The Sudroid (Indo-African) Race

The Sudran, or Sudroid, race refers to the aboriginal populations of India. Formerly widepread over all of India, they were displaced from most of Hindustan (North India) and virtually all of the Deccan by invading Aryans. Sudroid includes the following peoples:

Sudroid

They are a black race, closely related to the Africans and Australoids, as evident from -



This ends the basic section. The advanced section is below.

The Sudran (Indo-African) Race

Table of Contents

1. Physiognomy

1.1 Black Skin

The most evident similarity between Africans and Sudroids is their black skin colour. It often approaches deep black, and when shiny resemble tar. The Adi Dravidas (true Dravidians) of South India are black like the Africans with a slightly different hair texture [ Win.gen ].

1.2 Nasal Index

The nose of Sudroids closely resembles that of Negroids and Australoids, being very broad. In both pure black African and pure Sudroid it is often as wide as it is broad, ie. the nasal index (ratio of width to height) is 100. By contrast Caucasians are fine-nosed. The Indo-Aryan is thus very similar to the European, possessing a fine nose, while the Sudroid is related to the Africans - 

                 Race        Nasal Index         Nasal Type
    Arya (Indo-Aryan)
            Brahman (Bengal)   70.3       fine-nosed    sub-leptorrhine
            Rajput             71.6       fine-nosed    sub-leptorrhine
            Vaisya (Jat)       68.8       fine-nosed    leptorrhine
            Vaisya (Bania)     79.6       medium-nosed  mesorrhine

    Sudroid
            Dravidian (Kadian) 89.8       broad-nosed  platyrrhine
            Dalit (Chamar)     86.0       broad-nosed  platyrrhine
            Adivasi (Munda)    89.9       broad-nosed  platyrrhine
            Vedic Shudrs (Dom) 83.0       broad-nosed  sub-platyrrhine

                                          -- [ Ris App. III p.395 ff ]

By comparison, the French of Paris average 69.4 [ Ris 28-9 ], while pure Africans average between 90 and 100.

1.3 Wavy-Curly Hair & Thick Lips

The hair of Sudroids is wavy and often curly, with imported Africans ( eg. the Makranis, the Siddis of Sind and the Dakhin ) it is frizzy. It is a common misconception to asume all Africoids have frizzy hair; it is often curly and wavy in Nubia and Abyssinia.

Curly Hair -
Friedrich Mueller classified black races according to hair texture, classing them under the tufted-haired peoples ( Bushmen, Hottentots and Papuans ), fleece-haired peoples ( Bantu and Negro ) and wavy-haired peoples ( Hamitic, Semitic and Nuba-Fulla ).
-- [ EB `Languages of the World' ]

Another trait in common is the thick everted lips [ Arav.neg ] .

1.4 Prognathism

Pronounced prognathism is characteristic of all black races from Africa to southern India and Oceania - Australia. In addition, the teeth are relatively larger in case of Australoids and Kolarians, as well as Dravidians.

1.5 Skeletal Similarities

Long Forearm -
The forearm of Suroids and Africans are long.

Dolicocephaly -
Dolicocephaly ( long-headedness ) is common amongst Sudras. In fact, many are classed as hyperdolicocephalic. Dolicocephaly is common amongst East Africans in general ( Nilotes, Sudanic Blacks and Cushites - Hamites or Abyssinians )

2. Ethnographic Evidence

2.1 Boomerang & Hunting Customs

The boomerang is used by Dravidian abroginals, Australoids and is recorded from Egypt.

2.2 Theological

Both Africans and Dravidians held a common interest in teh cult of the Serpent and believed tn a Supreme God, who lived in aplace of peace and tranqulity. Murugan the Dravidian god of the mounatins parallels a common god in East Africa worshipped by 25 ethnic groups called Murungu, the god who resides in the mountains [ Win.gen ]

2.3 Burial & Death Rites

Burning of the dead body is a characteristic of Indo-Aryans, while burial of the dead was common to Indo-Africans. In both South India and the Western Sudan and Senegambia the dead were buried and interned in terra cotta jars [ Singh ] [ Win.gen ]

2.4 Circumcision & Initiation Rites

Circumcision, both male and female, was practiced by Dravidians and is still widely practiced in Africa.

2.5 Agricultural

Both groups use the hoe for tilling the ground, manuring the ground to fertilize crops, terracing irrrigation and canal building.

