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If you were to ask me: what is the Jewish experience of suffering, I would first have to respond this way: the Jewish experience of suffering is ever present, a kind of mathematical constant embedded in the entire history of the Jewish people. Of course, there is the ordinary experience of suffering common to the human condition: loss of a loved one, setbacks in making a better life for family and friends, personal tragedies and ironic dénouements. But added to this list of personal tragedies is a Jewish multiplication factor which makes the suffering all the more painful ... there is the undeniable fact that wherever Jews have lived throughout their long history, they have been on the receiving end of what some have called "the longest hatred" and what today is called anti-Semitism. It is not that Jews want to suffer; it is rather that Jews have constantly been made to suffer.

An example, the chief rabbi of Ukraine, Ya'akov Bleich, accompanied Pope John Paul to Babi Yar during one of the pope's visits to the Ukraine. The rabbi said, "Babi Yar is a name that still inspires awe and disgust as one of the prime symbols of evil and cruelty. It is here that Hitler and his henchmen successfully created a Kiev that was 'Judenrein,' the German term for "cleansed of Jews." The 81-year-old pope bowed his head and prayed in silence for five minutes beside the ravine at Babi Yar, where the Nazis gunned down nearly 34,000 Jews during three days in September 1941. As many as 150,000 Jews and 50,000 others were killed there over the course of two years.

During this time, two-thirds of European Jewry was exterminated in the name of ethnic "purification." While most people are well aware of the evils of the Holocaust, many do not realize that modern anti-Semitism was actually the culmination of anti-Jewish sentiment that had been prevalent for centuries. As early as 1391, there were riots against Jews in Spain, and Jews were forcibly "converted" to Christianity. By 1492, most European states had already expelled Jews from their borders. In the Franco-German (Ashkenaz) region of Europe, Jews had to wear "badges" in order to identify themselves (pursuant to Papal legislation), and Jews were regularly demonized socially.

This rampant discrimination and religious intolerance resulted in multiple Jewish populations without a place to settle. History further shows that certain regimes would welcome the Jews in order to take advantage of their economic skills, and then expel them only years later in the name of religious intolerance. I researched the archives on Jewish suffering resulting in this chronology of anti-Semitism, one of the oldest historical examples of intolerance and discrimination.

0065-06-08 - Jews revolt against Rome, capturing fortress of Antonia in Jerusalem. This battle marked the outbreak of the Jewish revolt against Rome
0069-09-01 - Traditional date of destruction of Jerusalem
0070-07-01 - Roman Emperor Titus assaults the walls of Jerusalem with battering rams
0070-07-01 - Titus set up battering rams to assault the walls of Jerusalem
0070-08-10 - the Second Temple is set aflame in Israel
0070-09-27 - Walls of upper city of Jerusalem battered down by Romans
0335-10-21 - Constantinople emperor (Constantine the Great) Rules -- laws against Jews
0418-03-10 - Jews are excluded from public office in the Roman Empire
0576-05-18 - Over 500 Jews were forcibly baptized in Clermont-Ferrand, France
1095-11-26 - First Crusade proclaimed by the Council of Clermont
1096-05-03 - Jews of Speyer were massacred in the first Crusade
1096-05-18 - Crusaders massacre Jews of Worm
1096-05-18 - Jew of Worms were massacred by Crusaders
1096-05-25 - Massacre of the Jews of Worms who took refuge in the castle during the First Crusade
