Modern Principles of Athletic Training

Glossary

   A

abduction Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
accident Occurring by chance or without intention.
acute injury An injury with sudden onset and short duration.
adduction Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
afferent nerves Nerves that transport messages toward the brain.
agonist muscles Muscles directly engaged in contraction as related to muscles that relax at the same time.
ambulation Move or walk from place to place.
ameboid action Cellular action like that of an amoeba, using protoplasmic pseudopod.

amenorrhea Absence or suppression of menstruation.
analgesia Pain inhibition.
analgesic Agent that relieves pain without causing a complete loss of sensation. anaphylaxis Increased susceptibility or sensitivity to a foreign protein or toxin as the result of previous exposure to it.
androgen Any substance that aids the development and controls the appearance of male characteristics.
anemia A decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
anesthesia Partial or complete loss of sensation.
anomaly Deviation from the normal.
anorexia Lack or loss of appetite; aversion to food.
anorexia nervosa Eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image.
anoxia Lack of oxygen.
antagonist muscles Muscles that counteract the action of the agonist muscles.
anterior Before or in front of.
anteroposterior Refers to the position of front to back.
anteversion Tipping forward of a part as a whole, without bending.
antipyretic Agent that relieves or reduces fever.
anxiety A feeling of uncertainty or-apprehension
apophysis Bony outgrowth to which muscles attach.
apophysitis Inflammation of an apophysis.
arrhythmical movement Irregular movement.
arthrogram Radiopaque material injected into a joint to facilitate the taking of an x-ray. arthrokinematics Physiological and accessory movements of the joint.
arthroscopic examination Viewing the inside of a joint through an arthroscope, which uses a small camera lens.
asymmetry (body) Lack of symmetry of sides of the body.
atrophy Wasting away of tissue or of an organ; diminution of the size of a body part. attenuation Decrease in intensity as ultrasound enters deeper into tissues.
autogenic inhibition The relaxation of the antagonist muscle during contractions.
aura Preepileptic phenomenon, involving visual sensation of fire or glow, along with other possible sensory hallucinations and dreamlike states

avascular Devoid of blood circulation.
avascular necrosis Death of tissue caused by the lack of blood supply.
avulsion Forcible tearing away of a part or a structure.
axilla Armpit.     

          B

biomechanics Branch of study that applies the laws of mechanics to living organisms and biological tissues.
bipedal Having two feet or moving on two feet.
BMR Basal metabolic rate.
body composition Percent body fat plus lean body weight.
bradykinin Peptide chemical that causes pain in an injured area.
buccal Pertaining to the cheek or mouth.
bulimia Binge-purge eating disorder.
bursitis Inflammation of a bursa, especially those bursae located between bony prominences and a muscle or tendon such as those of the shoulder and knee.

       C
calcific tendinitis Deposition of calcium in a chronically inflamed tendon, especially the tendons of the shoulder.
calisthenic Exercise involving free movement without the aid of equipment.
calorie (large) Amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water l degree C; used to express the fuel or energy value of food or the heat output of the organism
cardiorespiratory endurance Ability to perform activities for extended periods of time.

catastrophic injury Relates to a permanent injury of the spinal cord, leaving the athlete quadriplegic or paraplegic.
catecholamine Active amines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, that affect the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
cerebrovascular accident Stroke.
chafing Superficial inflammation that develops when skin is subjected to friction.
chemotaxis Response to influence of chemical stimulation.
chiropractor One who practices a method for restoring normal condition by adjusting the segments of the spinal column.
chondromalacia Abnormal softening of cartilage.
chronic injury Injury with long onset and long duration.
circuit training Exercise stations that consist of various combinations of weight training, flexibility, calisthenics, and aerobic exercises.
circumduct Act of moving a limb such as the arm or hip in a circular manner.
clonic muscle contraction Alternating involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation in quick suspension.
coenzymes Enzyme activators.
collagen Main organic constituent of connective tissue.
collision sport Sport in which athletes use their bodies to deter or punish opponents.

colloid Liquid or gelatinous substance that retains particles of another substance in a state of suspension.
communicable disease Disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another.
concentric (positive) contraction The muscle shortens while contracting against resistance.

