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ASM Handbook, Volume 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
ASM Handbook, Volume 2, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
ASM Handbook, Volume 3, Alloy Phase Diagrams
ASM Handbook, Volume 4, Heat Treating
ASM Handbook, Volume 5, Surface Engineering
ASM Handbook, Volume 6, Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
ASM Handbook, Volume 7, Powder Metal Technologies and Applications
ASM Handbook, Volume 8, Mechanical Testing
ASM Handbook, Volume 9, Metallography and Microstructures
ASM Handbook, Volume 10, Materials Characterization
ASM Handbook, Volume 11, Failure Analysis and Prevention
ASM Handbook, Volume 12, Fractography
ASM Handbook, Volume 13, Corrosion
ASM Handbook, Volume 14, Forming and Forging
ASM Handbook, Volume 15, Casting
ASM Handbook, Volume 16, Machining
ASM Handbook, Volume 17, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control
ASM Handbook, Volume 18, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
ASM Handbook, Volume 19, Fatigue and Fracture
ASM Handbook, Volume 20, Materials Selection and Design
ASM Handbook, Volume 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Table of Contents
Cast Irons 1
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Classification and Basic Metallurgy of Cast Iron 3
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Gray Iron 12
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Ductile Iron 33
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Compacted Graphite Iron 56
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Malleable Iron 71
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Alloy Cast Irons 85
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Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 105
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Steel Processing Technology 107
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Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels 126
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Classification and Designation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 140
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Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 195
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Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Sheet and Strip 200
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Precoated Steel Sheet 212
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Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Plate 226
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Hot-Rolled Steel Bars and Shapes 240
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Cold-Finished Steel Bars 248
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Steel Wire Rod 272
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Steel Wire 277
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Threaded Steel Fasteners 289
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Steel Springs 302
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Steel Tubular Products 327
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Closed-Die Forgings 337
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High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Forgings 358
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Steel Castings 363
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Bearing Steels 380
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High-Strength Structural and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 389
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Dual-Phase Steels 424
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Ultrahigh-Strength Steels 430
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Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 449
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Hardenable Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 451
Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 464
Hardenability Curves 485
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Fabrication Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 571
Sheet Formability of Steels 573
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Bulk Formability of Steels 581
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Machinability of Steels 591
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Weldability of Steels 603
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Service Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 615
Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels 617
Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Properties of Steels 653
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Fatigue Resistance of Steels 673
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Embrittlement of Steels 689
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Notch Toughness of Steels 737
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Specialty Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys 755
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Wrought Tool Steels 757
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P/M Tool Steels 780
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Maraging Steels 793
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Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Materials 801
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Austenitic Manganese Steels 822
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Wrought Stainless Steels 841
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Cast Stainless Steels 908
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Elevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels 930
Wrought and P/M Superalloys 950
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Appendix: P/M Cobalt-Base Wear-Resistant Materials 977
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Polycrystalline Cast Superalloys 981
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Directionally Solidified and Single-Crystal Superalloys 995
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Special Engineering Topics 1007
Strategic Materials Availability and Supply 1009
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Appendix: Manganese Availability 1021
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Recycling of Iron, Steel, and Superalloys 1023
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Metric Conversion Guide 1035
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames 1038
Index 1043
ASM Handbook Volume 2, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Table of Contents
Specific Metals and Alloys 1
Introduction to Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 3
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Alloy and Temper Designation Systems for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 15
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Aluminum Mill and Engineered Wrought Products 29
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Properties of Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 62
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Aluminum Foundry Products 123
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Properties of Cast Aluminum Alloys 152
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Aluminum-Lithium Alloys 178
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High-Strength Aluminum P/M Alloys 200
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Appendix:Conventionally Pressed and Sintered Aluminum P/M Alloys 210
Introduction to Copper and Copper Alloys 216
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Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Products 241
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Sheet and Strip 241
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Tubular Products 248
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Wire and Cable 250
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Stress Relaxation Characteristics 260
Properties of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys 265
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Selection and Application of Copper Alloy Castings 346
Properties of Cast Copper Alloys 356
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Copper P/M Products 392
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Beryllium-Copper and Other Beryllium-Containing Alloys 403
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Nickel and Nickel Alloys 428
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Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys 446
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Selection and Application of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 455
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Properties of Magnesium Alloys 480
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Tin and Tin Alloys 517
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Zinc and Zinc Alloys 527
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Lead and Lead Alloys 543
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Refractory Metals and Alloys 557
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Introduction 557
Niobium 565
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Tantalum 571
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Molybdenum 574
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Tungsten 577
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Rhenium 581
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Refractory Metal Fiber-Reinforced Composites 582
Introduction to Titanium and Titanium Alloys 586
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Wrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys 592
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Titanium P/M Products 647
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Zirconium and Hafnium 661
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Uranium and Uranium Alloys 670
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Beryllium 683
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Precious Metals 688
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Precious Metals and Their Uses 688
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Precious Metals in Dentistry 695
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Properties of Precious Metals 699
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Silver and Silver Alloys 699
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Gold and Gold Alloys 704
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Platinum and Platinum Alloys 707
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Palladium and Palladium Alloys 714
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Rare Earth Metals 720
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Germanium and Germanium Compounds 733
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Gallium and Gallium Compounds 739
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Indium and Bismuth 750
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Special-Purpose Materials 759
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Magnetically Soft Materials 761
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Permanent Magnet Materials 782
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Metallic Glasses 804
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Electrical Resistance Alloys 822
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Electrical Contact Materials 840
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Thermocouple Materials 869
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Low-Expansion Alloys 889
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Shape Memory Alloys 897
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Metal-Matrix Composites 903
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Ordered Intermetallics 913
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Dispersion-Strengthened Nickel-Base and Iron-Base Alloys 943
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Cemented Carbides 950
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Cermets 978
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Superabrasives and Ultrahard Tool Materials 1008
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Structural Ceramics 1019
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Superconducting Materials 1025
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Introduction 1027
Principles of Superconductivity 1030
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Niobium-Titanium Superconductors 1043
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A15 Superconductors 1060
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Ternary Molybdenum Chalcogenides (Chevrel Phases) 1077
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High-Temperature Superconductors for Wires and Tapes 1085
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Pure Metals 1091
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Preparation and Characterization of Pure Metals 1093
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Periodic Table of the Elements 1098
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Properties of Pure Metals 1099
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Properties of the Rare Earth Metals 1178
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Properties of the Actinide Metals (Ac-Pu) 1189
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Special Engineering Topics 1203
Recycling of Nonferrous Alloys 1205
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Recycling of Aluminum 1205
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Recycling of Copper 1213
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Recycling of Magnesium 1216
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Recycling of Tin 1218
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Recycling of Lead 1221
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Recycling of Zinc 1223
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Recycling of Zinc From EAF Dust 1224
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Recycling of Titanium 1226
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Recycling of Electronic Scrap 1228
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Toxicity of Metals 1233
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Metric Conversion Guide 1270
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Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames 1273
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Index 1279
ASM Handbook, Volume 3, Alloy Phase Diagrams
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Table of Contents
Section 1
Introduction to Alloy Phase Diagrams 1.1
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Common Terms 1.1
Binary Diagrams 1.2
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Ternary Diagrams 1.4
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Thermodynamic Principles 1.5
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Features of Phase Diagrams 1.7
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Determination of Phase Diagrams 1.16
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Reading Phase Diagrams 1.17
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Examples of Phase Diagrams 1.20
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Practical Applications of Phase Diagrams 1.24
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Index of Terms 1.30
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Section 2
Binary Phase Diagrams 2.1
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Introduction 2.3
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Binary General References 2.4
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Key to Titles 2.4
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams Index 2.5
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References Cited in Index 2.22
Binary Phase Diagrams and Crystal Structure Data 2.25
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Section 3
Ternary Phase Diagrams 3.1
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Introduction 3.3
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Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams 3.3
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Ternary References 3.59
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Section 4
Appendix 4.1
Symbols for the Chemical Elements 4.3
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Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements (periodic chart) 4.4
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Melting and Boiling Points of the Elements at Atmospheric Pressure 4.5
