ART 4
2-DAY 24 July |
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Born on 24 July 1848: Francisco
Pradilla y Ortiz, Spanish
Realist
painter and museum official, who died on 01 November 1921. — He first studied in Saragossa under the stage designer Mariano Pescador [–1886], and in 1866 moved to Madrid where he began to work under the stage designers and decorators Ferri and Busato. He entered the Escuela Superior de Pintura, Escultura, y Grabado and also attended the Academia de Acuarelistas. In 1873 Pradilla and his fellow student Casto Plasencia [1846–1890] won history painting scholarships to study at the newly founded Academia Española de Bellas Artes in Rome. In 1874 he sent from Rome a copy of Raphael’s Dispute over the Holy Sacrament, a work Pradilla completed in collaboration with Alejandro Ferrant [1844–], another Spanish scholarship holder. During Pradilla’s second and third years abroad he traveled through France, visiting the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1875, and Italy, where he was particularly impressed by Venice and the works of Veronese, Titian and Jacopo Tintoretto. Pradilla won a major prize in 1878 at the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid; as a result of this success he received the commission for another large picture on a historical theme, The Surrender of Granada (1882) for the Palacio del Senado (now Palacio de las Cortes) in Madrid. This work shows Pradilla’s concern to paint from life in his treatment of the landscape of Granada. He produced other paintings on related subjects, including Mad Queen Joanna Imprisoned at Tordesillas and The Sigh of the Moor . Pradilla also painted lively scenes of local life and color. The years of his stay in Rome, where he was director of the Academia Española between 1881 and 1883, allowed him to get to know the country around Rome and many other places in Italy. Such scenes as Dance on the Beach at Anzio, Italian Pilgrims on the Way to the Shrine and The Month of the Grape Harvest (Pontine Marshes) vividly convey his enthusiasm and affection for Italy and the Italians. Pradilla y Ortiz nació en Villanueva de Gállego (Zaragoza) y murió en Madrid. Inició sus estudios en Zaragoza, simultaneando las clases en la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Luis con la asistencia al taller del escenógrafo Mariano Pescador. Ignoramos las circuntancias familiares que lo obligaron a abandonar en 1861 los estudios de bachillerato, en los que destacaba, para ponerse a trabajar. Desde luego, no se trata de la orfandad a la que se ha aludido en ocasiones, toda vez que sus padres vivían aún a finales de la década de los setenta del siglo pasado. Poco tiempo después, realiza su primera decoración firmada: la de la ópera de Meyerbeer Los Hugonotes, bien que no sepamos si realizó los bocetos para lo ópera completa (era frecuente aprovechar decorados de producciones anteriores, o bien de otras obras con lugares similares) o, siquiera, si se conservan tales materiales. En 1866, se traslada a Madrid, donde continúa trabajando con pintores dedicados al teatro, como son Ferri y Bussato mientras se aloja en casa de unos familiares. Al mismo tiempo, asiste a clases en la Escuela Superior de Pintura y Grabado, en la que recibirá las enseñanzas de Federico de Madrazo, Carlos Luis de Ribera y Ponciano Ponzano. Asimismo, forma parte de la recién creada Asociación de Acuarelistas de Madrid y cultiva con esmero y dedicación la dicha técnica tanto en las clases nocturnas de la Asociación como en el taller del pintor Ramón Guerrero. En compañía de éste, realizará varios viajes entre 1871 y 1873 por Galicia para copiar paisajes. En uno de éstos será cuando conozca a la que años más tarde será su mujer. Al tiempo, sus acuarelas comienzan a interesar a los coleccionistas de Madrid. Al crearse en 1873 la Academia Española de Bellas Artes de Roma, es pensionado (junto con Casto Plasencia). En los años de estancia en Roma, trabaja como corresponsal de La Ilustración Española y Americana y lleva a cabo buen número de pinturas como El Naufragio (estudio de desnudo enviado desde allí como trabajo de pensionado que no está entre lo mejor de su producción, aunque destaquen de él el paisaje del fondo y el contraste que se establece entre las dos figuras; el cuadro forma hoy parte de los fondos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid), los retratos de Alfonso I "El Batallador" y Alfonso V "El Magnánimo" para el Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza. Sin embargo, será sobre todo la conocidísima Doña Juana la Loca la obra principal de este período. Por ella obtendrá la medalla de honor en la Exposición Nacional de 1878. La medalla de honor no se otorgaba todos los años y sólo la obtenía un pintor. La que obtuvo Pradilla fue la primera que se otorgó desde que se crearan las Exposiciones en 1856. En el mismo 1878, el cuadro es premiado en la Universal de París y alabado en las de Viena y Berlín. El cuadro es muestra del trabajo de taller que se realizaba en la época: el fondo pertenece a las cercanías de lago Tresimeno en Pasignano (Italia) y los detalles de vestuario y mobiliario están cuidados a la perfección, en tanto que en las hogueras y antorchas, así como en el grupo de frailes que avanza por la izquierda, se acerca Pradilla a la técnica impresionista con la utilización de manchas de color que sugieren la lejanía de los monjes y la dispersión del humo (no olvidemos la importancia que para el autor tenía, en general, el fuego; en el presente caso, se conserva un estudio de pequeño tamaño dedicado tan sólo al efecto del fuego y del humo sobre el cielo del fondo que resulta, en el cuadro acabado, uno de sus mayores aciertos). Al tiempo, los rostros de los personajes reflejan cuidadosamente el pensamiento, desde el enajenamiento de la reina hasta el aburrimiento o el cansancio, casi insolente en algún caso, de los servidores. Con todo ello, se aleja Pradilla de la pintura histórica al uso para llevar a cabo una aproximación realista al tema histórico. Al tiempo, el contraste entre los ropajes y actitudes de los personajes y el desolado paisaje invernal logran hacer más patente el dolor y el enajenamiento. |
El
interés en el tema de la reina loca de amor, que había de ocupar a varios
otros pintores y a dramaturgos como Tamayo y Baus, se muestra en un boceto
titulado Doña Juana "la Loca" en los adarves del Castillo de la Mota de
sus primeros años y en la pintura de una Doña Juana "la Loca" recluida
en Tordesillas, que procede de su última época y en la que el desvalimiento
de la reina se expresa a través de la selección de colores fríos, a los
que ayuda el foco de luz invernal que ilumina la figura por la izquierda.
