACT DAMAGE, OXYGEN 18, SHOCK LOADS, CALCITE, CANADA, MAGNESIUM OXIDES, METAMORPHISM (GEOLOGY), METEORITE CRATERS, PARTIAL PRESSURE, SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Bibliographic Code: 1992pmip.conf....1A

Abstract:

It is known that the release of volatiles on impact is an important controlling factor in cratering processes in carbonate terranes and in the mobility of chemical elements. In order to assess the nature and the role of carbon- and oxygen-bearing volatiles during impact-induced metamorphism of sedimentary rocks, the C-13/C-12 and O-18/O-16 ratios and carbonate contents were determined for 30 shocked clasts from the Haughton Crater polymict breccia as well as for some unshocked carbonates from the sedimentary cover adjacent to the crater. Shock-induced CO2 loss during decarbonation of calcite is known to be a function of peak pressure and ambient partial pressure of the volatile species. In our clast samples, shocked from 20 to 60 GPa, we expect about 20 to 100 percent CO2 loss and preferential depletion in C-13 and O-18 in the residual carbonate. Rayleigh model (progressive loss of CO2) and batch model (single-step loss of CO2) curves for this depletion are shown. The magnitudes of the C-13 and O-18 depletions increase with the increase of the CO2 loss. In addition, the isotopic depletions should be correlated with an enrichment in CaO and MgO in the residual solid.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: The O(+) + CO2 reaction - New results and atmospheric implications

Authors: HUNTON, D. E.; VIGGIANO, A. A.; MORRIS, R. A.; PAULSON, J. F.; SMITH, D.

Affiliation: AD(USAF, Phillips Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA) AE(Innsbruck, Universitaet, Austria)

Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 96, Aug. 1, 1991, p. 13,881-13,886.

Publication Date: 08/1991

Category: Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: CARBON DIOXIDE, GAS-ION INTERACTIONS, OXYGEN IONS, PLANETARY IONOSPHERES, REACTION KINETICS, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL RELEASE MODULES, MARS ATMOSPHERE, VENUS ATMOSPHERE

Bibliographic Code: 1991JGR....9613881H

Abstract:

The vibrational distribution of the O2(+) product ion in the reaction of O(+) with CO2 is measured in a selected-ion flow tube using the monitor-ion technique. At 300 K the measured vibrational distribution is 45 percent of the ions in v = 1, 23 percent in v = 0, and 32 percent when v is 2 or more. However, it is possible that vibrational quenching by the monitor gas may affect the distribution, and the nascent population may be entirely in the range where v is greater than zero. The branching ratio between the O2(+) + CO and the CO2(+) + O product channels is also measured as a function of ion-drift velocity. The implications of these experiments for terrestrial releases of CO2 into the ionosphere and for the ionospheres of Mars and Venus are considered.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Project ERIC - The search for environmental reactions induced by comets

Authors: MENDILLO, MICHAEL; SIGWARTH, JOHN B.; CRAVEN, JOHN D.; FRANK, LOUIS A.; HOLT, JOHN

Affiliation: AA(Boston University, MA) AD(Iowa, University, Iowa City) AE(Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA)

Journal: (COSPAR, Plenary Meeting, 27th, Workshop and Topical Meeting on Active Experiments/Critical Ionization Velocity, Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177), vol. 10, no. 7, 1990, p. 83-87.

Publication Date: 00/1990

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: COMETS, DAYGLOW, DYNAMICS EXPLORER SATELLITES, ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS, F REGION, ABSORPTION SPECTRA, CARBON DIOXIDE, METEORITES, SOUNDING ROCKETS, ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOGRAPHY, WATER VAPOR

Bibliographic Code: 1990AdSpR..10...83M

Abstract:

A sounding rocket experiment was conducted to release molecules of H2O and CO2 into the daytime ionosphere within the simultaneous fields of view of the Millstone Hill radar and the Dynamics Explorer UV imager. Preliminary results confirm the creation of chemically-induced F-region plasma depletions and reduced UV intensities from the modified region.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Astrophysical significance of observations and experiments in the Earth's magnetosphere

Authors: FAELTHAMMAR, CARL-GUNNE

Affiliation: Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm (Sweden).

Journal: Presented at the International School and Workshop on Astrophysics, Varenna, Italy, 24 Aug.-3 Sep. 1988

Publication Date: 08/1988

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: COSMIC PLASMA, EARTH MAGNETOSPHERE, PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS, PLASMA PHYSICS, SPACE OBSERVATIONS (FROM EARTH), SPACE PLASMAS, ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, MAGNETIC FIELD CONFIGURATIONS, MAGNETIC MIRRORS, PLASMA CURRENTS, PLASMA INTERACTIONS, PLASMA LAYERS

Bibliographic Code: 1988N89-20899.....F

Abstract:

The Earth magnetosphere as a sample of cosmical plasma, which is accessible to in situ measurements and even active experimentation is discussed. The Universe consists almost entirely of plasmas that will forever be out of reach of such scrutiny, so the empirical knowledge gained in the magnetosphere is essential to the understanding of astrophysical phenomena. The Earth's magnetosphere contains plasmas with wide ranges of density and temperature, and is also the site of a rich variety of plasma physical processes that are of fundamental astrophysical interest. In situ observation of such processes proved some theories of cosmical plasma to be misleading. It provides knowledge on many fundamental aspects of cosmic plasmas, such as conduction of electric current, support of magnetic-field aligned electric fields, filamentary and cellular structure, violation of the law of frozen-in magnetic fields, energization of charged particles, rapid release of magnetic energy, chemical separation, and critical velocity interaction between plasma and neutral gas.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Energetic particles and ion composition experiment for CRRES

Authors: QUINN, J. M.; VONDRAK, R. R.

Affiliation: Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Palo Alto, CA.