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Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Metallic Elements 4.10
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Abbreviations 4.19
Greek Alphabet 4.19
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Section 5
Index 5.1
ASM Handbook Volume 4, Heat Treating
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Table of Contents
Heat Treating of Steel 1
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Principles of Heat Treating of Steels 3
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Quantitative Prediction of Transformation Hardening in Steels 20
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Normalizing of Steel 35
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Annealing of Steel 42
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Continuous Annealing of Steel 56
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Quenching of Steel 67
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Tempering of Steel 121
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Martempering of Steel 137
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Austempering of Steel 152
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Induction Heat Treating of Steel 164
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Cold Treating and Cryogenic Treatment of Steel 203
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Heat Treating of Ultrahigh-Strength Steels 207
Heat Treating of Maraging Steels 219
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Heat Treating of Powder Metallurgy Steels 229
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Surface Hardening of Steel 257
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Introduction to Surface Hardening of Steels 259
Flame Hardening 268
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Laser Surface Hardening 286
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Electron Beam Surface Hardening 297
Gas Carburizing 312
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Pack Carburizing 325
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Liquid Carburizing and Cyaniding 329
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Vacuum Carburizing 348
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Plasma (Ion) Carburizing 352
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Microstructures and Properties of Carburized Steels 363
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Carbonitriding 376
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Gas Nitriding 387
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Liquid Nitriding 410
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Plasma (Ion) Nitriding 420
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Gaseous and Plasma Nitrocarburizing 425
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Boriding (Boronizing) 437
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Thermoreactive Deposition/Diffusion Process 448
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Methods of Measuring Case Depth 454
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Heat-Treating Equipment 463
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Types of Heat-Treating Furnaces 465
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Salt Bath Equipment 475
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Fluidized-Bed Equipment 484
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Heat Treating in Vacuum Furnaces and Auxiliary Equipment 492
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Energy-Efficient Furnace Design and Operation 519
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Process and Quality Control Considerations 527
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Temperature Control 529
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Furnace Atmospheres 542
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Furnace Atmosphere Control 568
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Control of Surface Carbon Content in Heat Treating of Steel 573
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Defects and Distortion in Heat-Treated Parts 601
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Statistical Process Control of Heat-Treating Operations 620
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Computerized Properties Prediction and Technology Planning in Heat Treatment of Steels 638
?Furnace Safety 657
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Heat Treating of Cast Irons 665
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Introduction to Heat Treating of Cast Irons 667
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Heat Treating of Ductile Irons 682
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Heat Treating of Malleable Irons 693
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Heat Treating of High-Alloy Irons 697
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Heat Treating of Tool Steels 709
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Introduction to Heat Treating of Tool Steels 711
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Heat Treating of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys 767
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Heat Treating of Stainless Steels 769
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Heat Treating of Superalloys 793
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Heat Treating of Refractory Metals and Alloys 815
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Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys 821
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Principles of Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys 823
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Heat Treating of Copper Alloys 880
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Heat Treating of Magnesium Alloys 899
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Heat Treating of Nickel and Nickel Alloys 907
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Heat Treating of Titanium and Titanium Alloys 913
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Heat Treating of Tin-Rich Alloys 924
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Heat Treating of Lead and Lead Alloys 925
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Heat Treating of Uranium and Uranium Alloys 928
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Annealing of Precious Metals 939
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Glossary of Terms 948
?Temper Colors for Steels 960
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Austenitizing Temperatures for Steels 961
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Metric Conversion Guide 963
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Temperature Conversion Table 966
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Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames 966
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Index 973
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ASM Handbook Volume 5, Surface Engineering
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Table of Contents
Surface Cleaning
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Chairperson: Robert E. Luetje, Kolene Corporation
Classification and Selection of Cleaning Processes 3
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Alkaline Cleaning 18
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Solvent Cold Cleaning and Vapor Degreasing 21
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Emulsion Cleaning 33
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Molten Salt Bath Cleaning 39
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Ultrasonic Cleaning 44
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Acid Cleaning 48
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Mechanical Cleaning Systems 55
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Pickling and Descaling 67
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Finishing Methods
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Chairperson: K. Subramanian, Norton Company
Classification and Selection of Finishing Processes 81
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Finishing Methods Using Defined Cutting Edges 84
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Nonabrasive Finishing Methods 110
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Mass Finishing 118
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Shot Peening 126
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Topography of Surfaces 136
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Microstructural Analysis of Finished Surfaces 139
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Microstructural%2BAnalysis%2Bof%2BFinished%2BSurfaces&submit=blink%21Residual Effects of Finishing Methods 144
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Residual%2BEffects%2Bof%2BFinishing%2BMethods&submit=blink%21Thermal Aspects of Surface Finishing Processes 152
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermal%2BAspects%2Bof%2BSurface%2BFinishing%2BProcesses&submit=blink%21Selection, Application, and Disposal of Finishing Fluids 158
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Influence of Work Material Properties on Finishing Methods 161
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Plating and Electroplating
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Chairperson: Myron E. Browning, Matrix Technologies, Inc.
Electrodeposition Processes
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Copper Plating 167
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Industrial (Hard) Chromium Plating 177
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Decorative Chromium Plating 192
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Nickel Plating 201
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Iron Plating 213
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Cadmium Plating 215
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Zinc Plating 227
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Indium Plating 236
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Tin Plating 239
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Lead Plating 242
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Silver Plating 245
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Gold Plating 247
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Platinum-Group Metals Plating 251
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Copper Alloy Plating 255
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Tin Alloy Plating 258
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Zinc Alloy Plating 264
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Nickel Alloy Plating 266
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Chromium Alloy Plating 270
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Multiple-Layer Alloy Plating 274
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Selective (Brush) Plating 277
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Pulsed-Current Plating 282
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Electroforming 285
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Nonelectrolytic Deposition Processes
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Electroless Nickel Plating 290
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Electroless Copper Plating 311
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Electroless Gold Plating 323
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Electroless Alloy Deposition 326
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Mechanical Plating 330
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Dip, Barrier, and Chemical Conversion Coatings
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Chairperson: Alan Gibson, ARMCO Inc.
Surface Preparation for Continuously Applied Coatings 335
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Continuous Electrodeposited Coatings 349
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Babbitting 372
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Phosphate Coatings 378
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Chromate Conversion Coatings 405
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Rust Preventive Compounds 412
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Painting 421
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Elastomeric Coatings for Automotive Plastics 448
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Porcelain Enameling 454
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Ceramic Coatings and Linings 469
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Anodizing 482
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Vacuum and Controlled-Atmosphere Coating and Surface Modification Processes
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Chairperson: Donald M. Mattox, IP Industries
Thermal Spray Coating Processes
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Thermal Spray Coatings 497
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Chemical Vapor Deposition Coating Processes
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Physical Vapor Deposition Coating Processes
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Vacuum Deposition, Reactive Evaporation, and Gas Evaporation 556
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Sputter Deposition 573
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Ion Plating 582
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Ion-Beam-Assisted Deposition 593
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Arc Deposition 602
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Ion Implantation 605
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Other Coating/Modification Processes
Diffusion Coatings 611
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Pulsed-Laser Deposition 621
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Testing and Characterization of Coatings and Thin Films
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Chairperson: Gary E. McGuire, Microelectronics Center of North Carolina
Film Thickness Measurements Using Optical Techniques 629
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Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Thin Films 642
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Evaluation%2Bof%2BMechanical%2BProperties%2Bof%2BThin%2BFilms&submit=blink%21Stress Determination for Coatings 647
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Testing of Stability and Thermal Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings 654
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Overview of Wear and Erosion Testing 679
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Surface Engineering of Irons and Steels
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Surface Engineering of Cast Irons 683
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Surface Engineering of Carbon and Alloy Steels 7
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Surface Engineering of Stainless Steels 741
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Surface Engineering of Nonferrous Metals
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Surface Engineering of Heat-Resistant Alloys 779
Surface Engineering of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 784
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Surface Engineering of Copper and Copper Alloys 805
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Surface Engineering of Magnesium Alloys 819
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Surface Engineering of Zirconium and Hafnium 852
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Surface Engineering of Refractory Metals and Alloys 856
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Surface Engineering of Nickel and Nickel Alloys 864
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Surface Engineering of Zinc Alloys 870
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Surface Engineering of Selected Nonmetallic Materials
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Glazes and Enamel Coatings for Ceramics and Glasses 877
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Surface Engineering for Chemical Activity 883
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Surface%2BEngineering%2Bfor%2BChemical%2BActivity&submit=blink%21Protective Coatings for Carbon-Carbon Composites 887
Plasma Surface Engineering of Polymers 892
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Environmental Protection Issues
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Chairperson: Luis D. Trupia, Grumman Aircraft Systems
Environmental Regulation of Surface Engineering 911
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Environmental%2BRegulation%2Bof%2BSurface%2BEngineering&submit=blink%21Cadmium Elimination 918
