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1.Riley Smith, Atlas of the Crusades, Times Books, London, 1991, p.39: Fulcher, p.271.
2. Ibid., p.272.
3. M. Erbstosser, The Crusades C.S.V. Salt (trans.), David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1978, plate 119.
4. Riley Smith, Atlas, p.271.
5. Prawer, J., Crusader Institutions, Clarendon, Oxford, 1980, Appendix A. A complete version of the Assize is also given in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades Imprimerie Royal, Paris, 1871, Volume 1.
6. Fulcher, pp.123-5.
7. T.S.R. Boase, Castles and Churches of the Crusading Kingdom Oxford University Press, London, 1971, p.1.
8. Ibid., p.4
9.. Fulcher, p. 116.
10. Runciman, History of the Crusades III, Appendix 2.
11. B.Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe Phoenix, London, 1982, Chapter VII.
12. Prewar, Crusader Institutions, pp.114-5.
13. Riley Smith, Atlas, p.106. The 1.1 million bezants has been estimated at approximately equivalent to $Aus90 million (1987): Billings, The Cross and The Crescent, p.82.
14. Aziz, The Palestine of the Crusaders, p280
15. Billings, p.3.
16. Pernoud, p.101.
17. Aziz, p. 282.
18. Prewar, Crusader Institutions, p.121.
19. Ibid., p.122.
20. Ibid., pp.128 and 313.
21. Ibid., p.137.
Chapter 9:
Transforming Europe
The Crusading movement of the eleventh century was a decisive influence in forcing open maritime and land trade routes that had been closed for two centuries. Consequent on this was an explosion of marketing accompanying the development of ubranised trade centres.
Thus was made possible a burgeoning of European culture that particularly benefited and affected women.
The Dark Age chaos ensuing on the collapse of the Western Roman Empire had brought large scale produce movement to a standstill - a hiatus that lasted from the fifth through the eleventh centuries. People were forced from city to country, where they voluntarily or involuntarily entered the land based yoke of feudalism.
"It was only in the twelfth century that, gradually but definitely, Western Europe was transformed. The economic development freed her from the traditional immobility to which a social organisation, depending solely on the relations of man to the soil, had condemned her."1
Part of the curtain that separated the relatively resource poor Europeans from the cultural richness of India, China and the Indies had been erected by Islamic forces straddling the land and sea routes into the Mediterranean. The great upsurge in these military cultures had occurred in the seventh century, almost at the very moment when Europe's calamity was most extreme. Thus, these eastern cultures were able to establish their own barriers to trade between the orient and the occident very firmly before the European revival had begun.
In the eleventh century Islam gave way little by little before the counter attack of
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