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Thermionic Energy Conversion
Volume I: Processes and Devices
George N. Hatsopoulos and Elias P. Gyftopoulos
Scanner: Gary O. Fitzpatrick
g_sfitz@sprynet.com1Blink
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Contents
List of Contributors
Roland Breitwieser, NASA-Lewis Laboratory
Pierre J. Brosens, Thermo Electron Corporation
Jerry P. Davis, Thermo Electron Corporation
John B. Dunlay, Thermo Electron Corporation
James C. Keck, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T.
Lazaros J. Lazaridis, Thermo Electron Corporation
Ned S. Rasor, Consultant
Firooz Rufeh, Thermo Electron Corporation
Laurence van Someren, Thermo Electron Corporation
1.
1.2 Qualitative Description of Thermionic Converters,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Qualitative%2BDescription%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=web1.2.1 The Elementary Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Elementary%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web1.3 Basic Phenomena in Thermionic Conversion,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Basic%2BPhenomena%2Bin%2BThermionic%2BConversion&t=web1.4 Types of Thermionic Converters,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Types%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=webThermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter&t=webClose-space Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Close-space%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webClose-space Diode Vacuum Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Close-space%2BDiode%2BVacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webVacuum Triode Thermionic Converters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=webVacuum Magnetic Triode Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMagnetic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webVacuum Electrostatic Triode Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BElectrostatic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webVapor Thermionic Converters,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vapor%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=webCesium Diode Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cesium%2BDiode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webVapor Thermionic Converters,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vapor%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=webCesium Diode Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cesium%2BDiode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webSurface Ionization Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Surface%2BIonization%2BTriode&t=webIon Dispenser Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BDispenser%2BTriode&t=webArc Triodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Arc%2BTriodes&t=webDual Emitter Arc Triodes
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Dual%2BEmitter%2BArc%2BTriodes&t=webPlasmatron
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Plasmatron&t=webDual Collector Arc Triodes
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Dual%2BCollector%2BArc%2BTriodes&t=web1.5 Characteristics of Typical Thermionic Converters,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Characteristics%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=wb1.6 Thermionic-Converter Systems,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BSystem&t=web1.6.1 Solar Thermionic Generators,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Solar%2BThermionic%2BGenerators&t=web1.6.2 Radioisotopic Thermionic Generators,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Radioisotopic%2BThermionic%2BGenerators&t=web1.6.3 Nuclear Reactor Thermionic Generators,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Nuclear%2BReactor%2BThermionic%2BGenerators&t=web1.6.4 Chemical Thermionic Generators,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Chemical%2BThermionic%2BGenerators&t=web1.7 Comparison of Thermionic Conversion with Other Electrical Power Systems,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Comparison%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConversion%2Bwith%2BOther%2BElectrical%2BPower%2BSystems&t=web2.
