Fon alra Fresena Fridome
An Old Frisian Poem
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Thit was to there stunde|
tha thi kening kerl riuchta bi gunde. Tha waster ande there saxinna merik| liudinge- rus en hera fele steric. Hi welde him alsa wa- ldlike| tha gethan ther hi fon riuchta scolde bi halda tha kening kerlis kairslica rike. Ac welde hi ma duan| hi welde tha sterka fresan under sinne tegetha tian. Hi bi badit efter alle sine rike| thet ma hine heta scode |
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koning waldelike. tha thi kening kerl
thit under stod. tornig was him hir umbe si mod. Hi let hit tha fresum tha kundig duan| hodir hia thene nia kening mith him mith strida welde bi stan. Tha fresen gadere komin| uppa thit bodisclscip se anne god red ge nomin. Thi fresa fele sterka hi| forim tha and tha saxin- na merka. Tha sassiska heran thit for no- min| up tha felda ia fresum to ionis komin. Tha fugtin se alsa grimlik of slogma tha saxu~ bethe thene erma and thene rika. Thag to tha lesta. feng ma of tha saxu~ hera~ and ridderan tha besta. Iha band ma alsa sere| mith ene sterka mere. Ia latten se tha walde- like alder iha thene kening kerl ur nomin ande sine rike| tho hi thet for nomen| thet him tha saxinna hera alle bundin kom. Wel was him ande sine hei| thi bad tha stulta fresa god ne dei. Hi nom se tha ande palas sin hi scan- ctu~ bethe mede ande win. tha fresan forin utes konis howe to iher londe iha weder kom mith halika lowe. Aldus dus heb hi ursten| hu ta sterka fresa his withthene saxa tha for- gen. |
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Thit sce ther na to ener stunde| thet
ta rome- ra heran with thene kening kerl [strida] bi gunden| stultlike weldin iha thene tins bihal- da tha keninglika rike. thi kening thit ser- like| kundegia let alle sine keni~grike. Iha ko- min alle to samene| ther werin ande sine ri- ke sibbe ande framede. Tha fresan thit mere for nomin to thes keningis howe vnelatha- dis se ther komin. Iha werin ther nette an- de god wand| iha drogin enir stultere lauwa mod. Iha sprekin| ther to fara tha keni~gge wigandlike. Iha welde allena fiugta witha romera heran fore thet kairslike rike. Iha nomin tha scerpa suerd and ihera honda iha gegin to fara there burig stonda. Tha heran binna there burig thit ge segin uppa thene feld ion tha fresan to stride tha tegin. En ordil warth ther up ge hewin. monig diore wigand warth nither tha there ge slagin. tha to there stunde| thi fresa haste- like| on tha heran fiugta bi gunde. serlike| tha heran umbe tha segin. alle balde se to there burg flegin. thi fresa folgade mith vn |
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tuiuilika sinne. hu hi tha burg
kreftlike wnne. thag uppa thet leste wnnin iha tha burg and heran tha besta. tha porta gund- tma bi sluta| thi kening kerl mith sine folke waster abuta. Iha fundent and ihera rede iha welde tha kening kerle iowa bethe burg ande liude. thi kening thogte ande sine mode hu hi tha stulta fresa thisse waldelika deda lania scolde mith eniga gode. hi iof him mitha allera arista| iefta tha masta. tuintech merka fon brondrada golde| ther thi fresa iera het tha kairscipe to tegetha iowa scolde. thiu iefte ther hi hede tha fresum ge dan thiu moste emmer and emmer mare velika stan. ther hi ta bad kairslike| thet se ne scolde nen hera thuwingga waldelike. hit ne were thet iha bi iera goda willa welde thet dua| thet se anne hera wolde und fa. thag wenik ande mine sinne| thet hia bi willa angne hera ge winne. nowet allena tha keningga and this- se bode nogade| thes heliga pawis gregorius weld hi hir to fogade. hi bed hit ita pawis tha| thet hi tha fresan mitha gastelika riuchte |
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welde bi fa. hewelike alle hi to bonne
se dede ther tha fresum to brogte enige nede. Alder bi bad hit thi kening kerl opinbere| thet fre- san iera hec nige redian him kere. tha ka irslika crona hi uppa ihera huwid sette| alder umbe hi se scera lette. thag ief se thet ne welde nowet dua| ut mostin se him ihera her leta frilike waxa. thet hit alle liude ma- gte tha sian| thet hi se fri hede gedan. hi bi bad hit him tha keninglike| alle thi fresa ther were sterik and rike. thet iha anne slag and ihera witta hals scolde him vnd fa| ther efter moste hi ridder biliwa. Wepin scolde hi ther effter drega alle scone| and sine scelde moste hi melia tha kenlica crona. thet hi thissa iefta tha fresum hede evelike dan| ther hi kenigan and hertigan to witscipe up nom and ondris monege halike man. thach to lesta| hu hit tha efterkumanda evelike wiste. Ande tha brewm hit ma bi scref| fon tha ief- tum ther abuta nowet ur ietin bi lef. thet in- sigil thet was fon tha brondrada golde| hu hit alle liude wiste thet thius ief ewelike ston- |
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da scolde. thisse bref ma tha fri
fresa iof and sine hond| mith dole and mith haru~ hi wider for and sine ain frilike lond. Aldus mugin hit al- le liude for stan thet thi kening kerl thene fre- sa vmbe thet kreftlike strid fri hewet ge dan. |
Information |
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This poem is part of a fine mediaeval manuscript from the Dutch province of Groningen, the so called first Hunsinger Codex. Although outside today's Frisian language areas and strongly differing from modern Frisian, the language of the manuscript can be related to Frisian and is called Old Frisian.