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Chromium Elimination 925
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Vapor Degreasing Alternatives 930
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Compliant Organic Coatings 935
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Compliant Wipe Solvent Cleaners 940
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Glossary of Terms 944
#Metric-Conversion Guide 974
#Temperature Conversion Table 977
#Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames 980
#Index 985
#
ASM Handbook Volume 6, Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
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Table of Contents
Fundamentals of Joining
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Fundamentals of Welding
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http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Welding&submit=blink%21
Chairperson: Thomas W. Eagar, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Energy Sources Used for Fusion Welding 3
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Heat Flow in Fusion Welding 7
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Fluid Flow Phenomena During Welding 19
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Arc Physics of Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding 30
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Power Sources 36
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Fundamentals of Weld Solidification 45
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Nature and Behavior of Fluxes Used for Welding 55
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Shielding Gases 64
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Solid-State Transformations in Weldments 70
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Cracking Phenomena Associated With Welding 88
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Fundamentals of Brazing and Soldering
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Chairperson: Mel M. Schwartz, Sikorsky Aircraft
Introduction to Brazing and Soldering 109
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Fundamentals of Soldering 126
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Fundamentals of Solid-State Welding
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Chairperson: Ray Dixon, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Introduction to Solid-State Welding 141
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Fundamentals of Metal and Metal-to-Ceramic Adhesion 143
Fundamentals of Friction Welding 150
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Fundamentals of Diffusion Bonding 156
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Fundamentals of Explosion Welding 160
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Mechanical Properties of Soft-Interlayer Solid-State Welds 165
Joining Processes
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Fusion Welding Processes
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Chairperson: Howard Cary, Hobart Brothers Company
Shielded Metal Arc Welding 175
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Gas-Metal Arc Welding 180
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Flux-Cored Arc Welding 186
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Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding 190
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Plasma Arc Welding 195
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Carbon Arc Welding 200
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Submerged Arc Welding 202
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Stud Arc Welding 210
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Capacitor Discharge Stud Welding 221
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Plasma-MIG Welding 223
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Resistance Spot Welding 226
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Projection Welding 230
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Resistance Seam Welding 238
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Flash Welding 247
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Upset Welding 249
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High-Frequency Welding 252
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Electron-Beam Welding 254
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Laser-Beam Welding 262
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Electroslag and Electrogas Welding 270
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Oxyfuel Gas Welding 281
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Thermite Welding 291
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Solid-State Welding, Brazing, and Soldering Processes
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Chairperson: Randy Roper, EG&G Rocky Flats
Solid-State Welding Processes
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High-Temperature Solid-State Welding 297
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Low-Temperature Solid-State Welding 300
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Explosion Welding 303
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Forge Welding 306
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Cold Welding 307
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Coextrusion Welding 311
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Roll Welding 312
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Friction Welding 315
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Radial Friction Welding 318
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Friction Surfacing 321
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Ultrasonic Welding 324
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Brazing Processes
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Torch Brazing 328
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Furnace Brazing 330
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Induction Brazing 333
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Dip Brazing 336
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Resistance Brazing 339
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Diffusion Brazing 343
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Exothermic Brazing 345
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Brazing With Clad Brazing Materials 347
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Iron Soldering 349
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Torch Soldering 351
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Furnace and Infrared Soldering 353
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Dip Soldering 356
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Resistance Soldering 357
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Laser Soldering 359
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Hot Gas Soldering 361
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Induction Soldering 363
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Wave Soldering 366
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Vapor-Phase Soldering 369
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Materials Selection for Joined Assemblies
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Material Requirements for Service Conditions
Chairperson: R. David Thomas, Jr.
Material Requirements for Service Conditions 373
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Selection of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
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Chairperson: Bruce R. Somers, Lehigh University
Introduction to the Selection of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 405
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Selection of Stainless Steels
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Chairperson: John C. Lippold, Edison Welding Institute
Introduction to the Selection of Stainless Steels 431
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Selection of Cast Stainless Steels 495
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Dissimilar Welds With Stainless Steels 500
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Selection of Nonferrous Low-Temperature Materials
Chairperson: William A. Baeslack III, The Ohio State University
Selection and Weldability of Conventional Titanium Alloys 507
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Selection and Weldability of Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys 528
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Selection and Weldability of Non-Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys 537
Selection and Weldability of Dispersion-Strengthened Aluminum Alloys 541
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Selection and Weldability of Aluminum Metal-Matrix Composites 554
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Selection of Nonferrous High-Temperature Materials
Chairperson: Raymond G. Thompson, University of Alabama
General Welding Characteristics of High-Temperature Materials 563
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Postweld Heat Treatment of Nonferrous High-Temperature Materials 572
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Special Metallurgical Welding Considerations for Refractory Metals 580
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Selection of Nonferrous Corrosion-Resistant Materials
Chairperson: S.J. Matthews, Haynes International Inc.
Introduction to the Selection of Nonferrous Corrosion-Resistant Materials 585
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Selection of Nickel, Nickel-Copper, Nickel-Chromium, and Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys 586
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Selection of Nickel-Base Corrosion-Resistant Alloys Containing Molybdenum 593
Selection of Cobalt-, Titanium-, Zirconium-, and Tantalum-Base Corrosion-Resistant Alloys 598
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Weldability Testing
Chairpersons: Richard D. Campbell, Joining Services Inc.
Daniel W. Walsh, California Polytechnic State University
Weldability Testing 603
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Brazeability and Solderabiity of Engineering Materials
Chairperson: Stephen Liu, Colorado School of Mines
Brazeability and Solderability of Engineering Materials 617
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Consumable Selection, Procedure Development, and Practice Considerations
Practice Considerations for Arc Welding
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Chairperson: Damian Kotecki, Lincoln Electric Company
Welding of Carbon Steels 641
Welding of Low-Alloy Steels 662
Welding of Stainless Steels 677
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Welding of Aluminum Alloys 722
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Welding of Copper Alloys 752
Welding of Magnesium Alloys 772
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Practice Considerations for Resistance Welding & High-Energy-Beam Welding
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Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Resistance Welding 833
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Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Electron-Beam Welding 851
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Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Laser-Beam Welding 874
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Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Solid-State Welding
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Chairperson: Dan Hauser, Edison Welding Institute
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Diffusion Welding 883
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Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Inertia and Direct-Drive Friction Welding 888
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Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Ultrasonic Welding 893
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Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Explosion Welding 896
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Practice Considerations for Brazing and Soldering
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Chairperson: Anatol Rabinkin, Metglas Products
Selection Criteria for Brazing and Soldering Consumables 903
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Brazing of Cast Irons and Carbon Steels 906
Brazing of Stainless Steels 911
Brazing of Heat-Resistant Alloys, Low-Alloy Steels, and Tool Steels 924
Brazing of Copper, Copper Alloys, and Precious Metals 931
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Brazing of Aluminum Alloys 937
Brazing of Refractory and Reactive Metals 941
Brazing of Ceramic and Ceramic-Metal Joints 948
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Application of Clad Brazing Materials 961
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General Soldering 964
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Soldering in Electronic Applications 985
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Special Welding and Joining Considerations
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Special Welding and Joining Topic
Chairperson: Hendrikus H. Vanderveldt, American Welding Institute
Introduction to Special Welding and Joining Topics 1003
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Thermal Spray Coatings 1004
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Underwater Welding 1010
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Welding for Cryogenic Service 1016
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Welding in Space and Low-Gravity Environments 1020
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Joining of Organic-Matrix Composites 1026
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Joining of Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened Materials 1037
Composite-to-Metal Joining 1041
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Welding of Plastics 1048
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Intelligent Automation for Joining Technology 1057
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Corrosion of Weldments 1065
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Joint Evaluation and Quality Control
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Chairperson: Robin Gordon, Edison Welding Institute
Overview of Weld Discontinuities 1073
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Inspection of Welded Joints 1081
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Weld Procedure Qualification 1089
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Residual Stresses and Distortion 1094
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Repair Welding 1103
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Fitness-for-Service Assessment of Welded Structure 1108
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Evaluation and Quality Control of Brazed Joint 1117
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Evaluation and Quality Control of Soldered Joints 1124
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Modeling of Joining Processes
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Chairperson: Kim Mahin, Sandia National Laboratories
Numerical Aspects of Modeling Welds, 1131
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Characterization and Modeling of the Heat Source 1141
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Validation Strategies for Heat-Affected Zone and Fluid-Flow Calculations 1147
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Cutting Processes
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Chairperson: Lance R. Soisson, Welding Consultants Inc.
Oxyfuel Gas Cutting 1155
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Plasma Arc Cutting 1166
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Air-Carbon Arc Cutting 1172
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Mechanical Cutting for Weld Preparation 1178
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Safe Practices 1189
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Glossary of Terms 1206
Metric Conversion Guide 1216
Temperature Conversion Table 1218
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames 1220
Index 1225
ASM Handbooks Volume 7, Powder Metal Technologies and Applications
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Contributing Editors: W.B. Eisen, B.L. Ferguson, R.M. German, R. Iacocca, P.W. Lee, D. Madan, K. Moyer, H. Sanderow, and Y. Trudel + 1998 + Approx. 950 pages + ISBN: 0-87170-387-4 + ASM Publication
Completely updated and expanded edition in all areas of powder production, sampling, characterization, shaping, consolidation, sintering, quality control, machining, heat treating, and P/M applications.