Journal: Interim Technical Report, Aug. 1983 - Jun. 1988 Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Palo Alto, CA.

Publication Date: 06/1988

Category: Space Radiation

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES, EARTH IONOSPHERE, EARTH ORBITS, ENERGETIC PARTICLES, EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION, IONS, PLASMAS (PHYSICS), RADIATION BELTS, RADIATION EFFECTS, SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENTS, ATMOSPHERIC MODELS, CALIBRATING, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, EARTH MAGNETOSPHERE, MASS SPECTROMETERS, PAYLOADS, SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTS

Bibliographic Code: 1988N89-14211.....Q

Abstract:

The ONR-307 Energetic Particles and Ion Composition instrument payload will measure the energetic particle and plasma environment of the Earth's radiation belts and inner plasma sheet. The payload has been successfully designed, built, and tested for flight on the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite. The instruments were integrated with the spacecraft and tested with the integrated system. This mission, originally scheduled for shuttle launch in July 1987, will now be launched on an Atlas Centaur in June, 1990. The ONR-307 payload is currently undergoing final adjustments and calibration activities prior to re-integration with the spacecraft in May 1989. Procedures have been developed and documented for on-orbit operation of the payload and acquisition of the data on digital tapes.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Laboratory and near-earth space plasma as a key to the plasma universe

Authors: FALTHAMMAR, CARL-GUNNE

Affiliation: AA(Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden)

Journal: Laser and Particle Beams (ISSN 0263-0346), vol. 6, Aug. 1988, p. 437-452.

Publication Date: 08/1988

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: COSMIC PLASMA, ELECTRIC FIELDS, PLASMA ACCELERATION, PLASMA DENSITY, SPACE PLASMAS, ANTIMATTER, AURORAL IRRADIATION, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, MAGNETIC FIELDS, MAGNETIC STORMS, MAGNETOSPHERES, SOLAR FLARES

Bibliographic Code: 1988LaPaB...6..437F

Abstract:

Experiments in the laboratory and in situ measurements in space represent an essential, but often overlooked, key to reliable understanding of the plasma universe. This will be illustrated by discussing several fundamental aspects of matter in the plasma state. They include (1) conduction of electric current, (2) magnetic-field aligned electric fields, (3) acceleration of charged particles to high energy, (4) coupling between magnetic fields and the motion of matter, (5) rapid release of magnetically stored energy, (6) chemical separation, and (7) critical-velocity interaction between plasma and neutral gas.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Experiments on cosmic dust analogues

Authors: BUSSOLETTI, EZIO; FUSCO, CARLO; LONGO, GIUSEPPE

Affiliation: AB(Istituto Universitario Navale, Naples, Italy) AC(Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy)

Journal: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers (Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Volume 149), 1988, 388 p. For individual items see A90-18784 to A90-18787.

Publication Date: 00/1988

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: CONFERENCES, COSMIC DUST, INTERSTELLAR CHEMISTRY, INTERSTELLAR MATTER, ASTRONOMICAL MODELS, CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS, COMET NUCLEI, COSMOCHEMISTRY, CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, ICE, SILICON COMPOUNDS, STELLAR ENVELOPES

Bibliographic Code: 1988assl..149.....B

Abstract:

Papers concerning experiments on cosmic dust analogs are presented, covering topics such as the Comet Nucleus Sample Return mission, comet simulation experiments, methods for laboratory studies of cosmic dust analoges, solid carbon in spaces, laboratory production of amorphous silicates, ion bombardment, the trapping of gases in amorphous water ice, PAHs as interstellar grains, IR spectroscopy of residues of carbonaceous chondrites, hydrogenated amorphous carbon-coated silicate particles, grain formation by a plasma jet apparatus, circumstellar, interstellar, and interplanetary refractory grains analogs, piroxene glasses, glassy bronzite, light scattering from simulated interstellar dust, molecular diffusions in ices, bombardment of cryogenic ice mixtures to form particulates, frozen gas irradiation by energetic ions, HD and CO release during ion irradiation of H2O/CD4 frozen mixtures, interstellar grain mantles, IR properties of grains from IRAS observations, and size distributions of cometary dust, meteoroids, and zodiacal grains.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Title: Report on opportunities and/or techniques for high-caliber experimental research (other) proposals for SSPEX

Authors: NUTH, J. A., III; CORSO, G.; DEVINCENZI, D.; DUBA, A.; FREEMAN, J.; LOPEZ, R.; STEPHENS, J.; STRONG, I.; WOLFE, J.

Affiliation: AB(Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Ill.) AD(Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Calif.) AE(Rice Univ., Houston, Tex.) AG(Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena) AH(Los Alamos National Lab., N. Mex.) AI(San Jose State Univ., Calif.)

Journal: In NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Space Station Planetology Experiments (SSPEX) 5 p (SEE N86-27136 17-88)

Publication Date: 05/1986

Category: Astrophysics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: COSMIC DUST, EXPERIMENT DESIGN, GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS, PETROLOGY, SPACE STATIONS, SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS, TETHERING, ASTEROIDS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, COMETS, EARTH MAGNETOSPHERE, REDUCED GRAVITY, REMOTE SENSING, SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION, SPECTROMETERS, TETHERED SATELLITES

Bibliographic Code: 1986sspe.nasa.....N

Abstract:

Brief discriptions of the following 13 experiments are included: ultrahigh vacuum petrology facility; artificial comet free flyer; artificial comet (tethered); cosmic dust detector; cosmic dust collector; dust collection using tethered satellites; artificial magnetosphere; microgravity petrological studies; slitless ultraviolet spectrometer; orbital determination and capture experiment (ODACE); high velocity sputtering of amorphous silicates; particle release experiments; and calibration of gamma and X-ray remote sensingprobes.