1096-05-27 - Crusaders massacred the Jews of Mayence
1096-05-29 - Jews of Bacharach, Germany, were massacred by the Crusaders
1096-06-25 - First Crusaders warm up for their Holy Land stint by slaughtering Jews of Werelinghofen, Germany
1096-06-29 - Crusaders massacred the Jews of Mehr
1099-07-14 - Jerusalem captured in First Crusade and after seven weeks of siege the crusaders began massacring the city's Muslim and Jewish population
1099-07-15 - Crusaders captured Jerusalem
1099-07-16 - Crusaders herded the Jews of Jerusalem into a synagogue and set it on aflame; all the Jews perished in the fire. For the 88 years of crusader control of Jerusalem, Jews were barred from the city
1147-02-26 - Crusader massacre of the Jews of Wurtzburg
1147-03-26 - Jewish community in Cologne fasts to commemorate anti-Jewish violence
1148-07-11 - Anti-Jewish riots in Cordova, Spain
1171-05-25 - Thirty four Jewish men and seventeen Jewish women were burned at the stake in Blois, France in the first ritual-murder charge on the European Continent
1181-03-14 - King of France ordered the seizure of all Jews of Paris attending synagogue and have them detained for ransom
1189-09-03 - Many Jews of London were killed in riots during the coronation of Richard I
1190-03-16 - Jews of York England commit mass suicide rather than submit to baptism as Crusaders warm-up for their invasion of the Holy Land by massacring Jews in and around York
1190-03-17 - Crusaders complete massacre of Jews of York England
1190-03-18 - Crusaders kill 57 Jews in Bury St Edmonds England
1197-12-04 - Crusaders wound Rabbi Elezar ben Judah
1205-07-15 - Pope Innocent III decrees Jews are doomed to perpetual servitude and subjugation due to crucifixion of Jesus
1205-07-15 - The pope promulgated a Church doctrine, which held Jews doomed to perpetual servitude and subjugation … because they killed you know whom. This classic charge of deicide was officially removed in 1963
1210-11-01 - Jews of England imprisoned by orders of King John
1221-06-16 - Massacre of the Jews of Erfurt, Germany
1242-06-06 - Twenty-four wagonloads of Talmudic volumes and 200 other rabbinic manuscripts were burned at Paris
1244-03-09 - The Pope orders the burning of the Talmud
1247-07-05 - The Pope decreed against blood-ritual charges; the decree was ignored. Another pope banned forced baptism of Jews in 1345; this decree was overturned by subsequent pope's in 1597 and 1747, and probably by others at other times as well
1250-04-15 - Pope Innocent III refuses Jews of Cordova Spain permission to build a synagogue
1253-07-23 - Jews are expelled from Vienne France by order of Pope Innocent III
1255 -08-29 - The discovery of the body of a Christian child led to the ritual accusations and hanging of many prominent Jews of England
1263-08-19 - One of the earliest recorded instances of Christian censorship of Jewish writings ordered by King James I of Aragon
1264-08-05 - Anti-Jewish riots break out in Arnstadt, Germany
1266-06-15 - Twelve Jews of Cologne martyred
1267-05-10 - A Church synod, meeting in Vienna, ordered distinctive garb for Jews
1267-07-26 - Inquisition forms in Rome under pope Clement IV
1267-07-26 - Pope Clement IV established The Inquisition. Last victim of the Inquisition was executed in Valencia, Spain, 1826 - 559 years later, to the day
1269-06-19 - King Louis IX of France decreed that all Jews must wear the distinctive yellow badge
1270-10-18 - Last Crusade ends
1275-05-23 - King Edward I of England orders cessation of persecution of French Jews. That was good
1278-01-04 - Rabbi Isaac Males was burned at the stake by the Inquisition for allowing the burial of a Jew (who had converted to Christianity and then converted back to Judaism) in a Jewish cemetery. The severity of his punishment was based on the Church's need to deter those who might feel drawn to Judaism.