conduction Heating through direct contact with a hot medium.
conjunctiva Mucous membrane that lines the eyes.
contact sport Sport in which athletes do make physical contact but not with the intent to produce bodily injury.
contrast bath procedure Two minutes of immersion in ice slush, followed by 30 seconds in tepid water.
contrecoup brain injury After head is struck, brain continues to move within the skull, resulting in injury to the side opposite the force.
convection Heating indirectly through another medium such as air or liquid.

conversion Heating by other forms of energy (e.g., electricity).
convulsions Paroxysms of involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations.
core temperature Internal, or deep, body temperature monitored by cells in the hypothalamus, as opposed to shell, or peripheral temperature, which is registered by that layer of insulation provided by the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and superficial portions of the muscle masses.
corticosteroid Steroid produced by the adrenal cortex.
coryza Profuse nasal discharge.
counterirritant Agent that produces mild inflammation and acts, in turn, as an analgesic when applied locally to the skin (e.g., liniment).
crepitation Crackling sound heard during the movement of ends of a broken bone. cryokinetics Cold application combined with exercise.
cryotherapy Cold therapy.
cubital fossa Triangular area on the anterior aspect of the forearm directly opposite the elbow joint (the bend of the elbow).
cyanosis Slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark purple discoloration of the skin caused by a reduced amount of blood hemoglobin.
 

       D
DAPRE Daily adjustable progressive resistive exercise.
debride Removal of dirt and dead tissue from a wound.
deconditioning State in which the athlete's body loses its competitive fitness. degeneration Deterioration of tissue.
dermatome Segmental skin area innervated by various spinal cord segments.
diagnosis Identification of a specific condition.
diapedesis Passage of blood cells through ameboid action through the intact capillary wall.

diarthrodial joint Ball-and-socket joint.
diastolic blood pressure The residual pressure when the heart is between beats.
DIP Distal interphalangeal joint.
diplopia Seeing double.
distal Farthest from a center, from the midline, or from the trunk.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid.
doping The administration of a drug that is designed to improve the competitor's performance.
dorsiflexion Bending toward the dorsum or rear; opposite of plantar flexion.
dorsum The back of a body part.
dressing Covering, protective or supportive, that is applied to an injury or wound.
drug Any substance that, when taken into the living organism, may modify one or more of its functions.
dysrhythmia Irregular heartbeats.
   

       E
eccentric (negative) contraction The muscle lengthens while contracting against resistance.

ecchymosis Black-and-blue skin discoloration caused by hemorrhage.
ectopic calcification Calcification occurring in an abnormal place.
edema Swelling as a result of the collection of fluid in connective tissue.
effective radiating area Portion of the transducer that produces sound energy.
effleurage Stroking.
electrolyte Solution that is a conductor of electricity.
embolus A mass of undisolved matter.
emetic Agent that induces vomiting.
endurance Body's ability to engage in prolonged physical activity.
enthesitis Group of conditions characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification around tendons, ligaments, and muscle insertions.
enzyme An organic catalyst that can cause chemical changes in other substances without being changed itself.
epidemiological approach Study of sports injuries, involving the relationship of as many factors as possible.
epilepsy Recurrent paroxymal disorder characterized by sudden attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena, or inappropriate behavior.

epiphysis Cartilaginous growth region of a bone.
epistaxis Nosebleed.
etiology Science dealing with causes of disease.
ethics Principles of morality.
eversion of the foot To turn the foot outward.
excoriation Removal of a piece or strip of skin.
exostoses Benign bony outgrowths, usually capped by cartilage, that protrude from the surface of a bone.
extraoral mouth guard Protective device that fits outside the mouth.
extravasation Escape of a fluid from its vessels into the surrounding tissues.
exudate Accumulation of fluid in an area.