Wheat of the 6-row variety, which is found in predynastic graves in Egypt, has been discovered at Harappan sites dating much later, as late as 2300-1750 BC. On the Gangetic plain, barley was found at neolithic Hallum in Mysore state (1800 BC). Pearl millet has been found at Saurasthra and Ahar (1200-100 BC). Indian sorghum is clearly of African origin. Cultivated cotton which came from West Africa appear at Mohenjo-Daro and harrapa from 2300-1700 BC. [ Win.agri ]

2.6 Building Construction & Ship-Building

Both races used a single log or planks tied together

2.7 Inheritance

Among the ali tiravitar (Adi Dravidas, or real Dravidians), the system of inheritance passes from the uncle to his nephews, instead of his sons (maru makkal tayam) as in Africa [ Win.gen ]

2.8 Calendrical

The Dravidians and Africans used the same calendrical systema [ Win.agri ].

3. Archaeological

3.1 Megalithic Cultures

Megalithic cultures in India and Africa dating to the third millenium BC are very similar: both contain black-and-red ware, bones and pottery sarcophagi near water tanks [ Win:Agri ]. Cave paintings are also very similar, pointing to ancient contacts.

3.2 Pottery : Red-and-Black Ware

The black races are consistently associated with red-and-black pottery all over the world. Pottery of the Nubians is very similar to Dravidian pottery.

4. Linguistic

The most evident linguistic connections between African and Dravidian languages is in place-names: 


   Africa                          India
   ------                          ------
   Botswana, Bophutatswana (reg)   Gondwana (region)
   Ubangi (river)                  Bhangi (caste)
   Gonder (town, reg.)             Gond (tribe)
   Galla  (tribe)                  Goala (caste), Gaya (town)
   Kongo (river, reg., tribe)      Kongu Nadu (reg.), Kond or Khond (tribe)
   Imbangala (tribe)               Bangala or Bengal (tribe, reg.)

The Congolese linguist Th. Obenga proposed the term `Indo-African' languages in analogy with `Indo-European' [ Obenga ]. Prof. L. Homburger established close linguistic connections between Dravidian and Senegalese languages especially Fulani, as well as Kannada - Bantu and Telugu - Mande relationships [ Hom ]. Prof. Tuttle established connections between Nubian and Dravidian languages [ Tuttle ]. Prof. Lahoverty established conections between African and Dravidian languages [ Lah ]. Senegalese and Dravidian languages are closely related grammatically, structurally and lexically [ N'D ] [ Ups ]. The Upper Nile basin is considered by some scholars to be the original home of the Dravidians on linguistic grounds [ Win.gen 1118 ]

Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire. Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]

5. Genetic

The Sudroid and Africoid peoples are also genetically closely related. The genetic similarities between Africans and Sudrics include:

The Kolarians (Indo-Australoids) share many genetic similarities with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids. Genetic similarities of the Kolarians with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids include :

In addition, the hair is frequently reddish to blonde in childhood in the case of Australoid Blackfellows, Dravidians and Kolarians.

Genetic Studies of mtDNA of Dravidians in Andhra displayed a close similarity with African populations [ Bam ].

6. Zoological & Botanical Evidence

Zoological and Botanical similarities are numerous between animal and plant species of Africa, Australia and South India (Dravidia). This indicates that the similarity of humans extends to the plant and animal kingdoms as well. These similarities arise from either migration across the Suez and the MIddle East into India and thence to Australia, or due to submerged land bridges in the Indian Ocean.

6.1 Reptiles

Python -
The python is found from western Africa to China, Australia and the Pacific Islands. The slender reticulated python is probably the world's longest snake, often reaching 8 m ( 26 feet ) with one specimen recorded as 9.6 m in length. The Indian python is usually less than 4 m but is much thicker and sometimes reaches 8m in length. The African python often reaches 7 m while the species in West Africa ( the Ball/Royal python ) is, as expected, smaller, reaching 1.5 m. The blood python of Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo is reddish and averages 2.7 m.
-- [ EB 9 `python' 828 ]

Mangrove Snake -
The manrove snake, comprising 30 species of hte genus Boiga, is found from tropical Africa to Australia and Polynesia [ EB 7`mangr.'774 ].

