Made by Matt Kerekes, Chad Kulengosky, Robby Karimoto, and Garrett McCord.

The Old Regime: Reign of King Louis XVI (1774-1792)

	Marie Antoinette married Louis XVI when she was 14, a lighthearted girl. She was unpopular coming from the Austrian royal family, France's long time enemy.  Later during the war with Austria she and Louis were imprisoned and beheaded.
	Cardinal Fleury's (1653-1743) influence helped to encourage industry, and economy.  However, his ignorance of the working class caused growing resentment.
	Unfortunately, since Louis was a poor ruler, he had trouble on deciding what to do and often ignored problems. Also he had the worst ways of spending money.  This highly increased France's debt.
	During the reign of Louis XVI, there were many demands of the Nobility.
	Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) was the comptroller, general of finance, for king Louis.  He wanted, and advised Louis to destroy free trade.
	Jacques Necker (1732-1804) succeeded Turgot. He also introduced financial reforms.
	Louis XVI was a weak ruler, he was indecisive and allowed matters to drift.  His kingdom was greatly in debt and taxes were incredibly high. He also passed up a chance to seize Britain.

 

The Estates General (1788)

	The First Estate was a high class in France, mainly people of the Catholic Church. The French clergy paidno taxes and recived cash gifts from the government.
	The Second Estate, consisting of nobles, made up 2% of the population and owned 20% of the land. They held the highest offices in the church, army, and government. Their refusal to pay taxes was a cause of the revolution.
	The bourgeoisie were city dwelling middle-class of the third estate. They paid taxes, but still had a good life.  They had jobs like lawyers and doctors.
	The proletariat, or working class, struggled to make ends meet and paid high taxes.
	The Third Estate made up 98% of the population. Some people led lives that were cushy, however, most were poor and lived in poverty.
	Peasants made up four fifths of the 26 million people. They paid high, exorbitant taxes. Most did not have food or money.
	The gabelle was a tax on salt. Since salt was a common item and the government was in great debt, taxes were raised to help raise money.
	The corv'ee was a certain form of tax that peasants had to pay.  Instead of money they had to work on public roads without pay.
	The Middle Class was a part of the third estate. These people often had simple jobs and recived low, but fair pay for their work.
	Urban workers were the people who had to work in average jobs. They worked everyday jobs but had to pay high taxes and do city work.

 

King Louis XVI summons the Estates General (1788)

	When in 1788 the Assembly of Notables failed to solve the financial crisis of the French government, King Louis XVI ordered elections for the States-General as his last resort.
	The demands on the monarchy were many.  Louis was a weak ruler, and the people wanted food and the estates need power.
	Before, each estate would meet seperatley and would cast one vote so the first two estates would win 2 to1. Later they all met together and then the third estate would win by sheer number.  This was called voting by order.

 

The Third Estate proclaims itself to be the National Assembly (1789)

	When Louis demanded that the National Assembly meeting place closed they had to make a plan of action. They met on an indoor tennis court where no one would find them.  Here they took the Tennis Court Oath, which was not to leave until they gave France a constitution.
	Later when the change of name was done by the Third Estate to the National Assembly, they also gained political power which threatened Louis' rule.

 

A Paris Mob storms the Bastille (1789)

	The people, angry at high taxes and prices, stormed the Bastille. They wanted also to defend Paris and the National Assembly from the king's foreign troops.
	At the point of Jacques Necker's restoration, people revived Necker's ideas.  Mainly a strong tax system and new financial reforms.
	Jean Bailly's promotion (1736-1793)-
	Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834) was a French Soldier who later became a general in the American Revolutionary army.  He later had many diplomas and awards for his efforts in helping France and America during their Revolutions.
	After the revolt, most  aristocrats lived in a somewhat state of fear. So they "eased up" on the people for their own sake.

 

The Great Fear Sweeps the French countryside (1789)

	Because of wild rumors that the lords' brigades would appear, a great fear swept the nation. People hid in forests and in caves.
	People because of the Great fear ran and panicked. They formed their own brigades and stormed the lords' castles and killed them. Women , because of a bread tax increase stormed the royal family.