La mirada perdida y los objetos cotidianos colocados en el hueco de la ventana
contribuyen a la impresión de intimidad sorprendida que desprende toda la
figura. Como en el resto de su producción histórica, mucho más breve que
lo que su fama en este género pudiera hacer pensar, la preocupación fundamental
de Pradilla es recrear el momento a través de la expresión de los personajes
que lo protagonizaron. Tras el éxito de Doña Juana "la Loca", recibe el encargo de pintar La Rendición de Granada, obra también sobradamente conocida, para la decoración del Palacio del Senado, donde se exhibe todavía. Los dos cuadros mencionados convierten de inmediato a Pradilla en uno de los pintores de historia más conocidos y reputados. La Rendición le valió, además, la Gran Cruz de Isabel la Católica. La Rendición es un cuadro más estático que Doña Juana, en buena medida por el propio tema y por la cantidad de personajes conocidos que debían aparecer en él (los propios Reyes Católicos, Boabdil, el príncipe don Juan, el Gran Capitán, el inquisidor Torquemada, etc.). Con todo, Pradilla dio buena muestra de su talento en la elección de diferentes colores para los principales personajes, así como en la inclusión de detalles que, como en el caso de los cortesanos de Doña Juana, prestan variedad a la escena. destaca en este respecto la expresión del Gran Capitán, que bromea con las damas de la reina a las que va escoltando. Los rostros de las damas, sorprendidos en mitad de la conversación, está también claramente independizados unos de otros. En el fondo de la escena, el paisaje granadino, estudiado a fondo por el pintor en el propio escenario, presenta unos toques naturalistas que alejan de nuevo la obra de Pradilla de los cuadros de asunto histórico habituales en el momento. Una tercera pintura histórica de gran formato fue El Suspiro del Moro en la que de nuevo se ocupó Fradilla de la toma de Granada, bien que en este caso desde la perspectiva del Boabdil desterrado que da a su ciudad la última mirada. El cuadro fue resultado de un encargo particular aunque algunas fuentes señalen erróneamente que el encargo partió del Ateneo madrileño realizado por un magnate ruso y, a la muerte de éste, de otro chileno que, a su vez, cedió los derechos a un tercero con el que discutió el pintor, enojado por no habérsele tenido en cuenta para la transacción. Hoy se desconoce el para dero de este cuadro, que por sus dimensiones resulta difícil de esconder, bien que conservemos de él reproducción fotográfica que muestra la sobriedad de la composición, en la que Boabdil, de espaldas y vestido de blanco, observa desde un alto su ciudad. El centro de la composición lo ocupa un caballo blanco, el de Boabdil, sujeto por un criado, cuyas crines agita el mismo viento que mueve las vestiduras del último rey de Granada. Entre 1881 y 1883, fue director de la Academia de Roma, bien que a regañadientes, pues su temperamento arisco y huidizo lo hacían poco apto para dicho puesto. Tras cesar en el cargo con una excusa fútil, permanece en la capital italiana hasta 1897, año en el que acepta la dirección del Museo del Prado y regresa a España. Son los años en los que se afianza su amistad con Joaquín Sorolla, que se había establecido en Italia tras concluir su pensionado en la Academia. Su labor pictórica es constante. La exposición de la Academia de Roma de 1884 exhibe su Corte de Aragón celebrando juegos florales. Otros cuadros de esta época son Vendimiadores en las lagunas Pontinas, El camino del santuario o Escenas Venecianas. En 1886, una quiebra económica acaba con su tranquilidad: deberá volver a pintar para rehacer su situación y mantener a su familia. La correspondencia con Sorolla nos da testimonio de sus preocupaciones en este tiempo. A su regreso, permanece poco tiempo en la dirección del Prado, en la que sustituía a Palmaroli. Su gestión tampoco parece haber sido particularmente buena: dejó escapar algún fondo de interés que salió a la venta en aquel tiempo a buen precio y hubo de sufrir algún robo en la pinacoteca por parte de personal de la casa. Tras abandonar el cargo, se instaló en Madrid y se dedicó a la pintura, lo único que verdaderamente le importaba, hasta su muerte. Sus últimos años los pasó casi aislado: no acudía a actos públicos y rechazaba cuantas invitaciones recibía. La situación de su taller, en lo que entonces eran las afueras de Madrid, contribuía a este aislamiento que, de ningún modo, supuso abandono de los pinceles. Muy al contrario, se sabe que aún cinco días antes de morir tuvo sesión con cinco modelos. Su pintura estuvo muy cotizada en su momento, hasta el extremo de que su nombre fue utilizado, sin su consentimiento, para las ilustraciones de una edición de lujo de las Leyendas de Zorrilla. Fue miembro de las reales academias de Bellas Artes de San Fernando de Madrid y de San Luis de Zaragoza, de la Academia Francesa y de la Hispanic Society de Nueva York. Asimismo, se le concedieron la a citada Gran Cruz de Isabel la Católica y la Legión de Honor con rango de Caballero. Debido a haber