Sharq in general applied to the East of India, eg. the Delhi Sultan made the Sultan of Jaunpur `Nizam as Sharqi', king of the whole East. It is east both for North Indians as well as Hindu West Bengalis. Sharqi is the Islamic language in general use by half the population of Bangaldesh. It is not to be confused with Vangi or Bengali, the Sanskrit-based language of the Hindus.
Awadhi is not to be confused with Ayodhyi, which is a Sanskrit-derived Prakrit. In like manner Sindi is not to be confused with Saindhava, a Prakrit with its own script in use among non-Muslim Sindis.
` Tilak, the son of Jai Sen ... studied (p.253) in Kashmir, [then worked as an] interpreter first to Kadi Shirazi Bulhasan Ali, a high civil officer under Mahumd and masud (Elliott ii.117,123), then to Ahmad Ibn Hasan of Maimand, who was grand vizier, 1007 AD-25 ... and then 1030-1033 under Mahmud and Masud, and rose afterwards to be a commanding officer in the army (Elliott ii.125-127). This class of men spoke and wrote Hindi (of course with Arabic characters) and Persian (perhaps also Turkish, as this language prevailed in the army), and it is probably in these circles that we must look for the origin of Urdu or Hindustani. The first author who wrote in this language, the Dante of Muhammedan India, is one Masud, who died a little more than a century after the death of King Mahmud (525AH=1131 AD), cf A.Springer, `Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian and Hindustani manuscripts of the libraries of the King of Oudh' Calc.1854 pp.407,485. If we had any of the Hindi writings of those times, they would probably exhibit the same kind of Indian speech as found in Alberuni's book'Here once again we see that Hindi arose out of the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni and is hence not of 18th century origin as some scholars claim.
-- [ al-Bir ii p.258 ]
`The birth of Urdu language was the direct result of the synthesis between the invading armies of Mahmud of Ghazni with the civilian population of the indian cities. The word Urdu itself means Lashkar, derived from teh Turkish language meanign armies... In the south of India it flourished under the name of Dakhani and southwest as Gurjari while in Delhi its name changed from Hindi to hindavi and Hindustani. The people of Delhi have called it Delhvi or Zuban-e-Delhvi or Urdu-e-Mualla. There are various theories where exactly it was born, One theory is that it originated in basti Nizamuddin of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau. Another theory is that it was born in the seminary of Baba Shaikh Farid at Pak Patan in the 13th century and its old name is Multani or Old Lahori... When Babur came to India, he did not find anything exclusively Hindu or exclusivley muslim. He talked of the Hindustani way of life.'Incontestible evidence of a Hindustani author is Malik Muhammed Jaisi.
-- [Khullar]
` He [ Malik Muhammed Jainsi ] is the oldest verse poet of Hindi of whose works we have uncontested evidence.'Later, during the medieval period, Urdu-spaeking areas were denoted Hindustan.
[ Ashraf 118 ]
` I have polished the Urdu languagePunjabi is a dialect of Hindustani and thus Punjab is included within the real Hindustan (India north of the Narmada).
And made Bengal a Hindustan '
-- [ Amman Prologue xi ]
` If more than 60% of the words are common in Punjabi and Urdu (Shriram 1928:67) it is due to the influence of Persian'Hindustani is essentially a simplified form of Urdu, and has been generally considered as such. It was adopted by the non-Muslims (erroneously referred to as Hindus) also -
[ Zaidi 103,116 ]
` Mr. John Gilchrist ... , kindly urged me to render this tale into pure Hindustani which the Urdu people, the Hindus and the Muslims, men and women, young and old, and high and low use in common parlance. As desired by him, I have written it in the conversational style.'Even during the end of the colonial era the Muslims supported the Hindustani language. Only under pressure from Hindu fundamentalists, who wanted Khari Boli declared official language, did the Muslims then press for the purer (since containing less Sanskrit) Urdu.
-- [ Amman Prologue xiv ]
` But the Muslims objected to Hindi being the national language. Hindustani, they said, must be the national language...(p.72) but htis was not enough. Urdu, it was claimed, must be the national language.'Hindi and Urdu are one language, and not separate.
[Munshi 71]
Urdu was known in its initial stages as Hindi or the language of Hind or India, ie. North India, and also as Hindawi or Hindwi, the langugae of the Indians. It also acquired the name of Hindustani, first among the people of the Deccan, as a language diffferent from Dakhni or its sister dialect in the Deccan ... This language, as was current in and around Delhi, aminly adopted the grammar of the East Punjab and Delhi area. With the spread of the Sufis to ... Gujarat and the Deccan, this new Indian language also travelled to different corneres of the country and accepted freely various regional and local influences, so that the incipient Urdu language ... was called Gurjari, Dakhni or Dekhani according to the region concerned ... The literary speech that developed in the south came to be called Dakhni or Dakhni Urdu.'Many erroneously ascribe the origin of Hindi to either a later Islamic period or to a period proir to the Islamic. Both are equally erroneous.
- [ Hasan p.642-644]
`A few words about the Urdu language. I have it from my ancestros that Delhi, acording to the Hindus, has existed since the creation of the world. The rajas and their subjects lived there from teh earliest times and had their own bhaka (dialect). A thousand years ago, the muslims became the masters there. Mahmud of Ghazni was the first, and after him the Ghurs and Lodis became the rulers. This led to an intermingling of the languages of the Hindus and Muslims. Finally, Amir Timur (in whose family the empire remains to this day) conquered India. As he camped with his troops in the city, its harbor or marketplace came to be known as Urdu. Then after the establishment of Mughal rule Humayun, distressed at the hands of the Pathans, went to Persia. When he returned and punished the troublemakers ... Mr John Gilchrist, with his profound knowledge and insight ... compiled books of grammar. The language of Hindustan became common throughout the country and got a new elegance and polish.'Deccani Hindustani also developed quite early on.
[ Amman Prologue xv-xvi ]
The earliest known writer in Deccani Urdu is Shaikh Ganjulilm (b.1393) Next came Khwaja Banda Nawaz (1320-1422); his `Mirajul Ashiqeen' is a Sufistic treatise in prose. Mulla Wajhi's `Qutb Mustari' (1609) masnavi and his `Subras' (1634), a rhyming prose allegory, are gems of Urdu literature in the South.'
--[ Manorama 482 ]