Your single source for practical engineering information on sintering practices, tool design, P/M metallography, dimensional control, part design, powders, binders, lubricants, and the processing, properties, and performance of P/M materials in different production technologies and applications.
Comprehensive coverage of P/M technologies and applications including warm compaction, injection molding, rapid prototyping, thermal spray forming, reactive sintering, and P/M gears, bearings, high-performance parts, composites, machine parts, electric contacts, magnetic materials, metallic foams, hardfacing powders, automotive parts, and more.
WHAT’S UPDATED...
Contains updated information essential for effective P/M manufacturing and applications
P/M manufacturing
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Information P/M manufacturing
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Revised Production Sintering Practices
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Accurate Sampling and Classification of Metal Powders
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Tips on Tooling and Part Design
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Blending and Premixing of Metal Powders and Binders
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Effect of Blending Techniques on Properties of Metal Powder Mixes
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Expanded coverage on high-density consolidation practices
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Compressibility and Green Strength of Metal Powders
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Updates on atomization and other powder production practices
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Expanded coverage on secondary operations and quality control
Updates on P/M part applications and performance
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Metal Powders for Welding, Hardfacing, and Brazing
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Specialized Application of Metal PowdersWritten for users and producers of P/M parts including:
Manufacturing and heat treating personel
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Project engineers and purchasing agents for original equipment manufacturers
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Mechanical engineers
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Materials Testing and quality control personnel
Etc
.Part designers for Machinery, Automobiles, Appliances, and Electrical/Electronic components for Control and Instrumentation Systems
WHAT’S NEW...
Over 30 new articles reflecting the continued of P/M applications and production technologies
Powder Injection Molding
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Binder-Assisted Extrusion
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Warm Compaction
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Spray Forming Metallurgy
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Thermal Spray Forming
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Rapid Prototyping
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High-Temperature Sintering
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Process Modeling and Design
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Ultrafine and Nanophase Powders
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Mechanical Alloying
Powder Lubricants, Binders, and Coatings
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Planning and Quality Control of P/M Parts Production
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Fatigue of P/M parts
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Corrosion-Resistant P/M materials
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Reactive Sintering
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Field-Activated Sintering
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Cold Sintering
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Pneumatic Isostatic Pressing
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Techniques to Improve Dimensional Tolerance
Machinability and Machining of P/M Materials
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Resin Impregnation
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Wear Resistance
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ASM Handbook Volume 8, Mechanical Testing
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Table of Contents
Terms and Definitions 1
Tension Testing 17
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Introduction 19
Mechanical Behavior of Materials Under Tension 20
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Effect of Specimen Preparation, Setup, and Test Procedures on Test Results 28
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Elevated/Low Temperature Tension Testing 34
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Effect of Strain Rate on Flow Properties 38
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Tension Testing Machines and Extensometers 47
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Compression, Bearing, and Shear Testing 53
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Axial Compression Testing 55
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Pin Bearing Testing 59
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Shear Testing 62
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Hardness Testing 69
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Introduction 71
Rockwell Hardness Testing 74
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Brinell Hardness Testing 84
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Microhardness Testing 90
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Miscellaneous Hardness Tests 104
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Appendix: Hardness Conversion Tables 109
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Bend Testing 115
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Introduction 117
Stress-Strain Relationships in Bending 118
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Bending Ductility Tests 125
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Bending Strength Tests 132
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Torsion Testing 137
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Fundamental Aspects of Torsional Loading 139
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Quasi-Static Torsional Testing 145
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Cyclic Torsional Testing 149
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Application of the Torsion Test to Determine Workability 154
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Appendix: Axial Effects and Alternative Data Analysis Methods in Torsion Testing 180
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High Strain Rate Testing 185
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Introduction 187
High Strain Rate Compression Testing 190
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High Strain Rate Tension Testing 208
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High Strain Rate Shear Testing 215
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Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing 240
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Dynamic Fracture Testing 259
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Creep, Stress-Rupture, and Stress-Relaxation Testing 299
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Introduction 301
Theory of Creep Deformation 308
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Creep, Stress-Rupture, and Stress-Relaxation Testing 311
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Assessment and Use of Creep-Rupture Properties 329
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Influence of Multiaxial Stressing on Creep and Creep Rupture 343
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Creep-Fatigue Interaction 361
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Fatigue Testing 361
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Introduction 363
Fatigue Crack Initiation 366
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Fatigue Crack Propagation 376
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Environmental Effects on Fatigue Crack Propagation 403
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Fracture Mechanics 437
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Fracture Mechanics 439
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Micro-Fracture Mechanics 465
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Fracture Toughness Testing Using Chevron-Notched Specimens 469
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Microstructure and Fracture 476
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Corrosion Testing 493
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Tests for Stress-Corrosion Cracking 495
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Tests for Hydrogen Embrittlement 537
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Formability Testing 545
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Sheet Formability Testing 547
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Bulk Workability Testing 571
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Wear Testing 599
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Calibration of Testing Equipment 609
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Statistics and Data Analysis 621
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Introduction 623
Statistical Distributions 628
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Planning of Comparative Experiments 639
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Analysis of Designed Experiments 653
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Design Allowables for Static Metallic Material Properties 662
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Fatigue Crack Growth Data Analysis 678
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Analysis of Creep and Creep-Rupture Data 685
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Fatigue Data Analysis 695
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Appendix: Metric and Conversion Data for Mechanical Testing 721
Abbreviations and Symbols 724
Index 727
ASM Handbook, Volume 9, Metallography and Microstructures
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Table of Contents
Terms and Definitions 1
Metallographic Techniques 21
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Sectioning 23
Mounting of Specimens 28
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Mechanical Grinding, Abrasion, and Polishing 33
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Electrolytic Polishing 48
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Etching 57
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Optical Microscopy 71
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Scanning Electron Microscopy 89
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Transmission Electron Microscopy 103
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Quantitative Metallography 123
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Color Metallography 135
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Metallographic Techniques and Microstructures: Specific Metals and Alloys 163
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Carbon and Alloy Steels 165
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Coated Sheet Steel 197
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Plate Steels 202
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Case Hardening Steel 217
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Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Castings 230
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Austenitic Manganese Steel Castings 237
Cast Irons 242
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Tool Steels 256
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Cemented Carbides 273
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Wrought Stainless Steels 279
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Stainless Steel Casting Alloys 297
Wrought Heat-Resistant Alloys 305
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Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys 330
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Aluminum Alloys 351
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Beryllium 389
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Beryllium-Copper and Beryllium-Nickel Alloys 392
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Copper and Copper Alloys 399
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Lead and Lead Alloys 415
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Magnesium Alloys 425
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Nickel and Nickel-Copper Alloys 435
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Refractory Metals and Alloys 439
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Rhenium and Rhenium-Bearing Alloys 447
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Tin and Tin Alloys 449
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Titanium and Titanium Alloys 458
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Uranium and Uranium Alloys 476
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Zinc and Zinc Alloys 488
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Zirconium and Hafnium and Their Alloys 497
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Powder Metallurgy Materials 503
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Magnetic and Electrical Materials 531
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Electrical Contact Materials 550
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Sleeve Bearing Materials 565
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Weldments 577
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Fiber Composite Materials 587
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Structures 599
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Introduction 601
Solidification Structures of Pure Metals 607
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Solidification Structures of Solid Solutions 611
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Solidification Structures of Eutectic Alloys 618
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Solidification Structures of Steel 623
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Solidification Structures of Aluminum Alloy Ingots 629
Solidification Structures of Copper Alloy Ingots 637
Structures Resulting From Precipitation From Solid Solution 646
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Spinodal Structures 652
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Massive Transformation Structures 655
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Eutectoid Structures 658
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Bainitic Structures 662
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Martensitic Structures 668
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Peritectic Structures 675
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Ordered Structures 681
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Plastic Deformation Structures 684
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Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain-Growth Structures 692
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Textured Structures 700
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Crystal Structure of Metals 706
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Metric Conversion Guide 721
Abbreviations and Symbols 724
Index 726
ASM Handbook, Volume 10, Materials Characterization
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Table of Contents
Introduction 1
How to Use the Handbook 2
Sampling 12
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Optical and X-Ray Spectroscopy 19
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Optical Emission Spectroscopy 21
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 31
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 43
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Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Spectroscopy 60
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Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy 72
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X-Ray Spectrometry 82
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Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission 102
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Infrared Spectroscopy 109
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Raman Spectroscopy 126
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Mass Spectroscopy 139
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Spark Source Mass Spectrometry 141
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Gas Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 151
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Classical, Electrochemical, and Radiochemical Analysis 159
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Classical Wet Analytical Chemistry 161
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Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes 181
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Voltammetry 188
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Electrogravimetry 197
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Electrometric Titration 202
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Controlled-Potential Coulometry 207
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Elemental and Functional Group Analysis 212