obtenido en su primera presencia en la Exposición Nacional el galardón más alto, sólo concurrió a otra más, la de 1892, en la que se exhibió La Rendición de Granada con motivo de la celebración del cuarto centenario de dicho acontecimiento. Parece que el talante solitario del pintor fue el motivo principal de este apartamiento de las Exposiciones Nacionales, en las que no eran infrecuentes los favoritismos y los enfrentamientos dentro de los jurados. Asimismo, declinó la oferta que se le hizo de participar en la decoración de San Francisco el Grande, una de las obras pictóricas a las que más importancia se dio en aquel momento, argumentando que estaba pintando La Rendición en Italia y que no podía trasladarse a Madrid para pintar al fresco una de las bóvedas. Por parte de los encargados de la decoración, debemos constatar que no insistieron en la presencia de Pradilla, mejor pintor de historia que casi todos los que llevaron a cabo la mencionada decoración. Sirva como botón de muestra de su éxito internacional el éxito cosechado en la Exposición Universal de Berlín, en la que fue el único español premiado, donde obtuvo la medalla de honor por Misa al aire libre en la romería de la Guía (Vigo). Asimismo, en 1892 fue nombrado miembro honorario de la Academia de Pintura de Munich. Su éxito fue grande tanto en España como en el resto de Europa y sigularmente en Alemania, donde su obra paisajística (lo más abundante de su producción) fue en su tiempo preferida a la de los impresionistas franceses y donde se lo reputó por uno de los mejores paisajistas de Europa. La producción de Pradilla es ingente (varios millares incluyendo apuntes y bocetos, tal y como señaló su hijo) y en ella destacan, junto con los cuadros de pintura histórica, convertidos en imágenes canónicas de los hechos de la historia española que muestran, multitud de cuadros de pequeño formato pintados del natural en los que con frecuencia se limita a plasmar un detalle (una luz, un cielo tormentoso, sensaciones de color, etc.), casi como si pretendiera utilizar el material para obras de mayor envergadura, así el mencionado estudio del fuego para Doña Juana "la Loca". Con frecuencia, tomaba apuntes del natural durante una temporada en zonas que le gustaban especialmente (así las Lagunas Pontinas cerca de Roma o el Monasterio de Piedra en Zaragoza) para luego elaborar los cuadros en el estudio. es el caso de cuadros como La lectura de Anacreonte o bién Pasando el arroyo, pertenecientes a su última época o de Emigrantes de otoño en el País Pontino, de su etapa romana. Asimismo fue destacado retratista (así el sobrio y bellísimo Retrato de Lidia Pradilla) y colaboró en decoraciones como la del madrileño palacio de los marqueses de Linares, hoy Casa de América, para el que llevó a cabo catorce pinturas en lienzo que, según la costumbre de la época, se fijaban después al muro. Los avatares de este palacio, cerrado y deshabitado durante años, ha permitido conservar un conjunto decorativo que de otro modo hubiera perecido como sucedió con los realizados en los palacios de los duques de Santoña o la infanta Isabel, sujetos al cambio de las modas decorativas. El éxito de Pradilla hizo que su obra se dispersara por Europa y América, lo que ha hecho infructuosas todas las tentativas de establecer un catálogo completo de su producción. En este respecto, es destacable la imposibilidad de hallar el paradero de cuadros de la envergadura de El último Suspiro del Moro ya comentado. A pesar de la utilización casi constante del óleo en el estudio y de su negativa a pintar el fresco, destacó Pradilla por su experimentalismo técnico, en especial en lo que al campo de la acuarela se refiere. Asimismo, destacó por su control poco común del dibujo. Partiendo del último Románticismo, Pradilla va a asimilar las innovaciones de los impresionistas y el preciosismo de la pintura italiana a su propio estilo. |
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Doña Juana La Loca ante el féretro de Felipe el Hermoso (340x500cm) _ Doña Juana La Loca _ Pradilla did several representations of Juana la Loca [< here is one]; many other 19th Century painters did the same. Within the historical trend of this century's painting, the insane Castilian princess was a common model. This painting captures a moment when the princess' entourage take a break during the long march she undertook to transfer the body of her deceased husband, The Archduke Philip "The Handsome" [portrait by Pradilla >]. Her insanity, accentuated over a long period by jealousy, moved her to undertake this journey (from Burgos to Granada, where she wished to bury her husband) only traveling by night because "an honest woman should flee from the light of day when she has lost her husband, who was the sun". During the day, the casket was kept at monasteries along the way, although in this painting we see a convent of nuns rather than a monastery of monks as should have been the case: Juana made them take the casket out of the church though, because she was jealous of woman's eye