    F

facilitation To assist the progress of.
fascia Fibrous membrane that covers, supports, and separates muscles.
fasciitis Inflammation of fascia.
fibrinogen Blood plasma protein that is converted into a fibrin clot.
fibroblast Any cell component from which fibers are developed.
fibrocartilage Type of cartilage (e.g., intervertebral disks) in which the matrix contains thick bundles of collaginous fibers.
fibrosis Development of excessive fibrous connective tissue; fibroid degeneration.
foot pronation Combined foot movements of eversion and abduction.
foot supination Combined foot movements of inversion and abduction.
force couple Depressor action by the subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles to stabilize the head of the humerus and to counteract the upward force exerted by the deltoid muscle during abduction of the arm.
friction Heat producing
FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone.

    G

GAS theory General adaptation syndrome.
genitourinary Pertaining to the reproductive and urinary organs.
genu recurvatum Hyperextension at the knee joint.
genu valgum Knock-knee.
genu varum Bow leg.
GH Growth hormone.
glycogen loading High-carbohydrate diet.
glycosuria Abnormally high proportion of sugar in the urine.

     H

hemarthrosis Blood in a joint.
hematolytic Pertaining to the degeneration and disintegration of the blood.
hematoma Blood tumor.
hematuria Blood in the urine.
hemoglobin Coloring substance of the red blood cells.
hemoglobinuria Hemoglobin in the urine.
hemolysis Destruction of red blood cells.
hemophilia Hereditary blood disease in which coagulation is greatly prolonged.

hemopoietic Forming blood cells.
hemorrhage Discharge of blood.
hemothorax Bloody fluid in the pleural cavity.
hertz (Hz) Number of sound waves per second.
hirsutism Excessive hair growth or the presence of hair in unusual places.
homeostasis Maintenance of a steady state in the body's internal environment.
hunting response Causes a slight temperature increase during cooling.
hyperemia Unusual amount of blood in a body part.
hyperextension Extreme stretching of a body part.
hyperflexibility Flexibility beyond a joint's normal range.
hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating; excessive foot perspiration.
hyperkeratosis Increased callus development.

hypermobility Extreme mobility of a joint.
hyperpnea Hyperventilation; increased minute volume of breathing; exaggerated deep breathing.
hypertension High blood pressure; abnormally high tension.
hyperthermia Elevated body temperature.
hypertonic Having a higher osmotic pressure than a compared solution.
hypertrophy Enlargement of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells.

hyperventilation Abnormally deep breathing that is prolonged, causing a depletion of carbon dioxide, a fall in blood pressure, and fainting.
hyperallergenic Low allergy producing.
hypoxia Lack of an adequate amount of oxygen.

    I

idiopathic Cause of a condition is unknown.
iliotibial band friction syndrome Runner's knee.
injury Act that damages or hurts.
innervation Nerve stimulation of a muscle.
interosseous membrane Connective tissue membrane between bones.
intertrigo Chafing of the skin.
interval training Alternating periods of work with active recovery.
inunctions Oily or medicated substances (e.g., liniments) that are rubbed into the skin to produce a local or systemic effect.
inversion of the foot To turn the foot inward; inner border of the foot lifts.
ions Electrically charged atoms.
ipsilateral Situated on the same side.
ischemia Local anemia.
isokinetic muscle resistance Accommodating and variable resistance.
isometric exercise Contracts the muscle statically without enhancing its length.
isotonic exercise Shortens and lengthens the muscle through a complete range of motion.

    J

joint capsule Saclike structure that encloses the ends of bones in a diarthrodial joint.
joint play Movement that is not voluntary but accessory.

   K

keratolytic Loosening of the horny skin layer.
keratosis Excessive growth of the horny tissue layer.
kilocalorie Amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 1°C.
kinesthesia; kinesthesis Sensation or feeling of movement; the awareness one has of the spatial relationships of his or her body and its parts.
kyphosis Exaggeration of the normal curve of the thoracic spine.

    L

labile Unsteady; not fixed and easily changed.
lactase deficiency Difficulty digesting dairy products.
LASER Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
leukocytes Consist of two types-granulocytes (e.g., basophils and neutrophils) and agranulocytes (e.g., monocytes and lymphocytes).
LH Luteinizing hormone.
liability Legal responsibility to perform an act in a reasonable and prudent manner.
load An outside force or forces acting on tissue.
lordosis Abnormal lumbar vertebral convexity.
luxation Complete joint dislocation.
lysis To break down.