1278-05-10 - Jews of England imprisoned on charges of coining
1278-08-04 - Pope Nicholas III ordered required attendance of Jews to hear sermons on conversion
1278-11-17 - Six hundred eighty Jews arrested (293 hanged) in England for counterfeiting coins. (If they were doing that, it was definitely wrong, though I think the punishment was rather severe)
1279-04-02 - A number of London Jews were martyred following ritual charges
1283-03-31 - Jews of Mayence, Germany, were massacred
1285-10-11 - One hundred eighty Jews refuse baptism and are set on fire in Munich, Germany
1286-06-19 - Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg was imprisoned
1287-11-17 - Six hundred eighty Jews arrested (293 hanged) in England for counterfeiting coins
1288-04-24 - Jews of Yroyes France are accused of ritual murder
1290-07-12 - Jews are expelled from England by order of King Edward I
1290-07-18 - King Edward I, on the Jewish holiday of Tish'a b'Av, ordered the expulsion of all Jews from England
1290-09-18 - King Edward I of England orders expulsion of Jews
1290-10-09 - Last of 16,000 English Jews expelled by King Edward I, leaves
1294-06-30 - The Jewish community of Berne, Switzerland, were forced to forfeit all financial claims against non-Jews, and then were expelled from the country
1295-06-23 - The pope entered Rome and spurned the Torah scrolls offered to him by the Jewish community
1298-06-23 - Massacre of the Jews of Wiener-Neustadt, Austria
1298-06-25 - Massacre of the Jews of Ifhauben, Austria
1298-06-30 - The Jewish community of Morgentheim, Austria was massacred
1298-07-23 - The Jews of Wurzburg massacred
1298-10-19 - Two hundred Jews massacred in Germany
1299-06-13 - Pope allows Jews accused by the Inquisition the right to know who their accusers were
1302-04-11 - Decree ordering the Jews of Barcelona to kneel when meeting a priest with the sacraments
1303-03-25 - Jews of Weissensee, Germany, were massacred
1312-12-25 - Anti-Jewish riots in different parts of Austria
1321-08-21 - One hundred sixty Jews of Chinon, France were burned to death on charges of well-poisoning
1322-06-25 - Third expulsion of the Jews from France
1334-10-09 - Casimir III of Poland renews Jewish privileges
1348-09-21 - Jews of Zurich, Switzerland were charged with perpetuation of the Black Death epidemic (poisoning wells). Some were burned to death; the rest were expelled
1348-11-15 - Rudolph of Oron claims Jews have confessed to poisoning wells; he was then proven to have lied
1349-01-09 - Seven hundred Jews of Basle, Switzerland, burned alive in wooded houses specially constructed for that purpose
1349-01-30 - Massacre of the Jews of Freiberg, Germany, in the Black Death riots
1349-02-11 - Jews of Uberlingen, Switzerland were massacred
1349-02-13 - Jews are expelled from Burgsdorf, Switzerland
1349-02-14 - Two thousand Jews were burned in Strasbourg
1349-02-22 - Jews are expelled from Zurich, Switzerland
1349-03-21 - Three thousand Jews killed in Black Death riots in Efurt Germany
1349-04-30 - Jewish community at Radolszell Germany, exterminated
1349-05-28 - Sixty Jews murdered in Breslau Silesia
1349-07-24 - Jews of Frankfort killed in the Black Death massacres
1349-08-24 - Six thousand Jews, blamed for the Bubonic Plague, are killed in Mainz
1349-08-24 - Jews of Cologne, Germany, set fire to their homes and perished in the flames to escape forced baptism
1349-09-09 - Jews who survived a massacre in Constance Germany are burned to death
1349-11-01 - Duke of Brabant orders execution of all Jews in Brussels, accusing them of poisoning the wells
1349-11-29 - Jews of Augsburg Germany massacred
1349-12-05 - Five hundred Jews of Nuremberg massacred during Black Death riots
1355-05-07 - Twelve hundred Jews of Toledo Spain killed by Count Henry of Trastamara
1357-11-25 - Charles IV issued protection for the Jews of Strasbourg,. Two years later 1,000 Jews were burned and the remainder forcibly baptized - well-poisoning rumors proved greater than royal protection
1357-11-25 - Charles IV issued protection for the Jews of Strasbourg Alsace. Two years later 1,000 Jews were burned and the remainder forcibly baptized