being set upon her departed husband. _ Después de la muerte de Isabel en 1504, su hija Juana, que padeció esquizofrenia, junto con su marido Felipe, Archiduque de Austria, ascendieron al trono. La pareja había estado viviendo en Bruselas pero después se mudaron a Burgos en la primavera de 1506. Felipe se conocía como Felipe el Hermoso y fue famoso por sus infidelidades. Con todas sus aventuras amorosas, la estabilidad mental de Juana empeoró. La leyenda dice que Juana, que estaba loca de celos, atacó con una navaja a unos de sus propias damas de honor con quien creyó que Felipe estaba teniendo relaciones amorosas, y pidió que se cortara todo su pelo. Desde entonces, solo se permitió que las mujeres atendieran en el palacio. Felipe murió después de una enfermedad corta, aunque algunos siguen creyendo que su suegro le envenenó Juana se volvía cada día más loca después de la muerte de su marido, y perdió el juicio (de ahí su apodo de Juana la Loca). Por consiguiente, su padre reinó como regente hasta su muerte en 1516. Juana creía que su marido resucitaría y lo puso en dos ataúdes: uno de plomo dentro de uno de madera. En diciembre, decidió llevarlo a la catedral de Granada para enterarlo junto a su madre Isabel. El cortejo fúnebre salió desde Flandes acompañado por un grupo de músicos, y algunos cortesanos y damas de honor. Andaban por la noche, porque creyó que "una mujer honesta debe de huir de la luz de día, cuando ha perdido a su marido que era su sol", y cada de vez en cuando abrieron el ataúd para que Juana pudiera besar la cara de Felipe. La procesión se detendría en los monasterios para que se pudieran celebrar misas fúnebres para su marido muerte. Desafortunadamente, una vez cometieron el error de parase en un convento y Juana, horrorizado al pensar que unas mujeres vieran a su marido muerto, ordenó que se salieran inmediatamente. El cuadro de Pradilla Ortiz muestra uno de los descansos que tomó el cortejo fúnebre. Nunca llegaron a Granada ya que Juana fue declarada demente y encarcelada en Tordesillas, donde quedó hasta su muerte en 1555. — An Elegant Lady In Court Costume, With A Ruff, Full-length (29x21cm; 1000x696pix, 236kb) {Does it make you think of a barking dog, because it looks like a rough ruff?} |
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Buried on 24 July 1680: Ferdinand Janszoon
van Bol, Dutch Baroque
painter, draftsman, and etcher, baptized as an infant on 24 June 1616. Studied under Rembrandt van Rijn. Ferdinand Bol was born in Dordrecht in 1616. He studied in Rembrandt’s studio around 1635; the master strongly influenced the development of the young artist. Bol stayed and worked in Amsterdam till the end of his life in 1680; he painted portraits, historical compositions and sometimes still-lifes. In his early works the powerful authority of Rembrandt is seen, but already in 1650s he changed his palette to a lighter one. His reputation and fame are based on his history paintings, which, though successful at the time, lack originality, and on his portraits, a genre for which he showed more talent. Bol was a student of Rembrandt in the mid-1630s and in his early work imitated his master's style so well as to create occasional difficulty in distinguishing between them. The portrait of Elizabeth Bas in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, is the best-known instance; it was acknowledged as a Rembrandt until 1911, when it was attributed to Bol, and although this opinion is still generally accepted, there has been renewed support for Rembrandt as the author. As Bol's career prospered, both as a portraitist and a painter of historical subjects, his style moved away from that of Rembrandt, becoming blander and more elegant in the style of van der Helst. In 1669 he married a wealthy widow and seems to have stopped painting. — Bol's students included Sir Godfrey Kneller (his most distinguished student) and Cornelis Bisschop. Ferdinand Bol Leaning on Window Sill (etching 19x15cm) by Adam von Bartsch Young Man in Velvet Cap (Ferdinand Bol) (1637 etching, 10x8cm) by Rembrandt van Rijn LINKS Self Portrait (1667) Aeneas at the Court of Latinus (1663) Consul Titus Manlius Torquatus Beheading His Son (1663) Elisabeth Jacobsdochter Bas (1640) Maria Rey, Wife of Roelof Meulenaer (1650) Roelof Meulenaer (1650) The Peace Negotiations between Claudius Civilis and Cerealis (1670) Venus and Adonis (1657, 168x230cm) _ The story of Venus and Adonis is taken from the tenth book of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Venus, the goddess of love, becomes enamored of the beautiful young huntsman, Adonis. In Bol's painting Venus and the young Cupid try in vain to prevent Adonis from going hunting, as the goddess has had a premonition that the hunting party will have fatal consequences, and indeed the hunter is killed by a wild boar. The story of Venus and Adonis was a favorite in the Netherlands. Rubens painted the subject several times and Bol later painted another picture of the same theme. It was probably the moral component that made