Ideal Performance of Diode Thermionic Converters, http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ideal%2BPerformance%2Bof%2BDiode%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=web2.2 Thermionic Emission,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BEmission&t=web2.2.2 Electrons in Metals,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electrons%2Bin%2BMetals&t=web2.2.2 Fermi Energy,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Fermi%2BEnergy&t=web2.2.3 Electron Motive,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electron%2BMotive&t=web2.2.3 Work Function,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Work%2BFunction&t=web2.2.4 Electron Saturation Current,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electron%2BSaturation%2BCurrent&t=web2.2.5 Velocities of Thermionically Emitted Electrons,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Velocities%2Bof%2BThermionically%2BEmitted%2BElectrons&t=web2.2.6 Ion Thermionic Emission,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BThermionic%2BEmission&t=web2.2.6 Ion Saturation Current,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BSaturation%2BCurrent&t=web2.3 A Simple Diode Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Simple%2BDiode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web2.4 Electron-Motive Diagrams through the Interelectrode Space,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electron-Motive%2BDiagrams%2Bthrough%2Bthe%2BInterelectrode%2BSpace&t=web2.5, 2.6 Thermionic Converter Ideal Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BIdeal%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web2.6.1 Thermionic Converter Electrical Output Power,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BElectrical%2BOutput%2BPower&t=web2.6.3 Dependence of Maximum Ideal Output Power on Electrode Properties,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Dependence%2Bof%2BMaximum%2BIdeal%2BOutput%2BPower%2Bon%2BElectrode%2BProperties&t=web2.6.4 Electrode Properties for Useful Ideal Output Power,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electrode%2BProperties%2Bfor%2BUseful%2BIdeal%2BOutput%2BPower&t=web2.7 Thermionic Converter Energy-Conversion Efficiency,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BEnergy-Conversion%2BEfficiency&t=web2.7.1 Thermionic Converter Energy Balance,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BEnergy%2BBalance&t=web2.7.2 Thermionic Converter Ideal Efficiency,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BIdeal%2BEfficiency&t=web2.7.3 Thermionic Converter Electronic Efficiency,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BElectronic%2BEfficiency&t=web2.7.4 Thermionic Converter Lead Design Optimization,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BLead%2BDesign%2BOptimization&t=web2.7.4 Thermionic Converter Lead-Optimized Ideal Efficiency,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BLead-Optimized%2BIdeal%2BEfficiency&t=web2.7.5 Thermionic Converter Lead-Optimized Ideal Efficiency Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BLead-Optimized%2BIdeal%2BEfficiency%2BCharacteristics&t=web2.8 Thermionic Converter Optimum Ideal Performance,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BOptimum%2BIdeal%2BPerformance&t=web2.8.2 Thermionic Converter Performance Optimization,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BPerformance%2BOptimization&t=web3.
Vacuum Thermionic Converters, http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=web3.2 Vacuum Thermionic Converter Negative-Space-Charge Effect,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BNegative-Space-Charge%2BEffect&t=web3.3 The Vacuum Diode Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BDiode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web3.3.1 Vacuum Thermionic Converter Basic Configuration,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BBasic%2BConfiguration&t=web3.3.2 Vacuum Thermionic Converter Interelectrode Motive,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BInterelectrode%2BMotive&t=web3.3.3 Vacuum Thermionic Converter Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web3.3.4 Vacuum Thermionic Converter Electrode Output-Power Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BElectrode%2BOutput-Power%2BCharacteristics&t=web3.3.5 Vacuum Thermionic Converter Energy-Conversion Efficiency,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BEnergy-Conversion%2BEfficiency&t=web3.3.6 Vacuum Thermionic Converter Advantages,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BAdvantages&t=web3.3.6 Vacuum Thermionic Converter Disadvantages,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BDisadvantages&t=web3.4 The Vacuum Magnetic Triode Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMagnetic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web3.4.1 Vacuum Magnetic Triode Thermionic Converter Basic Configuration,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMagnetic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BBasic%2BConfiguration&t=web3.4.2 Vacuum Magnetic Triode Thermionic Converter Principle of