1358-07-07 - Hundreds of Jews of Catalonia murdered
1360-07-25 - Anti-Jewish riots in Breslau resulted in many deaths and the expulsion of those that remained alive
1366-10-12 - Decorating the outside of a synagogue was forbidden in Sicily
1369-12-25 - King of Sicily requires Jews to wear a special badge
1370-05-22 - Hundreds of Jew were burned alive in Brussels, the remainder were banished from the country
1370-05-22 - Jews are expelled/massacred from Brussels Belgium
1379-08-21 - The execution by the Jewish authorities of an informer led to the repeal of Jewish jurisdiction in criminal cases in Castile
1380-11-16 - Many Jews were killed in riots in Paris
1389-04-18 - Three thousand Jews of Prague were massacred
1391-03-15 - Jew-hating monk in Seville Spain stirs up mob to attack Jews. These riots initiated a wave of violence throughout Spain and Portugal, which claimed 50,000 lives within less than a year
1391-06-04 - A riotous mob led by the Queen Mother's confessor, killed many Jews in Seville, Spain. The riots spread throughout the country
1391-06-04 - Mob led by Ferrand Martinez surrounds and sets fire to Jewish quarter of Seville Spain, surviving Jews sold into slavery
1391-06-20 - Four thousand Jews were killed in Toledo, Spain
1391-08-05 - Castilian sailors attack Jewish ghetto of Barcelona, 100's killed
1391-08-05 - Jews are massacred in Toledo and Barcelona Spain
1391-08-10 - Massacre of the Jews Gerona, Spain
1391-08-24 - Jews of Palma Majorca massacred
1393-01-21 - Jews of Majorca were guaranteed protection. (The edict was "forgotten" several years later. This was not an uncommon experience in Jewish History)
1394-09-17 - The Jewish Quarter of Paris was plundered, (it was on the Jewish Holiday of Yom Kippur)
1394-11-03 - Charles VI expels Jews from France
1407-10-26 - Mobs attack Jewish community of Krakow
1415-05-11 - The Pope condemned the Talmud
1418-03-10 - Jews were excluded from public office and dignities in the Roman Empire
1419-05-10 - All Jews were ordered expelled from Berne, Switzerland. Expulsions of Jewish communities continued unabated throughout the 15th century: (Treves, duchy of Austria, 1421; Cologne, 1424; Zurich, 1436; archbishopric of Hildesheim, 1457; Schaffhausen, 1472; Mayence, 1473; Warsaw, 1483; Geneva, 1490; Thurgau, 1491; Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, Lithuania, 1492; Mecklenburg and Arles, 1493; Portugal, 1497; Nuremberg 1499; and Provence, 1500)
1420-05-23 - Jews of Austria were imprisoned and expelled from the country
1421-03-12 - Jews of Vienna were forced to embrace Christianity or were burned at the stake
1421-05-11 - A great number of Jews of Styria, Austria, were burned
1421-05-23 - Jews of Austria imprisoned and expelled
1424-12-06 - Don Alfonso V of Aragon grants Barcelona the right to exclude Jews for all time
1427-05-10 - Jews are expelled from Berne Switzerland
1428-02-05 - King Alfonso V orders Jews of Sicily to attend conversion sermons
1430-10-03 - Jews are expelled from Eger, Bohemia
1435-05-05 - Jewish residents of Speyer, Germany, were expelled
1450-10-05 - Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria by order of Ludwig IX
1451-02-25 - Pope banned all social contact between Jews and Christians. This was because of the fear of Christians being attracted to Judaism. A Christian who converted to Judaism and the Jews who helped him were usually subject to the death penalty in most Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries. Amazing that with the Church's attitude towards Judaism, and with the contempt that Jews were held in, that there should be such a fear of "Jewish missionizing" especially with “looking for converts” was so antithetical to Jewish tradition
1451-09-21 - Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa orders Jews of Holland to wear a badge
1451-09-21 - Jews of Arnhem (Holland) were ordered to wear the Jew-badge by the city's cardinal
1453-07-04 - Forty-one Jews were burned at the stake in Brelau. The remainder of the Jewish population was expelled