the story popular: Adonis was seen as the epitome of reckless youth, whose rejection of Venus' advice led him to his death. Jacob's Dream (1642, 128x97cm) _ In his later career Bol turned to a more courtly style and a lighter tonality, the faces of his models look rather pasty, and the highlights on the red velvet he loved to paint appear to have been dusted lightly with talcum powder. In a subject picture like the Jacob's Dream Bol captures something of the mood and tender character of Rembrandt's art of this period; but the elegant and noble attitude of the angel, with its long limbs and aristocratic gesture, is foreign to Rembrandt. Portrait of a Man (87x72cm) _ Ferdinand Bol entered Rembrandt's studio about 1636-1637 and left Rembrandt about 1642 when he began working independently in Amsterdam where he settled for the rest of his life. His early painted portraits are very similar to the commissioned ones Rembrandt made in the late thirties and early forties and in them he successfully incorporates aspects of the transparent chiaroscuro the older master develops during these years. David's Dying Charge to Solomon (1643). |
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Born
on 24 July 1871: Giacomo Balla, Italian
Futurist
painter who died on 05 March 1958. Balla was one of the founders of Futurism, signing the Futurist Manifesto which was published in 1910. In this document Balla, along with artists including Umberto Boccioni and Carlo Carrà, outlined their primary objective to depict movement, which they saw as symbolic of their commitment to the dynamic forward thrust of the twentieth century. Futurism celebrated the machine - the racing car was heralded as the triumph of the age - and early futurist paintings were concerned with capturing figures and objects in motion. In his Girl Running on the Balcony, Balla attempted to realize movement by showing the girl's running legs in repeated sequence. Other paintings, such as Dog on a Leash, got to grips with the problem of recreating speed and flight by superimposing several images on top of each other. Inevitably, the advances that were made by this short-lived movement were eventually to be overtaken by the art of cinematography. Futurism was finished by the First World War, after which Futurist ideals became increasingly associated with Fascism. Balla began to plough an independent path, at first toward abstraction and, after 1931, toward figuration. Nato a Torino, Balla si trasferisce in gioventù a Roma dove morirà nel 1958. Aderisce al Futurismo nel 1910, quando sottoscrive il Manifesto dei pittori futuristi (11 Feb 1910) e il Manifesto tecnico della pittura futurista. (11 Apr 1910). Gli esordi di Balla sono caratterizzati da una pittura influenzata dal divisionismo di Pellizza da Volpedo e Giovanni Segantini e dal postimpressionismo francese, interesse approfondito dall'artista durante un soggiorno a Parigi nel 1900. È nel 1912 con opere come il celebre Dinamismo di un cane al guinzaglio, che l'arte di Balla si delinea con caratteristiche decisamente futuriste, già affermando la sua peculiare attenzione all'analisi oggettiva del particolare, sicuramente legata al forte interesse dell'artista per la fotografia. L'idea del moto e il senso moderno della velocità, centrali nella poetica del Futurismo, sono resi da Balla mediante un linguaggio di dettagli ripetuti e dissociazioni cromatiche. Successivamente, la sua pittura si fa più astratta, per costruirsi su una rete di "linee andamentali", traiettorie che tracciano il movimento di corpi nello spazio a partire da un punto di vista mobile. Con le Compenetrazioni iridescenti, dipinte tra la fine del 1912 e il 1914, l'artista realizza una serie di composizioni liricamente astratte, scandite da forme triangolari pure e armonie di colori che aspirano ad un'idea di totalità. Nel 1916 firma insieme a Depero il manifesto Ricostruzione futurista dell'universo che delinea un programma di ricreazione del reale attraverso gli equivalenti astratti di tutte le forme pensati come complessi plastici mobili. In questo ambito si collocano l'ideazione e la creazione di congegni meccanici, musicali e rumoristici e poi di giocattoli, vestiti, concerti, edifici, secondo una logica che ispira anche la creazione di mobili ed interi arredamenti. A partire dagli anni Venti Balla si indirizza nuovamente verso una pittura figurativa, che conserva sfondi con motivi astratti di impianto dinamico, per affrancarsi definitivamente dal Futurismo intorno alla metà degli anni Trenta, con una serie di opere caratterizzate da una intensa ricerca luminosa ai limiti del misticismo. — Nel 1895 si stabilisce insieme alla madre a Roma. Nel 1899 partecipa per la prima volta all'Esposizione annuale della Società degli Amatori e Cultori, manifestazione artistica alla quale sarà presente, costantemente, fino al 1914 ed alle edizioni del 1928 e del 1929. Nel settembre del 1900 parte per Parigi, dove visita l'Esposizione Universale, nella quale ha modo di vedere, oltre ai quadri dei divisionisti italiani, le