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High-Temperature Combustion 221
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Inert Gas Fusion 226
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Neutron Activation Analysis 233
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Radioanalysis 243
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Resonance Methods 251
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Electron Spin Resonance 253
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Ferromagnetic Resonance 267
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 277
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Mossbauer Spectroscopy 287
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Metallographic Techniques 297
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Optical Metallography 299
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Image Analysis 309
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Diffraction Methods 323
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Introduction 325
X-Ray Powder Diffraction 333
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Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction 344
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Crystallographic Texture Measurement and Analysis 357
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X-Ray Topography 365
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X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Techniques 380
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Radial Distribution Function Analysis 393
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Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering 402
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Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 407
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Neutron Diffraction 420
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Electron Optical Methods 427
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Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy 429
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Scanning Electron Microscopy 490
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Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis 516
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Low-Energy Electron Diffraction 536
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Electron or X-Ray Spectroscopic Methods 547
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Auger Electron Spectroscopy 549
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X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 568
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Methods Based on Sputtering or Scattering Phenomena 581
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Field Ion Microscopy and Atom Probe Microanalysis 583
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Low-Energy Ion-Scattering Spectroscopy 603
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Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy 610
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Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry 628
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Chromatography 637
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Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 639
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Liquid Chromatography 649
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Ion Chromatography 658
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Glossary of Terms 668
Metric Conversion Guide 685
Periodic Table of the Elements 688
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Abbreviations and Symbols 689
Index 693
ASM Handbook, Volume 11, Failure Analysis and Prevention
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Table of Contents
Glossary of Terms 1
Engineering Aspects of Failure and Failure Analysis 13
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General Practice in Failure Analysis 15
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Failure Analysis and Fracture Mechanics 47
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Ductile-to-Brittle Fracture Transition 66
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Failure Mechanisms and Related Environmental Factors 73
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Identification of Types of Failures 75
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Ductile and Brittle Fractures 82
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Fatigue Failures 102
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Distortion Failures 136
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Wear Failures 145
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Liquid-Erosion Failures 163
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Corrosion Failures 172
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Stress-Corrosion Cracking 203
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Liquid-Metal Embrittlement 225
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Embrittlement by Solid-Metal Environments 239
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Hydrogen-Damage Failures 245
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Corrosion-Fatigue Failures 252
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Elevated-Temperature Failures 263
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Failures in Sour Gas Environments 298
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Products of Principal Metalworking Processes 305
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Failures of Cold Formed Parts 307
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Failures of Forgings 314
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Failures of Iron Castings 344
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Failures of Steel Castings 380
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Failures of Weldments 411
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Failures of Brazed Joints 450
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Manufactured Components and Assemblies 457
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Failures of Shafts 459
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Failures of Sliding Bearings 483
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Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings 490
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Failures of Lifting Equipment 514
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Failures of Mechanical Fasteners 529
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Failures of Springs 550
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Failures of Tool and Dies 563
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Failures of Gears 586
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Failures of Boilers and Related Equipment 602
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Failures of Heat Exchangers 628
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Failures of Pressure Vessels 643
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Failures of Metallic Orthopedic Implants 670
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Failures of Pipelines 695
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Failures of Bridge Components 707
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Failures of Locomotive Axles 715
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Engineered and Electronic Materials 729
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Failure Analysis of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites 731
Failure Analysis of Ceramics 744
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Failure Analysis of Polymers 758
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Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits 766
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Metric Conversion Guide 793
Abbreviations and Symbols 796
Index 799
ASM Handbook Volume 12, Fractography
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Table of Contents
History of Fractography 1
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Modes of Fracture 12
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Preparation and Preservation of Fracture Specimens 72
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Photography of Fractured Parts and Fracture Surfaces 78
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Visual Examination and Light Microscopy 91
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Scanning Electron Microscopy 166
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Transmission Electron Microscopy 179
Quantitative Fractography 193
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Fractal Analysis of Fracture Surfaces 211
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Atlas of Fractographs 216
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Pure Irons 219
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Gray Irons 225
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Ductile Irons 227
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Malleable Irons/White Irons 238
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Low-Carbon Steels 240
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Medium-Carbon Steels 253
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High-Carbon Steels 277
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AISI/SAE Alloy Steels 291
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ASTM/ASME Alloy Steels 345
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Austenitic Stainless Steels 351
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Martensitic Stainless Steels 366
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Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 370
Tool Steels 375
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Maraging Steels 383
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Iron-Base Superalloys 388
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Nickel-Base Superalloys 389
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Nickel Alloys 396
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Cobalt Alloys 398
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Copper Alloys 399
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Cast Aluminum Alloys 405
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Wrought Aluminum Alloys 414
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P/M Aluminum Alloys 440
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Titanium Alloys 441
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Miscellaneous Metals and Alloys 456
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Metal-Matrix Composites 465
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Cemented Carbides 470
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Ceramics 471
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Concrete and Asphalt 472
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Resin-Matrix Composites 474
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Polymers 479
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Electronic Materials 481
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Metric Conversion Guide 489
Abbreviations and Symbols 492
Index 495
ASM Handbook Volume 13, Corrosion
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Table of Contents
Glossary of Terms 1
Fundamentals of Corrosion 15
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Introduction 17
Thermodynamics of Aqueous Corrosion 18
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Kinetics of Aqueous Corrosion 29
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Effects of Environmental Variables on Aqueous Corrosion 37
Effects of Metallurgical Variables on Aqueous Corrosion 45
Fundamentals of High-Temperature Corrosion in Molten Salts 50
Fundamentals of High-Temperature Corrosion in Liquid Metals 56
Fundamentals of Corrosion in Gases 61
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Forms of Corrosion 77
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Introduction 79
General Corrosion 80
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Localized Corrosion 104
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Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion 123
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Mechanically Assisted Degradation 136
Environmentally Induced Cracking 145
Corrosion Testing and Evaluation 191
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Planning and Preparation of Corrosion Tests 193
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In-Service Monitoring 197
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Simulated Service Testing 204
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Laboratory Testing 212
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Evaluation of Uniform Corrosion 229
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Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion 231
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Evaluation of Galvanic Corrosion 234
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Evaluation of Intergranular Corrosion 239
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Evaluation of Exfoliation Corrosion 242
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Evaluation of Stress-Corrosion Cracking 245
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Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement 283
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Evaluation of Corrosion Fatigue 291
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Evaluation of Crevice Corrosion 303
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Evaluation of Erosion and Cavitation 311
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Evaluation of Microbiological Corrosion 314
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Interpretation and Use of Corrosion Test Results 316
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Designing to Minimize Corrosion 319
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Materials Selection 321
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Design Details to Minimize Corrosion 338
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Corrosion of Weldments 344
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Corrosion Economic Calculations 369
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Corrosion Protection Methods 375
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Fundamentals of Corrosion Protection in Aqueous Solutions 377
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Cleaning for Surface Conversion 380
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Phosphate Conversion Coatings 383
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Chromate Conversion Coatings 389
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Aluminum Anodizing 396
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Organic Coatings and Linings 399
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Electroplated Coatings 419
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Hot Dip Coatings 432
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Porcelain Enamels 446
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Chemical-Setting Ceramic Linings 453
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CVD/PVD Coatings 459
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Thermal Spray Coatings 459
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Anodic Protection 463
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Cathodic Protection 466
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Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Production 478
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Corrosion Inhibitors for Crude Oil Refineries 485
Control of Environmental Variables in Water
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Recirculating Systems 487
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Surface Modification 498
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Specific Alloy Systems 507
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Corrosion of Carbon Steels 509
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Corrosion of Alloy Steels 531
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Corrosion of Stainless Steels 547
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Corrosion of Cast Irons 566
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Corrosion of Cast Steels 573
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Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 583
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Corrosion of Copper and Copper Alloys 610
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Corrosion of Nickel-Base Alloys 641
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Corrosion of Cobalt-Base Alloys 658
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Corrosion of Titanium and Titanium Alloys 669
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Corrosion of Zirconium and Hafnium 707
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Corrosion of Niobium and Niobium Alloys 722
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Corrosion of Tantalum 725
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Corrosion of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 740
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Corrosion of Zinc 755
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Corrosion of Tin and Tin Alloys 770
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Corrosion of Lead and Lead Alloys 784