1453-08-13 - Seventeen Jews were burned at the stake in Silesia (now Poland and/or Czech Republic)
1454-08-02 - King Ladislaus expelled the Jews of Brno (now a city in the Czech Republic; then a free imperial city of Moravia)
1454-08-22 - Jews are expelled from Brunn Moravia by order of King Ladislaus
1455-05-03 - Jews flee Spain; the reason for that at this time I don't know, but there certainly must have been a reason
1464-04-12 - Thirty Jews killed in riots in Cracow
1473-03-14 - The Marranos of Cordova, Spain, were massacred
1474-05-16 - Marranos of Segovia, Spain were massacred
1477-08-29 - T'hilim with Kimchi's commentary was published for the first time in Bologna, Italy
1481-02-06 - The first auto-da-fe by the Spanish Inquisition held in Seville, Spain
1481-05-02 - Pope calls upon all Christian princes to send back to Spain the Jews who had fled from the Inquisition
1483-10-17 - The Reverend Dr. Tomas de Torquemada, appointed inquisitor-general of Spain
1488-07-30 - Sixteen Jews were burned at the stake in Barcelona
1491-11-15 - Six Jews and five Conversos (Jews who pretend to be Catholic converts) accused of killing Christians in La Guardia, Spain
1492-03-30 - King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella signed a decree expelling the Jews of Spain
1492-08-02 - Jews are expelled from Spain by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (it was the Jewish holiday of Tish'a b'Av, and on the same day that Columbus sets sail from Palos, Spain for "Indies" to discover a land that was to become a home for the Jews second only to the land of Israel, itself. Coincidence? The finger of G-d writes His history in the strangest ways).
1492-10-12 - Columbus discovered America (as though there were no humans living here at the time)
1492-12-31 - Hundred thousand Jews of Sicily were expelled
1493-01-12 - Last day for all Jews to leave Sicily
1496-03-09 - Jews of Carinthia, Austria, were expelled, (and not readmitted until 1848)
1496-03-12 - Jews are expelled from Syria
1496-12-05 - Jews are expelled from Portugal by order of King Manuel I
1497-01-06 - Jews are expelled from Graz (Syria)
1498-06-21 - Emperor Maximillian expels Jews from Nuremberg Bavaria
1498-09-08 - Torquemada died
1503-12-27 - Followers of Zecharia of Kiev were burned in Moscow on charges of Judaizing
1505-04-21 - Philibert of Luxembourg expels Jews from Orange Burgandy
1506-04-19 - Massacre of Marranos of Lisbon
1510-01-22 - Jews are expelled from Colmar Germany
1510-07-19 - Thirty-eight Jews were burned at the stake in Berlin, (Prussia)
1516-04-10 - First Jewish ghetto, Jews are compelled to live in specific area of Venice
1521-11-20 - All Jewish wine was dumped by Arabs and heavy fines imposed on the Jewish community of Jerusalem. The Arabs blamed the Jewish use of wine for a severe water shortage. Iinteresting that centuries later, Arabs were still blaming the Jews for water problems
1521-11-20 - All Jewish wine was dumped by Arabs and heavy fines imposed on the Jewish community of Jerusalem
1521-11-20 - Arabs attribute shortage of water in Jerusalem to Jews making wine
1526-11-09 - Jews of Pressburg (now Bratislava) were expelled by order of Queen Maria
1529-05-27 - Thirty Jews of Posing Hungary, charged with blood ritual, burned at stake
1532-11-07 - Solomon Molcho, Marrano kabbalist and mystic, was burned at the stake
1533-08-18 - Queen of Poland granted the Jews of Pinsk all the rights already granted to the Jews of Lithuania
1536-05-23 - Pope Paul III installs Portugese Inquisition
1536-06-06 - The Inquisition was introduced into Mexico
1539-02-19 - Jews of Tyrnau, Hungary (then Trnava, Czech), expelled
1549-07-17 - The expulsion of all Marranos in Ghent, Belgium
1550-04-02 - Jews of Genoa, Italy, were expelled
1550-04-28 - Powers of Dutch inquisition are extended
1553-10-21 - Volumes of the Talmud were burned in Venice
1555-07-26 - Jews of Rome were forced into a ghetto by order of Pope Paul IV
1555-08-19 - First printing of Shulchan Aruch, Orech Chaim (in Israel). Imagine how inaccessible texts for Jewish life and learning were before the advent of printing. So was Guttenberg the “man of the milleneum”?