 

The National Assembly approves the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen (1789)

	The Declaration of the Rights of Man is a document that declared all men are born free and equal. Its articles stated the rights to freedom of speech and religion. However it pertained only to men.
	Women as well wanted equal rights,  and so created the Declaration of the Rights of Women. It stated the same ideas except for women.
	Later people wanted to make sure they got their rights. So people formed mobs and stormed lords' castles and caused destruction .
	Later people with different political ideas formed what were political clubs.  Each club had its own way of doing things and their own opinions on the current state of France.
	The most radical of these political clubs was the Jacobin club. Its main goal was to remove the king and create a republic.
	The Cordeliers was a revolutionary club. They were instrumental in the fall of the Girondists.
	The Feuillants was a conservative club of the French Revolution. They recived their name by having their meetings inside a Feuillant monestary.
	The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was made in 1789.

 

The National Assembly enacts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)

 

The Constitution of 1791 establishes a constitutional monarchy (1791)

	Necker demanded reforms and powers. When Comte De Maurepas opposed him, he resigned to St. Oven.
	Mirabeau was a French Revolutionary and political leader.  Son of Victor de Mirabeau, he often went to jail for fighting.
	In April, 1791, Mirabeau died. There was a lot of public sorrow, and he was buried in Pantheon.
	During the time of the war, there were many imperial troops in Germany. Louis XVI's wife pleaded him to flee with her and he gave in. They were then caught in Varennes.
	The assembly was frightened by war, intimidation, and the mobs in Paris. On September 14, 1791, they decided to start a new constitution under all of this stress to re-define the laws.

 

Other reforms of the National Assembly (1791)

	These titles of nobility contained great privileges of wealth and power. They were often known for taxing the peasantry.
	One reform made by the National Assembly was the reorganization of local government.
	There were laissez faire principals.

Legislative Assembly convenes (1791-92)

	Conservatives were people who believe in protecting existing traditional forms of government.
	Moderates, or centrists, were a section of the Legislature assembly that was seated in the middle. They wanted some of the reforms of the radicals but not all.
	The Girondists were a group of moderate republicans lead by Jacques Warville. They were also known as the Brissotins. This group tried to stop Louis' trial but they didn't succeed.
	The Mountain was a group that included the Jacobins and the Cordeliers who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.
	The ruler of Austria threatened an attack on France, and they had hoped to spread the Revolution all over Europe to strengthen it. They then declared war on Austria. Soon after, Prussia joined forces with Austria to fight France.
	Austria and Prussia (Germans) came to an agreement to form an alliance for spreading the revolution and strengthening power.
	On April 20, 1792, Prussia decided to take back Austria so the two countries invaded France. A new government called the commune put the king in prison and took the power.

 

The Legislative Assembly deposes King Louis XVI and calls for the election of the National Convention (1792)

	Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity were all rights, stated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
	There was a radical takeover with the Legislative Assembly and Louis XVI.
	Robespierre was the leader of the committee of public safety. He believed that everything he did was for the good of France.
	Danton was a frequent speaker of the Jacobin club. He was also the leader of the Paris commune. He was fearless, devoted, and he won political leadership among the government and the people.
	Marat was thin, high strung, and sickly man who hoped to win fame by scientific research. After the Revolution broke out he started a newspaper called "The Friend of the People".
	The Sans, and Culottes stated that it were a duty of the government to guarantee them their life. They were inflamed by their own hate towards wealth. They demanded that the government would raise wages on jobs and cut down on unfair food shortages. They also stated that there should be laws towards people not being to rich or to poor and that everyone should be in pretty much the same boat.
	There was a national convention meeting on September 1792. The first thing they decided to do was to end the Monarchy in France. On January 17th the national convention voted King Louis XVI to be brought to the guillotine to die. Later that year his wife too was killed.