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Corrosion of the Noble Metals 793
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Corrosion of Beryllium 808
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Corrosion of Uranium and Uranium Alloys 813
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Corrosion of Powder Metallurgy Materials 823
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Corrosion of Cemented Carbides 846
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Corrosion of Metal Matrix Composites 859
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Corrosion of Amorphous Metals 864
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Corrosion of Electroplated Hard Chromium 871
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Corrosion of Brazed Joints 876
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Corrosion of Clad Metals 887
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Specific Industries and Environments 891
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Marine Corrosion 893
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Corrosion in the Nuclear Power Industry 927
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Corrosion in Fossil Fuel Power Plants 985
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Corrosion in the Automotive Industry 1011
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Corrosion in the Aircraft Industry 1019
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Corrosion in the Aerospace Industry 1058
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Corrosion in the Electronics Industry 1107
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Case Histories and Failures of Electronics and Communications Equipment 1113
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Corrosion in Telephone Cable Plants 1127
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Corrosion in the Chemical Processing Industry 1134
Corrosion in the Pulp and Paper Industry 1186
Corrosion in the Brewery Industry 1221
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Corrosion in the Pharmaceutical Industry 1226
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Corrosion in Petroleum Production Operations 1232
Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations 1262
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Corrosion of Pipelines 1288
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Corrosion in the Mineral Industry 1293
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Corrosion in Structures 1299
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Corrosion of Metal Processing Equipment 1311
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Corrosion in Batteries and Fuel-Cell Power Sources 1317
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Corrosion of Metallic Implants and Prosthetic Devices 1324
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Tarnish and Corrosion of Dental Alloys 1336
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Corrosion of Emission-Control Equipment 1367
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Metric Conversion Guide 1371
Abbreviations and Symbols 1375
Index 1379
ASM Handbook, Volume 14, Forming and Forging
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Table of Contents
Glossary of Terms 1
Introduction to Forming and Forging Processes 15
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Forging Equipment and Dies 23
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Hammers and Presses for Forging 25
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Selection of Forging Equipment 36
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Dies and Die Materials for Hot Forging 43
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Forging Processes 59
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Open-Die Forging 61
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Closed-Die Forging in Hammers and Presses 75
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Hot Upset Forging 83
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Roll Forging 96
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High-Energy-Rate Forging 100
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Ring Rolling 108
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Rotary Swaging of Bars and Tubes 128
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Radial Forging 145
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Isothermal and Hot-Die Forging 150
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Precision Forging 158
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Rotary Forging 176
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Coining 180
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Powder Forging 188
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Forging of Carbon, Alloy, and Stainless Steels
Heat-Resistant Alloys 213
Forging of Carbon and Alloy Steels 215
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Forging of Stainless Steels 222
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Forging of Heat-Resistant Alloys 231
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Forging of Refractory Metals 237
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Forging of Nonferrous Metals 239
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Forging of Aluminum Alloys 241
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Forging of Copper and Copper Alloys 255
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Forging of Magnesium Alloys 259
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Forging of Nickel-Base Alloys 261
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Forging of Titanium Alloys 267
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Cold Heading and Cold Extrusion 289
Cold Heading 291
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Cold Extrusion 299
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Other Bulk Forming Processes 313
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Conventional Hot Extrusion 315
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Hydrostatic Extrusion 327
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Wire, Rod, and Tube Drawing 330
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Flat, Bar, and Shape Rolling 343
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Evaluation of Workability 361
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Introduction 363
Workability Tests 373
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Workability Theory and Application in Bulk Forming Processes 388
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Computer-Aided Process Design for Bulk Forming 405
Introduction 407
Forging Process Design 409
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Modeling Techniques Used in Forging Process Design 417
Acquisition of Data for Forging Process Design 439
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Blanking and Piercing of Steel Sheet, Strip and Plate 443
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Blanking of Low-Carbon Steel 445
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Piercing of Low-Carbon Steel 459
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Fine Edge Blanking and Piercing 472
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Blanking and Piercing of Electrical Steel Sheet 476
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Selection of Material for Blanking and Piercing Dies 483
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Tooling and Lubrication for Forming of Sheet, Strip and Plate 487
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Presses and Auxiliary Equipment for Forming of Sheet Metal 489
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Selection of Material for Press-Forming Dies 504
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Selection of Material for Deep-Drawing Dies 508
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Selection and Use of Lubricants in Forming of Sheet Metal 512
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Forming Processes for Sheet, Strip, and Plate 521
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Press Bending of Low-Carbon Steel 523
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Press-Brake Forming 533
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Press Forming of Low-Carbon Steel 545
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Press Forming of High-Carbon Steel 556
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Press Forming of Coated Steel 560
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Forming of Steel Strip in Multiple-Slide Machines 567
Deep Drawing 575
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Stretch Forming 591
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Spinning 599
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Rubber-Pad Forming 605
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Three-Roll Forming 616
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Contour Roll Forming 624
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Explosive Forming 636
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Electromagnetic Forming 644
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Drop Hammer Forming 654
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Forming of Bar, Tube, and Wire 659
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Bending of Bars and Bar Section 661
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Bending and Forming of Tubing 665
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Tube Spinning 675
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Straightening of Bars, Shapes, and Long Parts
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Straightening of Tubing 690
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Forming of Wire 694
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Shearing, Slitting, and Cutting 699
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Shearing of Plate and Flat Sheet 701
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Slitting and Shearing of Coiled Sheet and Strip 708
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Shearing of Bars and Bar Sections 714
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Thermal Cutting 720
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Laser Cutting 735
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Abrasive Waterjet Cutting 743
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Forming of Stainless Steel and Heat-Resistant Alloy
Sheet Materials 757
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Forming of Stainless Steel 759
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Forming of Heat-Resistant Alloys 779
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Forming of Refractory Metals 785
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Forming of Nonferrous Sheet Materials 789
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Forming of Aluminum Alloys 791
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Forming of Beryllium 805
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Forming of Copper and Copper Alloys 809
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Forming of Magnesium Alloys 825
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Forming of Nickel-Base Alloys 831
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Forming of Titanium and Titanium Alloys 838
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Working of Platinum Group Metals 849
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Superplastic Sheet Forming 852
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Evaluation of Formability for Secondary (Sheet) Forming 875
Formability Testing of Sheet Metals 877
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Process Design for Sheet Forming 901
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CAD/CAM Applications in Sheet Forming 903
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Process Modeling and Simulation for Sheet Forming 911
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Statistical Analysis of Forming Processes 928
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Metric Conversion Guide 941
Abbreviations and Symbols 944
Index 947
ASM Handbook, Volume 15, Casting
Table of Contents
Glossary of Terms 1
Introduction and Historical Development 13
History of Casting 15
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Development of Foundry Technology in the United States 15
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Casting Advantages, Applications, and Market Size 37
Principles of Liquid Metal Processing 47
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Introduction 49
Principles of Physical Chemistry 50
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Thermodynamic Properties of Aluminum-Base and Copper-Base Alloys 55
Thermodynamic Properties of Iron-Base Alloys 61
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Composition Control 71
Gases in Metals 82
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Inclusion-Forming Reactions 88
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Principles of Solidification 99
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Nucleation Kinetics 101
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Fundamentals of Growth 109
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Solidification of Eutectic Alloys 159
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Interpretation and Use of Cooling Curves (Thermal Analysis) 182
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Patterns 187
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Patterns and Patternmaking 189
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Molding and Casting Processes 201
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Classification of Processes and Flow Chart of Foundry Operations 203
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Aggregate Molding Materials 208
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Bonds Formed in Molding Aggregates 212
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Resin Binder Processes 214
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Sand Molding 222
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Coremaking 238
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Plaster Molding 242
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Ceramic Molding 248
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Investment Casting 253
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Replicast Process 270
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Rammed Graphite Molds 273
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Permanent Mold Casting 286
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Die Casting 286
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Centrifugal Casting 296
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Continuous Casting 308
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New and Emerging Processes 317
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Foundry Equipment and Processing 339
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Sand Processing 341
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Melting Furnaces 356
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Vacuum Melting and Remelting Processes 393
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Degassing Processes (Converter Metallurgy) 426
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Degassing Processes (Ladle Metallurgy) 432
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Nonferrous Molten Metal Processes 445
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Automatic Pouring Systems 497
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Processing of Castings 502
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Foundry Automation 566
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Design Considerations 575
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Riser Design 577
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Gating Design 589
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Casting Design 598
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Dimensional Tolerances and Allowances 614
Ferrous Casting Alloys 625
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Classification of Ferrous Casting Alloys 627
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Gray Iron 629
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Ductile Iron 647
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Compacted Graphic Irons 667
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High-Alloy White Irons 678
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Malleable Iron 686
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High-Alloy Graphitic Irons 698
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Plain Carbon Steels 702
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Low-Alloy Steels 715
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High-Alloy Steels 722
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Cast Alnico Alloys 736
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Nonferrous Casting Alloys 741
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Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 743
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Copper and Copper Alloys 771
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Zinc and Zinc Alloys 786
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Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 798
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Cobalt-Base Alloys 811