1555-10-07 - Hundreds of Jews in Cracow were killed during Hakafot
1556-04-13 - Portuguese Marranos who revert back to Judaism burned alive by order of the Pope
1558-08-04 - First printing of Zohar (Jewish Kabbalah)
1559-06-22 - Jewish quarter of Prague was burned and looted
1563-04-30 - Jews are expelled from France by order of Charles VI
1563-08-30 - The Jewish community of Neutitschlin, Moravia was expelled
1567-06-15 - Jews of Genoa were expelled
1567-06-20 - Jews are expelled from Brazil by order of regent Don Henrique
1569-02-07 - Inquisition established in South America
1569-02-26 – Pope expelled the Jews of the Papal States (except for Rome and Ancona)
1570-01-09 - Inquisition established in Peru
1570-01-09 - Tsar Ivan the Terrible kills 1000-2000 residents of Novgorod. Here I don't claim they were all Jews but you can see how he got his name.
1571-07-31 - The ghetto in Florence, Italy was established
1588-05-05 - The Council of Hanover ordered the severance of all business connections between Jews and Christians
1592-08-17 - The pope prohibited Jews from admitting Christians into synagogues
1593-05-31 - Jews barred from living in Riga and Livonia
1593-11-23 - Anti-Jewish riots in Bucharest claimed many Jewish lives
1598-01-08 - Jews of Genoa, Italy, were expelled
1600-09-13 - Jews of Klausenburg, Hungary, were massacred
1601-01-14 - The Church burned Hebrew books and manuscripts in Rome. (It boggles the mind to try to imagine what writings were completely lost to the world throughout history)
1605-05-02 - Massacre of the Jewish community of Bisenz, Austria
1614-08-22 - Trades people under Vincent Fettmilch chase and plunder Jews out of ghetto in Frankfurt
1614-09-01 - Jews of Frankfort on the Main were expelled
1615-04-23 - Christians in France were forbidden, under pain of death, to shelter or converse with Jews, by order of Louis XIII
1625-10-23 - Jews of Rome prohibited from erecting tombstones
1632-07-04 - The non-Jewish owner of a building used as a shul was burned at the stake
1637-05-14 - Jews of Venice were denied the right to practice law
1638-01-05 - Petition in Recife, Brazil leads to closing of their two synagogues
1645-09-21 - Jews of Mogilev, Russia were atacked during Tashlich
1648-05-25 - Chmielnicki's pogroms, which resulted in the massacre of more than 300,000 Jews, broke out
1648-06-25 - One thousand Jews of Tulchin, Poland, were tortured and massacred by Cossacks
1648-07-22 - Ten thousand Jews of Polannoe were killed in the Chmielnicki massacres
1648-07-28 - Three thousand children were killed by Chmeilnicki's hordes in Konstantnow
1648-11-02 - Twelve-thousand Jews massacred by Chmielnicki hordes in Narol Podlia
1652-12-01 - Portuguese Jewish statesman Manuel Fernando de Villareal executed by the Inquisition
1654-04-26 - Jews are expelled from Brazil
1654-08-02 - Jacob Barsimson, the first known Jew to settle in North America, arrived in New Amsterdam
1654-09-07 - Twenty three Jews from Brazil arrived in New Amsterdam and became the pioneers of the New York Jewish community
1655 -08-28 - Peter Stuyvesant barred Jews from military service
1655-04-26 - The directors of the Dutch West India Co. refused to grant permission to Governor Peter Stuyvesant to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam. This put an end to official efforts to bar Jews from North America. The Dutch West India Co. also specified that no restriction of trade be imposed upon the Jewish settlers. Thus it guaranteed not only the physical inviolability of the Jews but also their orderly economic development and progress. The only condition contained in the directive provided that "the poor among them shall be supported by their own nation." This gave further impetus to the growth of Jewish philanthropy in the New World