The manuscript is written on vellum and dates back from the second half of the 13th century. It contains a variety of texts, written closely together because of the precious material. Right on top of the our poem, one finds the ten commandments at the same page!
The aim of the poem is not just to make nice literature. The rhyme is merely ment to remember the text for oral presentation. It stands in a long tradition of the Frisians to keep their independence from the feudal system. One of their arguments for that was a privilege of Charlemagne and that is also the subject of the poem. Another weapon was based on their old laws and as a result, the Old Frisian law-texts are one of the richest collections of mediaeval law-texts in the Germanic area. The great variety of texts is a treasury of linguistic and historical knowledge, which is only partly investigated. Not even all manuscripts have been edited yet.
The language is antique even for the time the manuscript was written. It shows a great number of full final vowels, a four case system and a complicated declension.On the other hand, one finds some influence from other languages, mainly LowGerman (probably the language of the "Saxons" mentioned in the poem). This can be seen in words like koning, na next to kening, efter and kundig, gedan, ondris, opinbere instead of kuth, den, otheris, epenbere, etc. The spelling also shows many inconsequences and failures, inherent to a still rather primitive writing system. Only a short time before Latin had started to give in for the vernaculars and the monks had only a short tradition in that.
An important thing to note, is that there is no indication of the length of the vowels. Even vowels in open syllables might be short. On the other hand, comparison with other old and modern languages shows that many vowels will have been long. One will find more about that in the literature mentioned below. The intention of this file is only to give a first impression of a group of manuscripts which often seems to escape observation, presumably because they are not written in the national language of a modern state.
In addition to the facsimile and the transciption, I will give
a modified text as presented by Sipma and an English translation
based on his Frisian text. The title Fon alra Fresena Fridome
'About the freedom of all Frisians' is not original, but added by
modern authors.
I hope you will excuse my somewhat clumsy English translation!
For the interest of the reader I also made a vocabulary with some
etymological connections. P. Kramer.
Some literature.
Ph. H. Breuker, Orientatie in de Frisistiek, Ljouwert/ Leeuwarden
1985.
J. Hoekstra, De eerste en de tweede Hunsinger Codex, Den Haag
1950.
T.L. Markey, Frisian, The Hague 1981.
P. Sipma, Fon alra Fresena Fridome, Snits [Sneek] 1947.
B. Sjölin, Einführung in das Friesische, Stuttgart 1969
(Sammlung Metzler M86).
Academic study of Frisian on a regular base is possible in Amsterdam, Groningen, Kiel.