Operation,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMagnetic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BPrinciple%2Bof%2BOperation&t=web3.4.3 Vacuum Magnetic Triode Thermionic Converter Interelectrode Motive,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMagnetic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BInterelectrode%2BMotive&t=web3.4.4 Vacuum Magnetic Triode Thermionic Converter Partial Analysis of Performance Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMagnetic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BPartial%2BAnalysis%2Bof%2BPerformance%2BCharacteristics&t=web3.4.5 Vacuum Magnetic Triode Thermionic Converter Experimental Results,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMagnetic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BExperimental%2BResults&t=web3.5 The Vacuum Electrostatic Triode Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BElectrostatic%2BTriode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web4. Vapor Thermionic Converters, http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vapor%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=web
4.2 Interactions of Cesium Vapor with Metallic Surfaces and Electrons,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Interactions%2Bof%2BCesium%2BVapor%2Bwith%2BMetallic%2BSurfaces%2Band%2BElectrons&t=web4.2 Interactions of Cesium Vapor with Metallic Surfaces,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Interactions%2Bof%2BCesium%2BVapor%2Bwith%2BMetallic%2BSurfaces&t=web4.2 Interactions of Cesium Vapor with Electrons,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Interactions%2Bof%2BCesium%2BVapor%2Bwith%2BElectrons&t=web4.2.1 Work Function of a Metallic Surface Immersed in Cesium Vapor,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Work%2BFunction%2Bof%2Ba%2BMetallic%2BSurface%2BImmersed%2Bin%2BCesium%2BVapor&t=web4.2.2 Thermionic Emission of Ions and Neutral Atoms from Metallic Surfaces Immersed in Cesium Vapor,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BEmission%2Bof%2BIons%2Band%2BNeutral%2BAtoms%2Bfrom%2BMetallic%2BSurfaces%2BImmersed%2Bin%2BCesium%2BVapor&t=web4.2.2 Thermionic Emission of Ions from Metallic Surfaces Immersed in Cesium Vapor,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BEmission%2Bof%2BIons%2Bfrom%2BMetallic%2BSurfaces%2BImmersed%2Bin%2BCesium%2BVapor&t=web4.2.2 Thermionic Emission of Neutral Atoms from Metallic Surfaces Immersed in Cesium Vapor,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BEmission%2Bof%2BNeutral%2BAtoms%2Bfrom%2BMetallic%2BSurfaces%2BImmersed%2Bin%2BCesium%2BVapor&t=web4.2.3 Interactions of Electrons with Cesium-Vapor Particles,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Interactions%2Bof%2BElectrons%2Bwith%2BCesium%2BVapor%2BParticles&t=web4.3 Cesium Diode Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cesium%2BDiode%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web4.3.1 Cesium Diode Thermionic Converter Basic Configuration,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cesium%2BDiode%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BBasic%2BConfiguration&t=web4.3.2 Low-Cesium-Pressure Diodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Low-Cesium-Pressure%2BDiodes&t=web4.3.2 High-Cesium-Pressure Diodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=High-Cesium-Pressure%2BDiodes&t=web4.4 Low-Pressure Diodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Low-Pressure%2BDiodes&t=web4.4.1 General Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=General%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.4.2 Interelectrode Motives,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Interelectrode%2BMotives&t=web4.4.3 Neutralization Conditions,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Neutralization%2BConditions&t=web4.4.4 Experimental Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.4.5 Emitter Work Functions Determined from Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Emitter%2BWork%2BFunctions%2BDetermined%2Bfrom%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.4.6 Ion-Emission Currents and Ion-Richness Ratios Determined from Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion-Emission%2BCurrents%2Band%2BIon-Richness%2BRatios%2BDetermined%2Bfrom%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.4.6 Ion-Emission Currents Ratios Determined from Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion-Emission%2BCurrents%2BRatios%2BDetermined%2Bfrom%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.4.6 Ion-Emission Currents Ratios,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion-Emission%2BCurrents%2BRatios&t=web4.4.6 Ion-Richness Ratios Determined from Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion-Richness%2BRatios%2BDetermined%2Bfrom%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.4.6 Ion-Richness Ratios,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion-Richness%2BRatios&t=web4.4.7 Collector Work Functions Determined from Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Collector%2BWork%2BFunctions%2BDetermined%2Bfrom%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.4.8 Thermionic Converter Advantages,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BAdvantages&t=web4.4.8 