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Nickel and Nickel Alloys 815
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Titanium and Titanium Alloys 824
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Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys 836
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Cast Metal-Matrix Composites 840
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Computer Applications in Metal Casting 855
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Introduction 857
Modeling of Solidification Heat Transfer 858
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Modeling of Fluid Flow 867
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Modeling of Combined Fluid Flow and Heat/Mass Transfer 877
Modeling of Microstructural Evolution 883
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Metric Conversion Guide 893
Abbreviations and Symbols 896
Index 899
ASM Handbook, Volume 16, Machining
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Table of Contents
Introduction to Machining Processes 1
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Fundamentals of the Machining Process 5
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Mechanics of Chip Formation 7
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Forces, Power, and Stresses in Machining 13
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Surface Finish and Surface Integrity 19
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Tool Wear and Tool Life 37
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Cutting Tool Materials 49
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High-Speed Tool Steels 51
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P/M High-Speed Tool Steels 60
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Cast Cobalt Alloys 69
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Cemented Carbides 71
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Cermets 90
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Ceramics 98
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Ultrahard Tool Materials 105
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Cutting Fluids 119
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Metal Cutting and Grinding Fluids 121
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Traditional Machining Processes 133
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Turning 135
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Boring 160
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Trepanning 175
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Planing 181
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Shaping and Slotting 187
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Broaching 194
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Drilling 212
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Reaming 239
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Countersinking, Counterboring, and Spotfacing 249
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Roller Burnishing 252
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Tapping 255
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Thread Milling 268
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Thread Grinding 270
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Thread Rolling 280
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Die Threading 296
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Milling 303
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Gear Manufacture 330
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Sawing 356
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Multiple-Operation Machining 366
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Proper Fixturing 404
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Tool Condition Monitoring Systems 411
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Grinding, Honing, and Lapping 419
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Principles of Grinding 421
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Grinding Equipment and Processes 426
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Superabrasives 453
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Honing 472
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Lapping 492
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Nontraditional Machining Processes 507
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Introduction 509
Abrasive Jet Machining 511
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Abrasive Flow Machining 514
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Waterjet/Abrasive Waterjet Machining 520
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Ultrasonic Machining 528
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Electrochemical Machining 533
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Electrochemical Grinding 542
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Electrochemical Discharge Grinding 548
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Electrostream and Capillary Drilling 551
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Shaped Tube Electrolytic Machining 554
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Electrical Discharge Machining 557
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Electrical Discharge Grinding 565
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Electron Beam Machining 568
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Laser Beam Machining 572
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Thermal Energy Method ?? 577
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Chemical Milling 579
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Photochemical Machining 587
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High-Productivity Machining 595
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High-Speed Machining 597
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High Removal Rate Machining 607
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Machine Controls and Computer Applications in Machining 611
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Numerical Control 613
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Adaptive Control 618
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CAD/CAM Applications in Machining 627
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Machining of Specific Metals and Alloys 637
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Machinability Tests Methods 639
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Machining of Cast Irons 648
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Machining of Carbon and Alloy Steels 666
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Machining of Stainless Steels 681
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Machining of Tool Steels 708
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Machining of P/M Tool Steels 733
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Machining of Heat-Resistant Alloys 736
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Machining of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 761
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Machining of Copper and Copper Alloys 805
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Machining of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 820
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Machining of Zinc Alloy Die Castings 831
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Machining of Nickel and Nickel Alloys 835
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Machining of Reactive Metals 844
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Machining of Refractory Metals 858
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Machining of Beryllium 870
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Machining of Uranium and Uranium Alloys 874
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Machining of Powder Metallurgy Materials 879
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Machining of Metal-Matrix Composites and Honeycomb Structures 893
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Metric Conversion Guide 903
Abbreviations and Symbols 906
Index 909
ASM Handbook, Volume 17, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control
Table of Contents
Inspection Equipment and Techniques 1
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Visual Inspection 3
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Laser Inspection 12
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Coordinate Measuring Machines 18
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Machine Vision and Robotic Evaluation 29
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Methods of Nondestructive Evaluation 47
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Guide to Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques 49
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NDE
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Replication Microscopy Techniques for NDE 52
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Leak Testing 57
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Liquid Penetrant Inspection 71
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Magnetic Particle Inspection 89
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Magnetic Field Testing 129
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Electric Current Perturbation NDE 136
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Magabsorption NDE 143
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Electromagnetic Techniques for Residual Stress Measurements 159
Eddy Current Inspection 164
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Remote-Field Eddy Current Inspection 195
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Microwave Inspection 202
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Ultrasonic Inspection 231
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Acoustic Emission Inspection 278
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Radiographic Inspection 295
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Industrial Computed Tomography 358
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Neutron Radiography 387
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Thermal Inspection 396
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Optical Holography 405
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Speckle Metrology 432
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Acoustical Holography 438
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Strain Measurement for Stress Analysis 448
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Digital Image Enhancement 454
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Acoustic Microscopy 465
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Use of Color for NDE 483
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Nondestructive Inspection of Specific Products 489
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Forgings 491
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Castings 512
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Powder Metallurgy Parts 536
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Steel Bar, Wire, and Billets 549
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Tubular Products 561
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Weldments, Brazed Assemblies, and Soldered Joints 582
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Adhesive-Bonded Joints 610
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Boilers and Pressure Vessels 641
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Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation 661
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Introduction 663
Fracture Control Philosophy 666
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Applications of NDE Reliability to Systems 674
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NDE Reliability Data Analysis 689
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Models for Predicting NDE Reliability 702
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Statistical Methods 717
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Statistical Quality Design and Control 719
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Metric Conversion Guide 755
Abbreviations and Symbols 758
Index 761
ASM Handbook, Volume 18, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
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Table of Contents
Glossary of Terms 1
Solid Friction
Introduction to Friction 25
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Basic Theory of Solid Friction 27
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Frictional Heating Calculations 39
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Laboratory Testing Methods for Solid Friction 45
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Friction during Metal Forming 59
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Appendix: Static and Kinetic Friction Coefficients for Selected Materials 70
Lubricants and Lubrication
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Introduction to Lubrication 79
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Liquid Lubrication
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Liquid Lubricants 81
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Lubrication Regimes 89
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Lubricant Additives and Their Functions 98
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Solid Lubricants and Greases
Solid Lubricants 113
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Grease 123
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Applications of Lubrication Technology
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Lubricants for Rolling-Element Bearings 132
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Metalworking Lubricants 139
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Lubricants for High-Vacuum Applications 150
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Internal Combustion Engine Lubricants 162
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Wear
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Introduction to Wear 175
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Surface Damage 176
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Wear by Particles or Fluids
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Abrasive Wear 184
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Polishing Wear 191
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Solid Particle Erosion 199
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Cavitation Erosion 214
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Liquid Impingement Erosion 221
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Slurry Erosion 233
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Wear By Rolling, Sliding, or Impact Sliding and Adhesive Wear 236
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Fretting Wear 242
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Rolling Contact Wear 257
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Impact Wear 263
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Chemically Assisted Wear
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Corrosive Wear 271
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Oxidational Wear 280
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Wear Monitoring and Diagnosis
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Surface Examination 290
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Vibration Analysis 293
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Lubricant Analysis 299
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Motor-Current Signature Analysis 313
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Radionuclide Methods 319
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Laboratory Characterization Techniques
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Introduction to Laboratory Characterization Techniques 333
Characterization of Roughness and Wear Scar Dimensions
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Surface Texture 334
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Surface Topography and Image Analysis (Area) 346
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Confocal Microscopy 357
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Wear Measurement 362
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Microscopy Techniques
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Light Microscopy 370
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Electron Microscopy 376
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Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 393
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Measurement of Surface Forces and Adhesion 399
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Characterization of Surfaces by Acoustic Imaging Techniques 406
Micromechanical Properties Techniques
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Microindentation Hardness Testing 414
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Nanoindentation 419
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Scratch Testing 430
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Thermal, Chemical, and X-Ray Methods
Surface Temperature Measurement 438
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Surface Chemical Analysis 445
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X-Ray Characterization of Surface Wear 463
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Systematic Diagonosis of Friction and Wear Test Data