opere dei pittori dell'Impressionismo e neoimpressionismo francesi, quelle della Secessione austriaca, e gli studi fotografici sul movimento di Etienne-Jules Marey. Durante il soggiorno parigino rimane colpito dagli effetti della luce notturna e dell'illuminazione artificiale delle strade, come dimostrano i numerosi quadri, realizzati tra il 1900 e il 1902, in cui rappresenta la città di notte. Nel 1903 viene ammesso, per la prima volta, alla Biennale d'Arte Internazionale di Venezia con il Ritratto di Roesler-Franz. In questi anni indirizza il proprio interesse nei confronti delle tematiche del verismo sociale e realizza le quattro grandi tele del ciclo, mai portate a termine, Dei Viventi. Nel primo decennio del '900 affianca a tele dipinte con la tecnica divisionista della scomposizione del colore, una serie di quadri monocromi, raffiguranti scene notturne ed interni, tra cui Il dubbio. A partire dal 1906 si interessa, soprattutto, allo studio di problemi luministici. L'11 febbraio del 1910 sottoscrive Il Manifesto dei Pittori Futuristi e, nell'aprile dello stesso anno il Manifesto tecnico della Pittura Futurista; tuttavia, almeno fino al 1912, non vi è sentore, nelle sue opere, della partecipazione al movimento di Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Nel 1911 fa parte del comitato organizzatore dell'Esposizione Internazionale di Roma alla quale partecipa anche in veste di espositore con Il Ritratto di Nathan. Espone alcune tele alla Mostra Futurista allestita nel Foyer del Teatro Costanzi di Roma, dove figuravano anche opere di Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, Gino Severini e Ardengo Soffici. In queste tele Balla analizza il movimento di un corpo vivente, rappresentando la sequenza degli spostamenti della figura nello spazio. Nel 1914 invia ventisette opere alla LXXXIII Esposizione di Belle Arti della Società degli Amatori e Cultori, suscitando la perplessità della critica, che lo trova eclettico. Nel 1915 firma con Fortunato Depero il Manifesto della Ricostruzione Futurista dell'Universo. Realizza anche alcune scenografie. Dal 1921 al 1928 si dedica all'esecuzione di opere decorative e alla progettazione di oggetti di arte applicata, mobili, paraventi, piatti, ceramiche e stoffe. Nel 1929 firma il Manifesto Aeropittura. Dal 1931 prende le distanze dal Futurismo e la sua produzione successiva testimonia un ritorno alla pittura figurativa. LINKS Il Sole e Mercurio Velocità Dinamismo di un cane al guinzaglio (1912, 91x110cm) Form~Spirit Transformation (1918, 3 divergent rays reflected convergent) The Flight of the Swallows (1913) Young Girl Running on a Balcony _ (1912, somewhat like a photo multiple-exposure [but with partial superimposition] in Animal Locomotion- An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements. by Muybridge [Eadweard Muggeridge 09 Apr 1830 1904]) Feu d'Artifice (telai, acrilico su tela, plexiglas, lampade colorate, sonoro, 500x550x550cm) _ Gli elementi che compongono la scena di Feu d'artifice sono stati ricostruiti al Castello di Rivoli in occasione della mostra Sipario del 1997, dedicata allo stretto rapporto tra teatro e arti visive. Feu d'artifice, unico spettacolo realizzato, tra quelli progettati da Balla, andò in scena al Teatro Costanzi a Roma il 30 aprile 1917. Sulle note di Stravinsky per tre minuti Balla presentò il suo teatro del futuro, in linea con quanto proclamato nel 1915 da Filippo Tommaso Marinetti che promuoveva un teatro "Atecnico, Dinamico, Simultaneo", cioè brevissimo e capace in pochi minuti di condensare molteplici situazioni e idee (manifesto Il Teatro Futurista Sintetico, 11 gennaio 1915). Balla concepì Feu d'artifice come una serie di forme dall'architettura non-logica e dinamica destinate ad interagire con un gioco di luci in rapporto con gli accordi musicali. Al Museo della Scala di Milano sono conservati oltre venti fogli che recano i progetti per ciascun elemento dello scenario. Balla realizzò anche un autoritratto (perduto) nel cui sfondo erano riportate alcune delle forme di Feu d'artifice. Ritratto del sindaco Onorato Caetani (75x62cm) _ Il dipinto, quasi sconosciuto agli studiosi di Balla, è stato segnalato soltanto in due occasioni: nella scheda comparsa negli Archivi del Divisionismo e nella monografia di Maurizio Fagiolo dell'Arco, che menziona il ritratto del duca Caetani, sindaco di Roma tra il 1890 e il 1892, senza riprodurlo e ne segnala anche l'abbozzo, dipinto su tela, nella collezione Balla. Il modo di segnare il fondo del dipinto, con tratti non omogenei, e l'impostazione della figura, che sembra esorbitare dai margini del quadro, avvicina l'opera ai ritratti della signora Ida Maini e di Bice Morselli, datati entrambi 1910, nella fase che precede di qualche anno il periodo futurista dell'artista. Alberi spogli (1902) — Compénétration iridescente eucalyptus (1914; 579x700pix, 282kb) |
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Died on 16 May 1842: John
Sell Cotman, English Romantic
painter and etcher born on 16 May 1782, specialized in Landscapes.