6.2 Mammals

Rhinoceros -
The term denotes any of 5 species of the family Rhinocerotidae ( and sometimes includes extinct fossil genera ). These animals are found only in eastern and southern Africa and tropical Asia, lending further support to the unity of vegetation of Africa and India and indicating that recent exchange of zoo-botanicl contact existed much after the breakup of Gondwanaland. The great Indian rhino ( R. unicornis ) is the largest of all extant species, reaching 4.3 m in length and 2 m in height at the shoulder, while the Sumatran rhino is the smallest ( height 2.5 m or 8 foot and 2 m high ).
-- [ EB 10 `rhino' 23 ]

Buffalo -
Buffalos are again common to Africa and the Indies, while the related bison/wisent occurs in North America and Europe. The black Indian buffalo ( Bubalus bubalus ) reaches 1.5 m of more at the shoulder, as does the black Cape or African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ). A red-brown subspecies of the Cape buffalo in the dense forests of equatorial western Africa is, like humans and animals of West Africa in general, much smaller. The anoa, a small dark brown buffalo of the dense Celebes rainforests and the tamaraw of the Philippines are also smaller species.
-- [ EB 2 `buffalo' 607 ]

Elephant -
The elephant once again is restricted to the Indies and Africa. 3 species exist: the Indian elephant, the large African elephant and the dwarfish Pygmy elephant of the rainforests of West Africa.
-- [ EB 4 `elephant' 441-2 ]

Felidae (Felines) -
The lion was once found in Africa, Europe and Asia. Now it is found only in sub-Saharan Africa and in India (eg. the Gir National Forest, Gujarat) [ EB 7 `lion' 382-3 ]. The leopard is found from Africa trough Anatolia, Central Asia, India, China and Manchuria. Varieties include the Barbary, South Arabian, ANantolian, Amur, SInai leopards [ EB `leo.' 281 ]

6.3 Botanical

Baobab Tree -
The baobab trees ( Adansonia digitata ), belonging to the bombax family (Bombacaceae) are native to Africa. However, a closely related and very similar tree, also known as baobab ( Adansonia gregoria ), occurs in Australia ! [ EB 1 `baobab' 877 ]

Banyan Tree -
The banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis ) with its characteristic prop roots that resemble trunks is native to India. However, a similar variety, the wonderboom ( Ficus pretoia ) of Africa is very similar [ EB 28 `trees' 881 ] !

Capparaceae Trees -
Trees of the order Capparaceae, family moringaceae occur from Africa to India [ EB 13`angio.'638 ] and are another indication of the unity of Indian and African botanical life.

Appendix I - The Sudran Races

The Sudra, or Indo-African, Race consists of the following sub-races:

Appendix II - Origin of the Term Sudra

The term Shudra first appears in Sanskrit texts around 1500 BC denoting one of the black aboriginal tribes that the Aryans conquered. It was subsequently expanded to all blacks subjugated, and the term Dasa or Dasyu , or slave, was used to denote the servitude to which most Sudras were subjected. Sanskrit texts refer to the Shudra as the black varna or colour. Thus Shudra is equivalent as a racial term to the Latin Negra . Initially it only referred to subjugated aboriginals and not the aboriginals themselves who were referred to as avarna and later Adiavasi. Thus the terms Adivasi and Sudra were exclusive. Later under Muslim rule Arabic: sudd-> black and hence Sudra 9not Shudra) became the generic term for Indian blacks.

In its modern sense Sudra denoted any black man in India and hence includes the following sub-races:

The term Shudra is first recorded from Sanskrit texts as referring to one of the black aboriginal tribes that the Aryans encountered. It is the name of a black tribe that was adopted into Sanskrit and was subsequently used to denote those blacks who had entered the caste system as the lowest `varna' or color. They were the black varna. Initially, a distinction was drawn between Sudra and Adivasi (aboriginal blacks outside the caste system). However, in Prakrits the distinction was blurred, and Shudra was used for any aboriginal. During the Islamic Califate of Hindustan, Arabic became a sacred language, and in Arabic `sudd' means black ( hence the `bilad as-Sudan' or the Sudan of Africa ), and hence Sudra was used for any black, even the blacks imported from Africa. Terms of Abuse incl. Kalu kalia Kaluta kaffir English Hindustani Negro (Latin "negri") Sudra (Sans. "Shudra", Arab. "Sudd",black Black Kala

Appendix III - Nasal Index

The classification in general use is - leptorrhine (fine nose) if the nasal index is < 70, mesorrhine is it is between 70-85 and platyrrhine (broad-nosed) if it is > 85. The Indo-Aryan is comparable to the European, fopr the French of Paris have a nasal index of 69.4 as measurd by Topinard [ Ris 28-9 ]. According to Sir H.H.Risley, the nose of Sudras is very similar to that of the lowest Negro types. The nasal index frequently reaches more than 100. The Paniyans of Malabar have an average nasal index of 95, while certain individual Kadias of Tamil Nad measured 115. [ Ris App.III p.369]. 
 