 

The Reign of Terror begins (1793)

	The Committee of Public Safety was formed by Robespierre.  From July, 1793, to July, 1794, he governed France pretty much in a dictator state.
	Jacobins was a political club that was formed in 1789 by the Breton deputies and the States Generals. They met at the monastery of Jacobins and their main purpose was to secure support for the elements outside of the Assembly.
	Republic of virtue-
	The Law of Suspects which was made on September 17, 1793 stated that there had to be a definition for those who could be arrested for treasonable doings.
	revolutionary tribunal-
	How many dead?-

 

The National Convention abolishes the monarchy (1792)

	Austria, Britain, Spain and Portugal had joined forces under the First Coalition. This lead to France getting all of the men they could. This convention was controlled by the Committee of Public Safety.
	lev'ee en masse-
	A coalitiona is a temporary alliance between groups who are usually on opposite sides.
	French military victories-
	Treaty of Basel-

 

The Thermidorean Reaction ends the Reign of Terror (1794)

	On July 27, 1794, a convention , called 9 Thermidor, was held to help stop the Reign of Terror.
	The guillotine is a machine that beheads people. Thousands of people were killed by this during the French Revolution.

 

The National Convention drafts the Constitution of 1795 (1795)

	George Danton , from France, controlled the National Convention.
	They went and abolished certain things and re-defined new and old laws.
	Council of Elders-
	Over time the convention dissolved into the hands of the government and many people went to the guillotine for their wrong doings in this Convention.

 

The Directory begins to rule France(1795-1799)

	The public became tired of all of the food prices and they eventually became bankrupt.
	The 5 directors were moderates and they prospered at the expense of the public.
	The directory had been exhausted of the riches so they went to the side of the military for prosperity.
	The directory got a new general, Napoleon Bonaparte.

	Napoleon Bonaparte was born of lower noble status in Ajaccio, Corsica on August 15, 1769.  His parents were Carlo Bonaparte, and Letizia Ramolino Bonaparte.  He had seven brothers and sisters, and despised the French.
	He was called the "little Corsican" because of his height of 5' 2", and constantly teased, he started having dreams of personal glory and triumph.  He was skinny, with brown hair, and blue-gray eyes.  He developed a strong body, learned to swim, fight, and climb trees.
	marriage and political significance-

	Napoleon's first big campaign was his attack on Austria.  During one attack he showed his bravery by forcing his way across a burning bridge.  With this he earned the name "Petit Caporal" or "Little Corporal" in English.  He then attacked the Austrians in Mantua, where troops were sent four different times, all crushed by Napoleon.  In 1797, he came within 80 miles of Vienna when Austria surrendered.  He had won 14 pitched battles and 70 combats.
	After the surrender, Napoleon negotiated a treaty called Campo Formio with Austria. Austria gave up Netherlands and Lombardy to France. Austria also recognized the Rhine as the eastern boundary of France. In return, France gave Austria most of the old Venetian Republic.
	After Napoleon's encounter with the Austrians, he returned to Paris where he began thinking of pursuing political power and military power. He wanted to become the next Alexander the Great, so he asked if he could take a large army to Egypt. That way he could conquer an empire that included Egypt, India, and other middle and Far East places.

	When Napoleon wanted to take an army into Egypt, he came up with the idea that if he conquered Egypt he could attack the English's route to India.  He won the battle of the Pyramids, but his fleet was destroyed at the Battle of the Nile.  So, Napoleon decided to invade Syria. When the English and Turkish troops in Syria had held up against Napoleon, he retreated to Egypt.  Later in July, 1799, he defeated 10,000 Turks at Aboukir, returning to France shortly after.
	The Rosetta stone is a basalt slab with identical texts inscribed in hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. Priests of Ptolemy V usually did the inscribing. The Rosetta stone was found by Napoleon's men near N Egypt in 1799.
	One of the battles in Napoleon's Egyptian campaign was the battle of the Pyramids in July, 1798.
	Lord Horatio Nelson was a British admiral. He was the most famous of Britain's naval heroes.
	Another of the Egyptian battles was the battle of the Nile in Aboukir Bay, where Napoleon's fleet was destroyed, and he decided to invade Syria.

	The second coalition consisted of Britain, Austria, and Russia. The British navy continued to destroy French shipping with its attacks.
	Alliance against France-
	Napoleon's defeat of the Second Coalition-
	The treaty of Luneville was signed in 1801, between France and Austria. The treaty confirmed and supplemented the terms of the treaty
	The treaty of Amiens was signed in 1802. France, Spain, the Batavian Republic, and Great Britain signed this treaty. England was to give up most conquests made in the wars and France was to evacuate Naples and restore Egypt to the Ottoman Empire.