Thermionic Converter Limitations,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BLimitations&t=web4.4.9 Thermionic Converter Conditions for Optimum Ideal Performance,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BConditions%2Bfor%2BOptimum%2BIdeal%2BPerformance&t=web4.4.10 Thermionic Converter Spacing-Limited Performance,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BSpacing-Limited%2BPerformance&t=web4.4.11 Thermionic Converter Energy-Conversion Efficiency,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BEnergy-Conversion%2BEfficiency&t=web4.5 High-Pressure Diodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=High-Pressure%2BDiodes&t=web4.5.1 General Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=General%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.5.2 Thermionic Converter Analysis of Performance,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BAnalysis%2Bof%2BPerformance&t=web4.5.3 Thermionic Converter Materials and Construction,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BMaterials%2Band%2BConstruction&t=web4.5.3 Thermionic Converter Materials,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BMaterials&t=web4.5.3 Thermionic Converter Construction,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BConstruction&t=web4.5.4 Thermionic Converter Experimental Output-Current Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BExperimental%2BOutput-Current%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.5.5 Thermionic Converter Optimized Performance Characteristics,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BOptimized%2BPerformance%2BCharacteristics&t=web4.5.6 Discussion of Experimental Results for Thermionic Converter,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Discussion%2Bof%2BExperimental%2BResults%2Bfor%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web4.5.7 Thermionic Converter Energy-Conversion Efficiency,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BEnergy-Conversion%2BEfficiency&t=web4.5.8 Thermionic Converter Advantages,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BAdvantages&t=web4.5.8 Thermionic Converter Limitations,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BLimitations&t=web4.5.9 Thermionic Converter Techniques for Improvement of Performance,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BTechniques%2Bfor%2BImprovement%2Bof%2BPerformance&t=web4.6 Cesium Diodes with Additives,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cesium%2BDiodes%2Bwith%2BAdditives&t=web4.6.2 Cesium Diodes with Electronegative Additives,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cesium%2BDiodes%2Bwith%2BElectronegative%2BAdditives&t=web4.6.2 Experimental Results for Cesium Diodes with Electronegative Additives,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BResults%2Bfor%2BCesium%2BDiodes%2Bwith%2BElectronegative%2BAdditives&t=web4.6.3 Cesium Diodes with Electropositive Additives,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cesium%2BDiodes%2Bwith%2BElectropositive%2BAdditives&t=web4.6.3 Experimental Results for Cesium Diodes with Electropositive Additives,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BResults%2Bfor%2BCesium%2BDiodes%2Bwith%2BElectropositive%2BAdditives&t=web4.7 Supplemented Vapor Diodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Supplemented%2BVapor%2BDiodes&t=web4.7.2 Pulsed Diode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Pulsed%2BDiode&t=web4.7.2 Experimental Results for Pulsed Diode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BResults%2Bfor%2BPulsed%2BDiode&t=web4.7.3 Radiation Diodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Radiation%2BDiodes&t=web4.7.3 Experimental Results for Radiation Diodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BResults%2Bfor%2BRadiation%2BDiode&t=web4.8 Ion Emission Vapor Triodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BEmission%2BVapor%2BTriodes&t=web4.8 Surface Ionization Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Surface%2BIonization%2BTriode&t=web4.8.2 The Principles of Operation for Surface Ionization Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Principles%2Bof%2BOperation%2Bfor%2BSurface%2BIonization%2BTriode&t=web4.8.3 The Experimental Results for Surface Ionization Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BResults%2Bfor%2BSurface%2BIonization%2BTriode&t=web4.8.4 The Potential and Limitations for Surface Ionization Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Potential%2Band%2BLimitations%2Bfor%2BSurface%2BIonization%2BTriode&t=web4.8.4 The Potential for Surface Ionization Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Potential%2Bfor%2BSurface%2BIonization%2BTriode&t=web4.8.4 The Limitations for Surface Ionization Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Limitations%2Bfor%2BSurface%2BIonization%2BTriode&t=web4.8.5 The Ion Dispenser Triode,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BDispenser%2BTriode&t=web4.9 Arc Triodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Arc%2BTriodes&t=web4.9.2 Experimental Results for Arc Triodes,
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BResults%2Bfor+Arc%2BTriodes&t=web