    M

macerated skin Skin that has been softened through wetting.
malaise Discomfort and uneasiness caused by an illness.
margination Accumulation of leukocytes on blood vessel walls at the site of injury during early stages of inflammation.

mast cells Connective tissue cells that contain heparin and histamine.
MCP Metacarpophalangeal joint.
mechanical failure Elastic limits of tissue are exceeded, causing tissue to break.
menarche Onset of menstrual function.
metatarsalgia A general term to describe pain in the ball of the foot.
rnicrotrauma Microscopic lesion or injury.
muscle contracture Permanent contraction of a muscle as a result of spasm or paralysis.

muscular endurance The ability to perform repetitive muscular contractions against some
    resistance.
muscular strength The maximal force that can be applied by a muscle during a single maximal contraction.
myocarditis Inflammation of the heart muscle.
myoglobin Respiratory protein in muscle tissue that is an oxygen carrier.
myositis Inflammation of muscle.
myositis ossificans Myositis marked by ossification of muscles.

     N

necrosin Chemical substance that stems from inflamed tissue, causing changes in normal tis- sue.
negative resistance Slow eccentric muscle contraction against a resistance.
nerve entrapment Nerve compressed between bone or soft tissue.
neuritis Inflammation of a nerve.
neuroma Tumor consisting mostly of nerve cells and nerve fibers.
nociceptor Receptor of pain.
noncontact sport Sport in which athletes are not involved in any physical contact.

nystagmus Constant involuntary back and forth, up and down, or rotary movement of the
   eyeball.

   O

obesity Excessive amount of body fat.
orthopedic surgeon One who corrects deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
orthosis Used in sports as an appliance or apparatus to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve function of a movable body part.
orthotics Field of knowledge relating to orthoses and their use.
osteoarthritis Chronic disease involving joints in which there is destruction of articular cartilage and bony overgrowth.
osteochondral Refers to relationship of bone and cartilage.
osteochondritis Inflammation of bone and cartilage.
osteochondritis dissecans Fragment of cartilage and underlying bone is detached from the articular surface.
osteochondrosis Disease state of a bone and its articular cartilage.
osteoporosis A decrease in bone density.

   P

palpation Feeling an injury with the fingers.
paraplegia Paralysis of lower portion of the body and of both legs.
paresis Slight or incomplete paralysis.
paresthesia Abnormal or morbid sensation such as itching or prickling.
pathogenic Disease producing.
pathology Science of the structural and functional manifestations of disease.

pathomechanics Mechanical forces that are applied to a living organism and adversely
   change the body's structure and function.
pediatrician Specialist in the treatment of children's diseases.
pes anserinus tendinitis Cyclist's knee.
permeable Permitting the passage of a substance through a vessel wall.
petrissage Kneading.
phagocytosis Destruction of injurious cells or particles by phagocytes (white blood cells).

phalanges Bones of the fingers and toes.
phalanx Anyone of the bones of the fingers and toes.

pharmacology Science of drugs, their preparation, uses, and effects.
phonophoresis Introduction of ions of soluble salt into the body through ultrasound. photophobia Unusual intolerance to light.
piezoelectric Production of an electric current as a result of pressure on cenain crystals.
PIP Proximal interphalangeal joint.
plyometric exercise Type of exercise that maximizes the myotatic or stretch reflex.

pneumothorax Collapse of a lung as a result of air in the pleural cavity.
podiatrist Practitioner who specializes in the study and care of the foot.
point tenderness Pain is produced when an injury site is palpated.
polymers Natural or synthetic substances formed by the combination of two or more molecules of the same substance.
posterior Toward the rear or back.
primary assessment Initial first aid evaluation.
prognosis Prediction as to probable result of a disease or injury.
prophylactic Refers to prevention, preservation, or protection.
prophylaxis Guarding against injury or disease.
proprioception The ability to determine the position of a joint in space.
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) Stretching techniques that involve combinations of alternating contractions and stretches.
proprioceptor One of several receptors, each of which responds to stimuli elicited from within the body itself (e.g., the muscle spindles that invoke the myotatic or stretch reflex).
prostaglandin Acidic lipid widely distributed in the body; in musculoskeletal conditions it is concerned with vasodilation, a histamine-like effect; it is inhibited by aspirin.
prosthesis Replacement of an absent body pan with an anificial pan; the anificial part. prothrombin Interacts with calcium to produce thrombin.
proximal Nearest to the point of reference,
psychogenic Of psychic origin; that which originates in the mind.
purulent Consisting of or containing pus.