	When Napoleon returned to France, the Directory was a mess.  He, in his selfish way, saw this as the perfect time for self-advancement.  He worked with Emmanuel Sieyes to overthrow the Directory.  He succeeded and set up a new government called the Consulate.  He was the first of three consuls, and about three years later was made Consul for life.
	The Constitution of 1799-
	The Consulate was the government Napoleon set up when he returned to France, after overthrowing the Directory with Emmanuel Sieyes.

	The concordat of 1801 reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France.
	Pope Pius VII conducted himself ably during the period of the French.
	Civil Constitution of Clergy-

	Nappoleon I was a hereditary emperor.  He created the Consulate.
	Eugene de Beauharnais (1781-1824)
	Napoleon divorced his first wife and married his second.
	Archduchess Marie Louise (1791-1847)
	Napoleonic Administration
	Financial Reforms
	It was a Centralized Government
	Napoleonic Code 1807 (into effect 1804)
	Educational Reform/ University of France (1806)

	The War of the Third Coalition (1805-1807) was a very bad war.
	The British had a Naval Victory at Trafalgar over Napoleon.
	French had many victories on the land.
	There was a treaty called the Treaty of Pressburg.

	The confederation of the Rhine was a league of German states formed by Emperor Napoleon I in 1806. He formed this confederation after his defeat of the Austrians at Austerlitz. Almost all German states except Austria and Prussia joined the confederation. The members disavowed their allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire, and Francis II.
	Negotiations by King Frederick William III of Prussia, an ally of Russia, led to the treaties of Tilsit of July 7 and July 9, 1807. France made peace with Russia in the first treaty. This treaty recognized the grand duchy of Warsaw and secretly promised to mediate between France and England.
	Alexander I was czar of Russia. Frédéric César influenced Alexander I. In 1805, Alexander I joined the coalition against Napoleon. After the Russian defeat over Austerlitz and Friedland, Alexander formed an alliance with Napoleon by the Treaty of Tilsit, and joined Napoleon's continental system.
	King William III was the King of Prussia. King William III fought against France during the French Revolution from 1792 to 1794. He took the throne in 1797and then rebuilt the economy and the army. In 1805 he joined the allies against France.
	Napoleon's brothers, Joseph, Louis, and Jerome, were kings like Napoleon.
	Joseph Bonaparte became a member of the Council of Five Hundred for Corsica. He later negotiated a treaty with the United States and represented France in the peace negotiations at Lunéville and Amiens. In 1806 Napoleon made him king of Naples, however, he did not rule very effectively. in 1808 he became king of Spain instead.
	Louis Bonaparte was king of Holland. Napoleon forced Louis to abdicate because he defied the continental system. He eventually died in Italy.
	Jérôme Bonaparte was king of Westphalia, fought in the Russian campaign, and led a division at Waterloo. He served in the navy and then was sent to the West Indies. He was known more for his extravagant irresponsibility than for his administrative or military skill.

	The continental system was a policy adopted by the French government to prevent Great Britain from trading with other European nations. Napoleon wanted Europe to be a self-sufficient nation. Eventually, the British used a blockade to prevent US ships from passing through.
	Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree in November 1806. The decree declared the British Isles to be in a state of blockade and prohibited all commerce or correspondence with the country.
	Napoleon issued the Milan Decree in December of 1807. The Milan Decree declared that any vessel that had been searched by a British government was to be considered a British ship, made a voyage to Great Britain, or paid duty to the British government was to be considered a British vessel and treated as such.
	The Peninsular War was a phase of the Napoleonic Wars that were fought in the lberian Peninsula by Great Britain, Portugal, and Spanish guerillas against Napoleonic France from 1808 to 1814.
	Sir Arthur Wellesley was knighted in 1805. In 1808 he joined Portugal in its revolt against the French. He defeated the French at Roliça and Vimeiro. When he returned to England, he received many honors and became duke of Wellington. He later on became known as "the iron duke."