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Basic Tribological Parameters 473
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Design of Friction and Wear Experiments 480
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Presentation of Friction and Wear Data 489
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Concepts of Reliability and Wear: Failure Modes 493
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Friction and Wear of Components
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Bearings, Gears, and Seals
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Friction and Wear of Rolling-Element Bearings 499
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Friction and Wear of Sliding Bearings 515
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Friction and Wear of Gas-Lubricated Bearings 522
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Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Gears 535
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Friction and Wear of Seals 546
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Transportation System Components
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Friction and Wear of Internal Combustion Engine Parts 553
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Friction and Wear of Automotive and Truck Drive Trains 563
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Friction and Wear of Automotive Brakes 569
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Friciton and Wear of Tires 578
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Friciton and Wear of Aircraft Brakes 582
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Wear of Jet Engine Components 588
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Industrial and Mining Machinery
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Wear of Pumps 593
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Friction and Wear of Compressors 602
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Friction and Wear of Cutting Tools and Cutting Tool Materials 609
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Friction and Wear of Dies and Die Materials 621
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Friction and Wear in the Mining and Mineral Industruies 649
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Medical and Dental Materials
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Friction and Wear of Medical Implants and Prosthetic Devices 656
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Friction and Wear of Dental Materials 665
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Friction and Wear of Electrical Contacts 682
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Friction and Wear of Semiconductors 685
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Materials for Friction and Wear Applications
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Introduction to Materials for Friction and Wear Applications 693
Ferrous Metals and Alloys
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Friction and Wear of Cast Irons 695
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Friction and Wear of Carbon and Alloy Steels 702
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Wear of Stainless Steels 710
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Friction and Wear of Bearing Steels 725
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Friction and Wear of Tool Steels 734
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Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
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Friction and Wear of Sliding Bearing Materials 741
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Friction and Wear of Hardfacing Alloys 758
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Friction and Wear of Cobalt-Base Wrought Alloys 766
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Friction and Wear of Ordered Intermetallic Alloys of NI3AL 772
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Friction and Wear of Titanium Alloys 778
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Ceramics and Composites
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Friction and Wear of Aluminum-Silicon Alloys 785
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Friction and Wear of Cemented Carbides 795
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Friction and Wear of Metal-Matrix Composites 801
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Friction and Wear of Ceramics 812
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Friction and Wear of Carbon-Graphite Materials 816
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Friction and Wear of Thermoplastic Composites 820
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Surface Treatments and Coatings for Friction and Wear Control
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Thermal Spray Coatings 829
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Electroplated Coatings 834
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PVD and CVD Coatings 840
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Ion Implantation 850
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Laser Surface Processing 861
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Carburizing 873
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Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing 878
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Metric-Conversion Guide 884
Temperature Conversion Table 887
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames 890
Index 897
ASM Handbook, Vol 19, Fatigue and Fracture
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Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction 1
Industrial Significance of Fatigue Problems 3
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Fracture and Structure 5
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Fatigue Properties in Engineering 15
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Alloy Design for Fatigue and Fracture 27
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Micromechanisms of Monotonic and Cyclic Crack Growth 42
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Section 2: Fatigue Mechanisms, Crack Growth, and Testing 61
Fatigue Failure in Metals 63
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Cyclic Stress-Strain Response and Microstructure 73
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Fatigue Crack Nucleation and Microstructure 96
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Fatigue Crack Growth under Variable-Amplitude Loading 110
Fatigue Crack Thresholds 134
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Behavior of Small Fatigue Cracks 153
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Effect of Crack Shape on Fatigue Crack Growth 159
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Fatigue Crack Growth Testing 168
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Appendix: High-Temperature Fatigue Crack Growth Testing 181
Mechanisms of Corrosion Fatigue 185
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Corrosion Fatigue Testing 193
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Detection and Monitoring of Fatigue Cracks 210
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Section 3: Fatigue Strength Prediction and Analysis 225
Fundamentals of Modern Fatigue Analysis for Design 227
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Estimating Fatigue Life 250
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Multiaxial Fatigue Strength 263
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Factors Influencing Weldment Fatigue 274
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Fatigue of Mechanically Fastened Joints 287
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Statistical Considerations in Fatigue 295
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Planning and Evaluation of Fatigue Tests 303
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Surface Effects on Fatigue
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Effect of Surface Conditions and Processing on Fatigue Performance 314
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Fretting Fatigue 321
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Contact Fatigue 331
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Fatigue of Special Forms or Components
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Fatigue and Fracture Control for Powder Metallurgy Components 337
Fatigue and Life Prediction of Gears 345
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Fatigue and Life Prediction of Bearings 355
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Fatigue of Springs 363
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Section 4: Fracture Mechanics, Damage Tolerance, and Life Assessment 369
An Introduction to Fracture Mechanics 371
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Fracture Resistance of Structural Alloys 381
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Fracture Toughness Testing 393
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Concepts of Fracture Control and Damage Tolerance 410
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The Practice of Damage Tolerance Analysis 420
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Residual Strength of Metal Structures 427
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Fatigue and Fracture Control of Weldments 434
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Fracture Mechanics in Failure Analysis 450
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Stress Maps for Failure Control 457
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Failure Control in Process Operations 468
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Environmental Effects
Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement 483
Elevated-Temperature Crack Growth 507
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High-Temperature Life Assessment 520
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Thermal and Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of Structural Alloys 527
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Damage Tolerance of Aircraft Systems
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Life Extension and Damage Tolerance of Aging Aircraft 557
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Damage Tolerance Certification of Commercial Aircraft 566
The Air Force Approach to Aircraft Damage Tolerant Design 577
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Section 5: Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Ferrous Alloys 589
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Fracture and Fatigue Properties of Structural Steels 591
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Fatigue Resistance and Microstructure of Ferrous Alloys 605
Fracture Mechanics Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels 614
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Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Cast Irons 665
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Bending Fatigue of Carburized Steels 680
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Contact Fatigue of Hardened Steels 691
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Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics of Heat-Resistant (Cr-Mo) Ferritic Steels 704
Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Stainless Steels 712
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Fracture Toughness of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Their Welds 733
Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Duplex Stainless Steels 757
Section 6: Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Nonferrous Alloys 769
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Selecting Aluminum Alloys to Resist Failure by Fracture Mechanisms 771
Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Cast Aluminum Alloys 813
Fatigue Strength of Aluminum Alloy Welds, 823
Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Titanium Alloys 829
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Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Superalloys 854
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Fatigue Properties of Copper Alloys 869
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Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Magnesium Alloys 874
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Fatigue of Solders and Electronic Materials 882
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Section 7: Fatigue and Fracture of Composites, Ceramics, and Glasses 893
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Fracture and Fatigue of DRA Composites 895
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Fatigue of Composite Laminates 905
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Residual Strength with Damage in Composite Aircraft Structures 920
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Toughening and Strengthening Models for Nominally Brittle Materials 946
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Appendices 961
Parameters for Estimating Fatigue Life 963
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Stress Intensity Factors 980
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Metric Conversion Guide 1001
Abbreviations and Symbols 1003
Index 1005
ASM Handbook Volume 20, Materials Selection and Design
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"This handbook fills the need for a fundamental engineering reference work that bridges the gap between design and materials engineering. "
George E. Dieter
Volume 20 Chairman
University of Maryland
Whether you're a seasoned engineering professional, an engineer just getting into the world of engineering, a nontechnical person involved in some aspect of manufacturing a product, or an engineering student with an eye on a bright future in industry, you will benefit from the information in Materials Selection and Design.
Materials Selection and Design is a comprehensive reference on the basic concepts, methodologies, and information sources dealing with materials selection and its integration with engineering design processes. It makes the connection between design and materials engineering.
Contents include contributions from 100+ experts from industry and universities involved with design, materials selection, and manufacturing.
VOLUME HIGHLIGHTS
Discusses conceptual and configuration design of products and assemblies Provides specific design/materials selection situations (such as designing for fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, corrosion and wear resistance, etc.)
conceptual design
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conceptual design products
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conceptual design assemblies
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configuration design
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configuration design products
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configuration design assemblies
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specific design
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specific design fatigue resistance
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Etc.
Contains manufacturing aspects of design including effects of processing/manufacturing on materials and their influence on the design and materials selection process
Addresses metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites
Provides many case histories and examples Make the connection
Product engineering/design, materials selection, and manufacturing are the result of a team effort in today's manufacturing world. Find out how all the pieces fit together.
What is the role of the materials engineer in the design process?
How does the materials engineer work with and support others throughout the design process?
What is the relationship among design, materials selection, and process selection with respect to part/product function?
What is the relationship of engineering design to other departments in a manufacturing company including marketing, industrial design, and manufacturing?
How do manufacturing and assembly methods influence the properties and cost of a finished product?
These are just some of the questions that are answered in Materials Selection and Design.
Section contents:
The Design Process
The role of the materials engineer in the design process. Methods for conceptual and configuration design, and developing a product specification.
Criteria and Concepts in Design
Special design considerations include product reliability, life-cycle analysis, optimizing product quality, safety, and liability.
Design Tools
Overview of current CAE tools used to provide design analysis guidance at different stages of the design process.
The Materials Selection Process
Use of materials-selection aids such as selection charts, performance indexes, decision matrices, and value analysis.
Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Materials Properties
Fundamental structure-property relationships in engineering materials including irons and steels, nonferrous alloys, and other materials.
Properties versus Performance of Materials
Applications-related design concepts applied to real-world operating conditions. Special design/materials-selection situations covered.
Manufacturing Aspects of Design
Influence of manufacturing on properties and cost of engineered designs. Information on modeling, cost estimating, and various manufacturing processes.
Key Industries
Aerospace, Automotive, Petrochemical/Chemical Process, Power Generation, Appliance, Business Equipment, and Electronics