— {He who by fraud will get Cotman will get caught, man!} Cotman was born in the parish of St Mary Coslany, Norwich, the son of Edmund Cotman, a hairdresser, later a haberdasher [but never a maker or seller of cots], and Ann Sell. In 1793 he entered Norwich Grammar School as a ‘freeplacer’. In 1798 he moved to London, where he worked as an assistant to the publisher Rudolph Ackermann. Following in the footsteps of Turner and Thomas Girtin he joined Dr Monro’s ‘Academy’ in 1799 and became a member of the sketching society that had developed around the personality and talent of Girtin. He exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time in 1800, when he was awarded the large silver palette by the Society of Arts. — Cotman has been considered the best watercolorist of his generation. Although his career was not cut short like so many of the famous Romantics -- Keats, Girtin, Schubert -- it was curiously aborted; his best work was done in the first decade of the century when, under the influence of Girtin, he produced a remarkable series of watercolors characterized by firm drawing, delicate washes, and an uncanny sense of design. Atmosphere doesn't play a strong role in Cotman's work; light does. Cotman had a unique ability to give masses and shadows a kind of equivalence in the design which in some respects prefigures Cubism, a full century in the future. In his latter years, Cotman was troubled by fits of depression and this, combined with relative isolation in Norfolk (he was one of the founders of the "Norwich School") led him away from his genius to pursue the influence of Turner and what Ruskin came to call "The Turnerian sublime." Cotman died in London. — Among Cotman's students were George Devey, Dawson Turner, and William Burges, who also did his early work in Cotman's studio. — LINKS Tilney All Saints Church near King's Lynn (28x21cm) Windmill (29x23cm) On the Greta or the Tees (1805) — — Houses at Epsom (1800, 23x17cm) — A Ruined House (600x472pix, 69kb) _ “After the Earthquake”? 106 prints at FAMSF |
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Born on 24 July 1927: Alex Katz,
US Pop
Artist. {cats is not the same as many cats,
and Katz is not the same as Mané-Katz [05 Jun 1894 – 09 Sep
1962]. O hel!} — [Do NOT drop the x and call him “Alé
Katz”] Katz belongs to the same generation as Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Frank Stella, Claes Oldenburg and Roy Lichtenstein, but his work always seemed marginal compared with theirs. He is known for his billboard-size figure paintings and portrait heads. Typically he paints his motif from close to, so that the face or body fills our field of vision. Though the pictures have little depth and the space in them is limited, the colors are bright and the compositions punchy. With their big, bold forms and broad areas of monochrome color bathed in even light, you can recognise a picture by Katz from streets away. Up close you are enveloped by the Ozymandias-scaled heads and by bodies the size of small buildings. If we are looking for Katz's predecessors, we should start with the US muralists of the 1930s, or the Art Deco proponents whose canvases adorned the public saloons of great ocean liners between the wars. The pictures don't invite or reward close inspection. The paint surface is no more interesting close to than it is from 3 meters away, and there is something formulaic about Katz's approach to the human face. In a characteristic Katz portrait, the almond-shaped eyes and perfectly formed lips are so schematically drawn that they look like those in a how-to-draw manual. Except that there are no Ben Day shading dots or speech bubbles, his figures are first cousins to Roy Lichtenstein's cartoon characters. All the people in these pictures come from the same educated and affluent upper middle classes, their gleaming white teeth and even features testaments to the skills of the orthodontist and, possibly, the plastic surgeon. In their expensive clothes and designer sunglasses they stroll through spring meadows, picnic by the sea, or loll on the beach, smiling. All have the depthless uniformity of expression you find in the faces of the people you see in television commercials. In Katz's paintings there is no pain, little tension, no emotion and zero sexuality. As snapshots from suburbia, his art is relentlessly vacuous. What is missing in Katz's art is a sense of moral or emotional complexity, a sense that life isn't quite this simple. Presumably the studied neutrality of these scenes is deliberate. Katz was painting a nation on Prozac decades before that wonder drug had been invented. The question is, was he also painting for an audience on Prozac? Is there more to these pictures than first meets the eye? Is their emotional numbness, for example, a comment on the banality of US middle-class life? The answer is no. Katz is one of the few US artists of his generation not to have been touched by the influence of Marcel Duchamp. There is nothing tongue-in-cheek about his art. Bearing in mind that some of his earlier pictures were painted when the Vietnam War was tearing US society apart, it is all the more remarkable that they have no subtext. From the perspective of the late 1990s, the most avant-garde thing about Katz is his own admission that his pictures are "not concerned with psychology, just surfaces". In dumbing his art down, Katz was the precursor of the decorative, meaningless art which is emerged later. Katz was a "post-human" artist long before the rest of the art world decided that brain-dead was cool. Certain gestures or poses in Katz's paintings derive from Michelangelo, Rodin and Munch. But Katz divests those gestures of psychological significance, rendering them all but meaningless. And so, when a fashionably dressed woman in one canvas lightly rests her hand on her chin, Katz may well have had Rodin's Thinker in mind, but he drains the pose of frustration and intensity, cleaning it up for country-club consumption. Though Katz's figurative work is rather blah, the landscapes are a different story. In these we don't worry about the absence of meaning or character. Once again Katz has an unerring eye for the cliché the moose by the lake, the moonlight on the water, the flowers in spring. But rippling water or trembling leaves are seen as semi-abstract forms, allowing us to concentrate on the pictures' purely painterly qualities. Paradoxically, it is when painting inanimate things that Katz finds a gestural freedom and pleasure in the handling of paint which is largely absent from the supercool figure paintings. Emotion at last enters the work. In