For more information see Orientation in Frisian Studies
Fon alra Fresena Fridome | |
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Vocabulary of the transcription {} = etymological connections, Dat. = dative, Du. = Dutch, Eng. = English, Ge. = German, Gen. =genitive. |
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abuta - outside {Du. buiten} ac - also {Du. ook} ain - own {Du. eigen} alder - there; where {Du.aldaar} alder umbe - because of that aldus - thus alle - all allena - alone; only allera arista - very first {Du.allereerst} alsa - so and - and; in; on angne - some {Du. enig} anne - a arista - first bad - command; greet {Du.gebod} bad, badit > bibad balde - quickly {Ge. bald} band - tied {bound} bed - asked {Du. gebieden} besta - best bethe - bothbi - at, by bi bad - commanded bi badit - commanded it bi fa - enclose {Du.omvatten} bi gunde - began bi halda - keep {Du.behouden} bi lef - remained {Du. bleef} bi scref - described {Du. be-schreef} bi sluta - close {Du. sluiten} bi stan - begin {Du. bestaan} biliwa - remain {Du. blijven} binna - inside {Du. binnen} bode - order {Du. gebod} bodisclscip = bodisscip -message {Du. boodschap} bonne - excommunication{Du. ban} bref - letter {Du. brief} brewm - letters (Dat.) brogte - brought brondrada - as red as fire bundin - tied {bound} burg - castle {bury} burig - castle crona - crown dan - done deda - deed dei - day diore - valuable {dear} dis se - this dole - pride {Du. doel} drega - carry {Du. dragen} drogin - carried dua - do duan - do dus - thus effter - after efter - after; to efterkumanda - descendents emmer - ever en - aene - a ener - of a eniga - some enige - some enir - of a erma - poor evelike - forever ewelike - forever fa > bi fa, und fa fara > to fara feld - field felda - field (Dat.) fele - very {Du. veel} feng - captured {Du. ving} fiugta - fight flegin - flew fogade > to fogade folgade - followed folke - people, troops {folk} fon - off {Du. von} fon riuchta - rightly for - went, travelled {Ge. fuhr} forgen - fared {Du. vergaan} for nomen - notice {Du. verne-men} for nomin - notice for stan = understand {Du.verstaan} fore - for forin - went, travelled forim - went, travelled framede - strangers {Du.vreemden} fresa - Frisian fresan - Frisians fresum - Frisians (Dat.) fri - freefrilike - freely fugtin - fought fundent - found it gadere - together gastelika - clerical {Du. geeste-lijk} ge dan - done ge hewin > up ge hewin ge nomin - taken ge segin - seen ge slagin - defeated {Du.verslagen} ge winne - get; recognize {win} gedan - done gegin = gengin - went to {Du.gingen} gethan - conform to {Old Engl.getan} god - good goda - good gode - goods godne - good golde - gold gregorius - Gregory (pope) grimlik - grimly gundtma - started men to gunde etc. > bi gunde etc. halika - highly hals - neck {Du. hals} haru~ = harum - honour {Du.eer} hastelike - severely {Du. haast} heb - have hec - each hede - had hei - mind {Du. geheugen} heliga - holy her - hair hera - lord; lords {Du. heer} hera~ = heran heran - lords hertigan - dukes {Du. hertog} het = hec heta - call {Du. heten} hewelike - forever hewet - has hewin > up ge hewin |
hi - he; you hia - they him - him; he; they hine - him {Ge. ihnen} hir - here hir umbe - about this his - is hit - it hit ne were - unless {it not were} hodir - whether hond - hand honda - hands howe - court {Du. hof} hu - how huwid - head ia - they ief - gave iefta - or {Du. of} iefte - gift ieftum - gifts (Dat.) iera - year iera - their {Ge. ihr} ietin > ur ietin iha - them; they iher - their {Ge. ihr} ihera - their insigil - seal (on a letter) iof - gave ion - against {Ger. gen} ionis > to ionis iowa - give irslika > ka irslika ita = it tha - to the kairscipe - emperorship {Du.keizer} kairslike - imperial kairslica - imperial kenigan - kings keni~gge = keninge - kings keni~grike = keningrike -kingdom kening - king keningga - kings keningis - of the king keninglika - royal keninglike - royal kenlica - royal kere - choose {Du. keuren} kerl - Charle (Charlemagne) kerle = kerl (Dat.) kerlis = of Charles kom - came komin - came koning - king konis - of the king kreftlike - with force {Du.kracht} kundegia - proclaim {Du. ver-kondigen} kundig duan - announce lania - repay {Du. lonen} latten - lead, brought lauwa - lioness lef > bi lef lesta - last let - ordered to {Du. liet} leta - permit {Du. laten} lette - ordered to liude - people {Du. lieden} liudingerus -[person's name] lond - country {Du. land} londe - country (Dat.) lowe - praise {Du. lof} ma - more ma - they, people {Du. men} magte - were allowed to {Du.mocht} man - man mar - more mare velika = mar evelika masta - most mede - mead melia - paint {Ge. malen} mere - fetters {moor} mere - news {Du. mare} merik - district {Ge. Mark} merka - district merka - coins {Ge. Mark} mine - my mith - with {Du. met} mitha - with the mod - mind {Du. gemoed} mod - courage {Du. moed} mode - mind (Dat.) monege - many monig - many a most - must, should mostin - must, should mugin - may na - after {Du. na} ne > god nene - not nede - harm {need} nen - no nette - useful {Du. nuttig} nia - newnige - new nither - down {Du. neer} nogade - suffice {enough} nom - took {Du. nam} nomen - took nomin - took nomin > for-, ge-, ur-. nowet - nothing of - of of slogma - felled they {Du.af/sloeg/men} on - against ondris - other {Du. anders} opinbere - public {Du.openbaar} ordil - ordeal palas - palace pawis - pope porta - gate {Du. poort} red - counsel {Du. raad} rede - counsel (Dat.) redian - judges {Du.raadgever} ridder - knight {Du. ridder} ridderan - knights rika - rich rike - realm; rich riuchta - rule riuchta > fon riuchta riuchte - rights romera - Roman samene > to samene sassiska - Saxon saxa - Saxons saxinna - Saxon |
saxu~ = saxum - Saxons scactu~ = scanctum - served them {Du. schenken} sce - happened {Du.geschieden} scelde - shield scera - shave {Du. scheren} scerpa - sharp scode - should scolde - should scone - beautifull {Du.schoon} scref - wrote, > bi scref se - they; them {Du. ze} se > dis se segin > ge segin, umbe segin sere - severely {Du. zeer} serlike - painful, frightened{sore} sette - put (upon) {set} si - his {Du. zijn} sian - see sibbe - relatives {Ge. Sippe} sin - his {Du. zijn} sine - his sinne - his slag - accolade, (blow) {Du.slag} slagin > ge slagin slogma > of slogma sluta > bi sluta sprekin - spoke stan - stand steric - strongly {Du. sterk} sterik - strongly sterka - strong stod > under stod stonda - stand; exist strid - fight {Du. strijd} strida - fight (Dat.) stride - fight (Dat.) stulta - brave {Ge. stolz} stultere - brave (Gen.) stultlike - bravely stunde - hour, time suerd - sword ta = it tha ta = to - to tegetha - tithes tegin - set out tha - as; then; when {Ge. da} tha - the thach - but {Du. toch} thag - yet; but thene - the; those {Ge. den} ther - there; that; the; becauseof ther na - after that ther efter - after that ther .. up - upon that thes - of the {Ge. des} thet - that; the thi - the; he thissa - this; these thit - this; it thiu - she thius - this tho - when {Ge. da} thogte - thought thuwingga - force {Du.dwingen} tian - draw {Ge. ziehen} tins - tax {Ge. Zins} to - at; to to brogte - cause (trouble) to fara - in front of {before} to fogade - added {Du. toevoe-gen} to ionis komin - came to meet to samen - together {Du. teza-men} tornig - wrathfull {Du. toornig} tuintech - twenty tuiuilika > vn tuiuilika umbe > alder umde, hir umbe umbe segin - looked back {Du.omzien} und fa - accept {Du.ontvangen} under - under under stod - understood up - on up ge hewin - begun {Du. aan-heffen} uppa - on; upon uppa thet lesta - at last ur ietin - forgotten ur nomin - noticed {Du.vernomen} ur sten - understood ut waxa - grow out utes = ut thes - out of the velika > mare vmbe - because of vnd fa - receive vnelathadis - uninvited {Ge.uneingeladen} vn tuiuilika - unquestionable{Du. ontwijfelbaar} waldelika - enormous {Du. ge-weldig} waldelike - by force;enormous waldlike - powerfull wand - because {Du. want} warth - became; was {Du.werd} was - was waster - was there waxa - grow {Ge. wachsen} weder - again {Ge. wieder} weder kom - returned wel - good {well} weld - authority {Ge. Verwal-tung} welde - wanted to, would weldin - wanted to, would wenik = wene ik - am I thinking {Du. wanen} wepin - weapons were - were (> hit) werin - were wider for - returned wigand - fighter {Old Eng. wi-gend} wigandlike - heroic willa - will, wish win - wine winne > ge winne wist - knew with - against {Ge. wider} witha = with tha - against the withthene = with thene -against those witscipe - witness witta - white wnne - should win wnnin - won wolde - wanted to, would |
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