	Austria suffered many defeats in the Napoleonic Wars. During these wars, Napoleon fought several European states. Some of the states were Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria.
	Wagram is the place in which Napoleon gained one of his most brilliant victories. The Austrians were forced to retreat because of Napoleon's "grand battery." The "grand battery," was made up of 100 guns. Over 70,000 people died during the battle.
	The treaty of Schönbrunn was a treaty of peace between France and Austria with the latter surrendering much of its territory and joining the Continental System.
	Napoleon had plans to restore the French Empire in America in 1803.
	On April 10, 1803, Napoleon notified François de Barbé-Marbois, telling him that he was considering giving all the Louisiana territory to the United States. The United States agreed to Marbois' price of 60 million francs plus the assumption of American claims against France. The total came out to about 15 million dollars.

In 1812, Americans declared war against Britain because they were angered by the stopping of US merchant vessel ships by the British navy. The war of 1812 eventually ended in a draw. The war was only a small inconvenience for Britain in its struggle against Napoleon.

	Napoleon began his fatal Russian campaign in June, 1812.  This was a landmark in the history of the destructive potential of warfare.  Almost all of Europe was under Napoleon's control, and the invasion of Russia was an attempt to force Czar Alexander I to submit once again to the terms of a treaty Napoleon had imposed upon him four years earlier.
	A Russian field marshal, of Scottish descent, Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tollay (1761-1818), gained prominence in the Napoleonic Wars, became minister of war in 1810, and commanded the Russian forces against Napoleon in 1812. After his defeat at Smolensk, he was replaced by Kutuzov.  After Kutuzov's death, he again became commander of the Russian forces.
	The Russians were led by Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, who could not realistically hope to defeat Napoleon in a direct confrontation, so he began a defensive campaign of strategic retreat against the French.
	The French and Russian armies took their positions on September 6, 1812, at the Battle of Bordino.  Napoleon's army consisting of 100,000 infantry, 28,000 cavalry and 590 guns.  Kutuzov's army consisted of 72,000 regular infantry, 10,000 semi-trained militia, 17,000 cavalry, 7,000 Cossacks and 640 guns.  The battle began on September 7, 1812, at 6 am.  The war ended with Kutuvoz's order to retreat at 3 am on September 8.  Both sides had brutal losses, the Russians losing around 44,000 men, and the French losing at least 35,000 including fort-three generals.
	After the Battle of Bordino, the Russians had withdrawn to Moscow, unsure of what to do next.  Kutuzov did not want to hand over Moscow to the French without any sort of resistance.  The Russians had 70,000 men against Napoleon's 100,000, so Kutuzov finally decided to reatreat.  Only 25,000 people were still in Moscow when the French arrived on September 14, 1812.  Napoleon's army could not be controlled, and they forced themselves into the palaces and rich houses.  Some time after Napoleon's army arrived at Moscow, the Russians started setting fire to the city, eventually burning it to the ground.
	Frustrated by the loss of his prize, Moscow, Napoleon left on October 19, 1812, with 87,500 infantry, 14,750 cavalry and 533 guns with a trail of some 40,000 carriages and wagons.

At the three day battle at Leipzig, the Battle of the Nations, Napoleon and his forces were outnumbered in every way, forcing the French to retreat.  On March 30, 1814, the allies captured Paris.  Even Napoleon's generals realized it was a lost fight and gave up.  On April 6, 1814, Napoleon had to give up his throne.

Describe Napoleon's exile.-Napoleon was exiled to the small island of Elba, within sight of Corsica.  He took a few soldiers with him and started a new empire.  He was allowed to keep his title of emperor, and promised to pay two million francs every year to France.  After his exile, European leaders quarreled upon the division of spoils of Napoleon’s empire.  The work of deciding the fate of Europe was done at the Congress of Vienna.

When Napoleon was exiled to Elba, and again when he was exiled to Saint Helena, Louis XVIII restored the Monarchy in France.

The Hundred Days is the period after the return of Napoleon, from Elba. The Hundred Days are counted from March 20, 1815, when Napoleon arrived in Paris, to June 28, 1815, when Louis XVIII was restored for the second time as king, following Napoleon's disastrous Waterloo campaign.

	The battle of Waterloo was one of Napoleon's last battle.
	The Duke of Wellington opposed Napoleon at Waterloo.
	Who cares about Gebhard Von Blucher (1742-1819)?

Napoleon dies on Saint Helena (1821)