   Q

quadriplegia Paralysis affecting all four limbs.

    R

radiation Emission and diffusion of rays of heat.
Raynaud's phenomenon Condition in which cold exposure causes vasospasm of digital arteries.
regeneration Repair, regrowth, or restoration of a pan such as tissue.
residual That which remains; often used to describe a permanent condition resulting from injury or disease (e.g., a limp or a paralysis).
resorption Act of removal by absorption.
retroversion Tilting or turning backward of a pan.
retrovirus A virus that enters a host cell and changes its RNA to a proviral DNA replica.

revascularize Restoration of blood circulation to an injured area.
RICE Rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
ringworm (tinea) Common name given to many superficial fungal infections of the skin. RNA Ribonucleic acid.
rotation Turning around an axis in an angular motion.
rubefacients Agents that redden the skin by increasing local circulation through dilation of blood vessels.

    S

SAID principle Specific adaptation to imposed demands.
scoliosis Lateral rotary curve of the spine.
secondary assessment Follow-up; a more detailed examination.
seizure Sudden attack.
septic shock Shock .caused by bacteria, especially gram-negative bacteria commonly seen in systemic infections.
sequela Pathological condition that occurs as a consequence of another condition or event.

serotonin Hormone and neurotransmitter.
sign Objective evidence of an abnormal situation within the body.

spica A figure-8 bandage, with one of the two loops larger than the other.
Staphylococcus Genus of gram-positive bacteria normally present on the skin and in the upper respiratory tract and prevalent in localized infections.
stasis Blockage or stoppage of circulation.
static stretching Passively stretching an antagonist muscle by placing it in a maximal stretch and holding it there.
Streptococcus Genus of gram-positive bacteria found in the throat, respiratory tract, and intestinal tract.
stress Positive and negative forces that can disrupt the body's equilibrium.
strain Extent of deformation of tissue under loading.
stressor Anything that affects the body's physiological or psychological condition, upsetting the homeostatic balance.
subluxation Partial or incomplete dislocation of an articulation.
symptom Subjective evidence of an abnormal situation within the body.
syndrome Group of typical symptoms or conditions that characterize a deficiency or disease.

synergy To work in cooperation with.
synovitis Inflammation of the synovium.
synthesis To build up.

systolic blood pressure The pressure caused by the heart's pumping.

       T

tapotement Percussion.

tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon.
tenosynovitis Inflammation of a tendon synovial sheath.
tetanus (lockjaw) An acute, often fatal condition characterized by tonic muscular spasm, hyperreflexia, and lockjaw.
tetanus toxoid Tetanus toxin modified to produce active immunity against Clostridium tetani
thermotherapy Heat therapy.
thrombi Plural of "thrombus"; a blood clot that blocks small blood vessels or a cavity of the heart.
tinea (ringworm) Superficial fungal infections of the skin.
tonic muscle spasm Rigid muscle contraction that lasts over a period of time.
torsion Act or state of being twisted.
training effect Stroke volume increases while heart rate is reduced at a given exercise load.

transitory paralysis Temporary paralysis.
translation Refers to anterior gliding of tibial plateau.
trauma (plural-traumas or traumata) Wound or injury.
traumatic Pertaining to an injury or wound.

trigger point areas within a muscle.

       V

valgus Position of a body part that is bent outward.
varus Position of a body part that is bent inward.
vasoconstriction Decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel.
vasodilation Increase in the diameter of a blood vessel.
vasospasm Blood vessel spasm.
vehicle The substance in which a drug is transported.
verruca Wart caused by a virus.
vibration Rapid shaking.
viscoelastic Any substance having both viscous and elastic properties.
viscosity Resistance to flow.
volar Referring to the palm or the sole.

      Y

yield point Elastic limits of tissue.

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