        Race           Nasal Index           Nasal Type          

 Indo-Aryan (Arya)
     Brahman (Bengal)     70.3               sub-leptorrhine
     Brahman (Bihar)      73.2               sub-leptorrhine
     Brahman (Bhojpur)    74.6               sub-leptorrhine
     Rajput               71.6               sub-leptorrhine
     Kayasth (Bengal)     70.3               sub-leptorrhine
     Jat                  68.8               leptorrhine 
     Vaisya (Bania)       79.6               sub-leptorrhine
     Gujjar               66.9               leptorrhine

     Sikhs                68.8               leptorrhine [ Ris 28-9 ]

  Sudroid
     Paniyans (Malabar)   95.1               platyrrhine
     Santal               88.8               platyrrhine
     Munda                89.9               platyrrhine
     Kol                  82.2               sub-platyrrhine
     Kadia                89.8               platyrrhine
     Vellala              73.1               sub-platyrrhine
     Tamil Brahman        76.7               sub-platyrrhine
     Asur (Lohardaga)     95.9               platyrrhine
     Bhil                 84.1               sub-platyrrhine
     Pariah               80.0               sub-platyrrhine
     Irula                80.9               sub-platyrrhine
     Kadia                89.8               platyrrhine
     Musahar              88.7               platyrrhine
     Chamar               86.0               platyrrhine
     Dom                  83.0               sub-platyrrhine

                             -- [ Ris App. III p.395 ff ]
Certain more recent analysts wish to refute Risley's claims [ Ghurye ] [ Bose ] but their results lack the depth and quality of RIsley's.

Appendix IV - Linguistic Relationships

The most evident linguistic connections between African and Dravidian languages is in place-names: 

   Africa                          India
   ------                          ------
   Botswana, Bophutatswana (reg)   Gondwana (region)
   Ubangi (river)                  Bhangi (caste)
   Gonder (town, reg.)             Gond (tribe)
   Gongola                         Gond
   Gonga (people,Ghana)            Gond
   Galla  (tribe)                  Goala (caste), Gaya (town)
   Kongo (river, reg., tribe)      Kongu Nadu (reg.), Kond or Khond (tribe)
   Imbangala (tribe)               Bangala or Bengal (tribe, reg.)
   Tsonga (tribe)                  Tunga (Kalinga abor. rulg. family)
   Tonga (tribe)                   Tunga
   Pongo                           Pandya (Tamil dyn.), Ponda
   Kadamba                         Kurumba (tribe, dyn.)
   Katanga (distt., Congo)         Kurumba
   Karanga (eth.Zimbab.)           Kurumba
   Kamba (n.e. Bantu)              Kadamba (or Kurumba)   
   Sotho, Basuto (tr., S.Afr.)     Sudra (caste)
   Aja (tr., Nigeria)              Anga
   Kinga (tr.)                     Kalinga (natn)
   Ila (tr.)                       Irula
   Ila                             Bhilla
   Toga                            Toda
   Ganda (tr.)                     Ganda (anus, Sans.)
   Mamba                           Malla, Malaya, Malabar
   Nuer                            Nayar (caste)
   Pongo                           Pengu (tr.,Orissa)
   Mende (w.afr.people)            Manda (Drav.people)
   Zulu (tr., S.Af.)               Tulu
   Uganda                          Konda (Dr.tr.), Gonda
   Iramba (rift Bantu)             Irula
   Turu (rift Bantu)               Tulu
   Masai (e. Nilotes)              Malay or Malabar, Mallas
   Kinga (Nyasa Bantu, Tanz.)      Kalinga (natn.,race)
   Manyika                         Mleccha (sans. for barbarian)