the winter nocturne City Landscape circular areas of softly brushed-in white pigment conjure up headlamps or street lights, while great arcs of black, blue and silver become bare, snow-touched branches. The whole picture is steeped in the mystery and elegance of Central Park at night. And in one of his best painting, May of 1996, a medley of lime and forest-green brush strokes loosely painted against a white ground create a fugue of color as joyful as Jackson Pollock's Autumn Rhythm. What is astonishing is that all of Katz's landscapes date from the 1990s. What we are seeing is an artist who did not find his true subject, the landscape, until late in his career. For many people the early work of Johns, Oldenburg and Rauschenberg is more interesting than what came later. Katz, when he reached the age of 70, was a rarity among US artists of his generation in reversing that pattern and saving the best for last. LINKS Joan (1986; 99kb) Black Brook (1989; 163kb) Beach Sandals (1987; 108kb) Black Shoes (1987 color aquatint and softground etching, 30x43cm; 2/5 size, 61kb) Swimmer (1990, with huge blank space; 495kb) _ Swimmer (trimmed) (138kb) Ursula (1990, 20x66cm, with huge blank space; full size, 373kb) _ Ursula (trimmed) (138kb) Red Cap (1989, 27x90cm; half~size _ ZOOM to full size, trimmed) The Green Cap (1985, color woodcut, 31x45cm; 3/5 size) Swamp Maple (color lithograph _ ZOOM) Reclining Figure (1987 color aquatint, 90x106cm) — John Updike (Time 18 Oct 1982 cover) |
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Died on 24 July 1802: Joseph
Ducreux, French pastelist, miniaturist, First Painter to
Queen Marie-Antoinette, engraver. Ducreux was born on 26 June 1735. — Born in Nancy, he lived in Paris from 1760 and from 1762 kept a list of his works. Among the portraits he completed in his early years were those in pastel of the well-known connoisseurs Pierre-Jean Mariette, the Comte de Caylus and Ange-Laurent de la Live de July [how about other months?], which apparently were copies after Maurice-Quentin de La Tour. Ducreux has traditionally been seen as de La Tour’s favorite student, while Jean-Baptiste Greuze is supposed to have initiated him into oil painting. From his age, it can be assumed that by the time Ducreux reached Paris he had already acquired a grounding in his art. — Joseph Ducreux probably was trained by his father, a painter in Nancy, before going to Paris in 1760, where he was the only student of pastelist Maurice-Quentin de La Tour. Like his successful mentor, Ducreux specialized in portraiture and made many self-portraits. He was also influenced by Jean-Baptiste Greuze's oil technique. In 1769 Ducreux was sent to Vienna to paint a miniature of Louis XVI's future wife, Marie-Antoinette. An instant success, he was made a baron and Premier Peintre de la Reine. In the late 1780s, the irascible Ducreux painted "character" self-portraits, using his own face to study various expressions, then a popular field for artistic exploration. While in London avoiding the French Revolution, he engraved and published three of these expressive self-portraits and drew the last portrait ever made of Louis XVI [1754-1793]. In 1793 Ducreux returned to Paris, where he became associated with Jacques-Louis David, who helped him continue an official career. Ducreux's rooms became a popular meeting place for artists and musicians, who often commissioned portraits from him; his friend composer Etienne Nicolas Méhul based the main character of an opera on him. Ducreux rarely signed his paintings, and many remain wrongly attributed to other artists. LINKS Portrait de l'Artiste Sous les Traits d'un Moqueur (1793, 91x72cm; 1115x885pix, 51kb) _ Dans ses nombreux autoportraits, l'artiste a exploré la vieille tradition de "l'expression des passions", se peignant surpris, silencieux, baillant, ou comme ici, ricanant. L'index tendu vers nous, Ducreux se moque à son tour d'un public trop facilement apte à critiquer la peinture. Portrait de l'Artiste Sous les Traits d'un Moqueur (1782, 55x46cm; 490x422pix, 32kb) [presqu'identique aux deux tiers du haut du précédent] — Self-Portrait, Yawning (<1783, 114x89cm; 718x561pix, 26kb) _ Joseph Ducreux experimented with the traditional limitations of the genre of self-portraiture by creating an expressive, humorous, and rather unorthodox image of himself stretching and yawning. Dressed informally in a turban and bright red jacket, Ducreux, in the midst of a huge yawn, opens his mouth wide, contorting his face with the effort and stretching his right arm toward the viewer. Holding this exaggerated pose, his back sways and his stomach pushes forward; his entire body presses up close to the surface of the picture. Ducreux was interested in the study of physiognomy and frequently used his own features as a convenient means to observe various expressions. In fact, he executed dozens of similarly exaggerated self-portraits throughout his career. A contemporary critic admired this self-portrait for its warmth, color, and expression, but later critics complained about the repetition of the subject. — Le Discret (1790, oval; 751x627pix, 36kb) _ another self-portrait? — Louis XVI's last portrait (1793; 920x600pix, 42kb) — Louis XVII (monochrome photo of pastel, oval 43x35cm; 773x902pix, 44kb) — Louis-Antoine, comte de Bougainville (1790, 88x71cm; 512x411pix, 46kb) _ Louis Antoine de Bougainville [1729-1811], mathématicien, avocat et navigateur, se rendit d'abord avec Montcalm au Canada. Après la signature de la paix de 1763, il partit fonder une colonie aux îles Malouines, ou Falkland, revendues trois ans plus tard par la France à L'Espagne. Entre 1766 et 1769, il dirigea une expédition scientifique autour du monde, relatée dans son ouvrage publié en 1771, Voyage autour du monde. Il participa également à la guerre d'indépendance américaine. “Autant que j'en puis juger sur une lecture assez superficielle, j'en rapporterais l'avantage à trois points principaux: une meilleure connaissance de notre vieux domicile et de ses habitants; plus de sûreté sur des mers qu'il a parcourues la sonde à la main, et plus de correction dans nos cartes géographiques. Bougainville est parti avec les lumières nécessaires et les qualités propres à ces vues: de la philosophie, du courage, de la véracité; un coup d'oeil prompt qui saisit les choses et abrège le temps des observations; de la circonspection, de la patience ; le désir de voir, de s'éclairer et de s'instruire; la science du calcul, des mécaniques, de la géométrie, de l'astronomie; et une teinture suffisante d'histoire naturelle. (Diderot, Supplément au voyage de Bougainville, 1772). |