The `Congo' river and the `Kongo' tribes are cognate to the Kongu Nadu comprising the Salem tract in Tamil Nadu prior to its conquest by the Cholas [ EB 10 salem 350 ]. The suffix `-wana' is common to Bantu and Dravidian languages, thus Botswana and Bophuthatswana in southern Africa [ EB 2 botswana 412 ] [ EB 2 boph. 376 ] and Gondwana in central India [ EB 5:358 ]. The Mbangala or Imbangala warrior tribe of central Angola [ EB 6: imb. 266 ] are cognate to the Bangala tribe and the region named after them in eastern India, which later became Bengal. The Ubangi river [ EB ubangi 12:98 ] is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo river and flows past Bangui town (the capital of the Central African Republic). A black tribe (and later low caste) by the name of Bhangi exists in northern India. The Bangweulu is a large lake and swamp region in northeastern Zambia. In Bantu the term denotes `Large Water' [ EB 1 bangw. 868 ] The Galla are the largest ethnic group in Ethipia, forming 40 % of the population [ EB 5 galla 87 ]. They are cattle-herders, as are the black-skinned low-caste known as Goala (cow-herders) in central India. The Mbundu are the second-largest ethnic group of Angola [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] while the Munda are in Eastern India. The Ndongo tribe of the Mbundu [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] are perhaps cognate to the Dombas or Doms of India. The Godabas of Somalia may have given their name to the Godavari River in the Deccan. Congates of `gond' and `gong' are widepread in Africa and Dravidia. Gonder or Gondar is the ancient capital of Ethiopia 1652-1855 as well as the surrounding region. The Gongola river is the primary tributary of the Benue River, while the Gongola basin is in northeastern Nigeria [ EB 5 gongola 359 ]. The Guang or Gonja in northern Ghana, who are descendant of Mandingos, speak the Gur and Goja languages and founded the Gonja kingdom [ EB 5 guang 532 ] The Gond are a large group of Draviidan tribes in Central India.

The Congolese linguist Th. Obenga proposed the term `Indo-African' languages in analogy with `Indo-European' [ Obenga ]. Prof. L. Homburger established close linguistic connections between Dravidian and Senegalese languages especially Fulani, as well as Kannada - Bantu and Telugu - Mande relationships [ Hom ]. Prof. Tuttle established connections between Nubian and Dravidian languages [ Tuttle ]. Prof. Lahoverty established conections between African and Dravidian languages [ Lah ]. Senegalese and Dravidian languages are closely related grammatically, structurally and lexically [ N'D ] [ Ups ]. The Upper Nile basin is considered by some scholars to be the original home of the Dravidians on linguistic grounds [ Win.gen 1118 ]

Clear relationships have been established between Dravidian and Australoid languages [ Holmer ] [ Bleek ] [ 3 Oc. 189 ].

Apendix V - Lemuria

Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire. Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]

The English zoologost Philip Sclater propsed the theory of the continent of Lemuria in the mid-1800s [ 3 Oc. 127 ]

Appendix V - Miscellaneous Notes

The Asurs of Lohardaga [ Ris p.399 ] Dravidian
`In fact the word `Kol' is a loose term used by the Hindus of the plains as a word of derision. De Meulder describes it as an Indian equivalent of the word `nigger' in the US ... [for scientific purposes Kol includes teh Larka Kols or Hos of Man and Dhalbhhum, the Munda Kols of Chotanagpur and the Bhumij ... The Hos are physically [supereior] to the other cognate branches of the Kolarian tribes... p.9 `The constatnt early use of teh bow expanded the chest and set the muscles and their innate passion for the chase over the steep and rugged hills brought their lower limbs nto a state of fitness, which the best phulwan (wrestler) of the plains of India might envy. Male height average 5'5" or 5'6" height women 5'2" .. copper tint complexion common women physically hetter ... developed Aryan influence ... more than 50 % of the population in Chota Nagpur division.'
-- [C.P.Singh p.8]

References

  1. [ Arav.ph ] = K.P.Aravanan, `Physical and cultural similarities between Dravidian and African' , J. of Tamil Studies 10 (1976) 23-27

  2. [ Arav.bk ] = K.P.Aravanan, `Dravidians and Africans', Madras 1979.

  3. [ Arav.neg ] = K.P. Aravanan, `Notable negroid elements in Dravidian India', Journal of Tamil Studies 17 (1980) pp.20-45.

  4. [ Ann. ] = `The Annals of Rural Bengal', W.W.Hunter, Broomhill House 1868, reprinted in `Landmarsk in Indian Anthropology', vol. 7, Cosmo Publishing, N.Delhi 1987

  5. [ Bam ] = M. Bamshad et al, "mtDNA Variation in Caste Populations" Human Biology v. 68 (1996) 1

  6. [ Bleek ] = `Handbook of African, Australian & Polynesian Languages', William H.J.Bleek, 3 vols. (1858-63)

  7. [ Bose ] = `The Gazetteer of India', vol.1, Govt. of India, 1973, N.K.Bose, A.Mitra & H.Mukherjee. opposes Risley's idea of nasal index variation by caste.

  8. [ Ghurye ] = `Caste, Class and Occupation in India', Bombay 1961 opposes the notion of caste variation of nasal index.

  9. [ Holmer ] = `On the History & Structure of the Australian Language', N.M.Holmer, Lund, Sweden 1963

  10. [ Lal ] = Lal, B , "The Only Asian expedition in threatened Nubia : Work by an Indian Mission at Afyeh and Tumas", The Illustrated London Times , 20 April 1963.

  11. [ N'D ] C.T. N'Diaye, `The relationship between Dravidian languages and Wolof', Annamalai University Ph.D. Thesis.1978.

  12. [ Muir ] = `Original Sanskrit Texts', Muir

  13. [ Obenga ] = `L'Afrique dans l'Antiquete', Th. Obenga, Paris

  14. [ 3 Oc. ] = `Riddles of 3 Oceans', Alexander Kondratov

  15. [ Ris ] = `The People of India' by Sir H.H.Risley 1915
    2nd ed., ed. by Sir W. Crooke 1969

  16. [ Singh ] = P. Singh, `Burial Practices in Ancient India', Varanasi 1984

  17. [ Seng.neg ] = `Negritude and Dravidian Culture' , L.S.Senghor, J. of Tamil Studies 10 (1974) p.4

  18. [ Seng.y ] = `Why create a Department of Indo-African Studies at Dahar', J. of Tamil Studies 5 (1974) 1-11

  19. [ Tuttle ] = `Dravidian and Nubian', E.H.Tuttle, J. of the Amer. Oreintal Society 52 (1932) 133-144

  20. [ Upa ] = `Dravidian and Negro-African', U.P.Upadhyaya, Intnl. J. of Dravidian Linguisitsics 5:1 (1976) 32-64

  21. [ U+U 76 ] = P.Upadhyaya & S.P.Upadhyaya, `Affinites ethno-linguistiques entre Dravidiens et les Negro-Africain' , Bull. IFAN , no.1 (1976) pp.127-157

  22. [ U+U 79 ] = P. Upadhyaya & S.P. Upadhyaya, `Les liens entre Kerala et l"Afrique tels qu'ils resosortent des survivances culturelles et linguistiques', Bulletin de L'IFAN , no.1 (1979) pp.100-132

  23. [ Win.gen ] = `The Genetic Unity of Dravidian and African Language and Culture', Clyde A. Winters, 1st Intnl Symosm. on Asian Studies 5, 1105-1120

  24. [ Win.agri ] = `African Influences on Indian Agriculture',
    J of African Civlization, 3:1 (April 1981) p.100-110

  25. [ Win.un ] = C.A. Winters, `The Unity of African and Indian Agriculture', Journal of African Civilization 3, no.1 (1981a) p.103

  26. [ Win.prot ] = C.A.Winters, `The Proto-Culture of the Dravidians, Manding and Sumerians', Tamil Civilization 3, no.1 (March 1985) p.1-9

  27. [ Win.pla ] = C.A.Winters, `Common African and Dravidian Place Name Elements', South Asian Anthropologist 9:1 (1988) 32-36

  28. [ Win.dal ] = `The African Origin of Glorious Dalits', Dalit Voice 4:2 (16-30 Sept. 1985 ) 1-8

  29. [ Win.lang ] = C.A.Winters, "The Dravidian and African Languages", International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 23 (2), (1994) pp.34-52.

  30. [ Win.com ] = C.A.Winters, `Linguistic continuity and African and Dravidian languages', 25 (2), (1996) pp.24-35.

  31. [ Win.elam ] = C.A.Winters, "The genetic Unity between the Dravidian ,Elamite, Manding and Sumerian Languages", Proc. Sixth ISAS ,1984, (Hong Kong:Asian Research Service,1985d) pages 1413-1425.

  32. [ EB ] = `Encyclopedia Britannica'

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