1655-08-28 - New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant bar Jews from military service
1655-10-16 - Jews of Lublin are massacred
1656-01-24 - A happy event: 1st Jewish doctor in US, Jacob Lumbrozo, arrives in Maryland
1656-03-13 - Jews of New Amsterdam were denied permission to build a synagogue (seems Peter Stuyvesant's idea of religious freedom did not extend to non-Christians)
1657-02-04 - Oliver Cromwell granted the right of residence in England to a Jew (one Luis Carvajal). Some historians say that this is the earliest official British act of tolerance in favor of the Jews
1667-02-14 - The practice of "Black Monday" (the day of the weekly carnival) ended. Jews of Rome had been subjected to a humiliating medieval practice of running a race in the Roman carnivals, scantily clad, amid insults and blows during that carnival
1667-05-03 - Many Jews killed in anti-Jewish riots in Lemberg
1668-10-23 - Jews of Barbados forbidden to engage in retail trade
1670-02-27 - Jews expelled from Austria by order of Leopold I
1670-07-25 - Austrian Emperor Leopold I expels 4,000 Jews from Vienna
1670-07-26 - Last Jews left Vienna, following expulsion orders; it was a Tish'a b'Av holiday
1675-08-16 - Bogdan Chemlnicki died (with the blood of over 300,000 Jews on his hands)
1682-03-12 - Anti-Jewish riots in Krakow
1684-08-20 - A riotous mob attacked the ghetto of Buda (that's the half of Budapest that is on the right bank of the Danube, which was joined with Pest on the left bank in 1873). In gratitude to G-d for being spared serious injury, the Jews celebrated Buda Purim on the 10th of Elul
1685 -12-03 - Charles II bars Jews from settling in Stockholm Sweden
1695-09-12 - New York Jews petition Governor Dongan for religious liberties. The Charter of Liberties granted by James I of England in 1683, applied only to Christians. Therefore, the governor declined the petition
1696-06-23 - Jews of Posen, Poland were saved from a mob set to avenge the murder of a soldier. A peasant woman carrying the victim's clothing, then confessed to the murder
1699-03-04 - Jews are expelled from Lubeck, Germany
1710-09-21 - Hodel, daughter of Moshe Kikinish of Lemberg, was martyred after falsely confessing to blood-ritual charges in order to save the lives of other Jews
1712-10-04 - Utrecht banishes poor Jews
1716-07-18 - Jews of Brussels were ordered expelled
1716-07-24 - Anti-Jewish riots in Posin
1716-09-18 - Decree orders all Jews expelled from Brussels
1722-04-06 - Peter the Great ends tax on men with beards; and guess who the people with the beards were paying this additional tax.
1727-05-07 - Empress Catherine I of Russia expelled all Jews from the Ukraine
1727-05-07 - Empress Catherine I of Russia expels Jews from Ukraine
1728-05-12 - The brothers Hayyim and Joshua Reizes of Lemberg, famous for their piety and scholarship, were tortured and executed on charges of influencing the apostate Jan Filipowicz to return to Judaism
1731-05-28 - All Hebrew books in Papal State are confiscated
1732-09-02 - Pope Clement XII renews anti-Jewish laws of Rome
1736-09-05 - Many leading Jews of Posen, Poland, were imprisoned and tortured following blood libel
1738-07-15 - A Russian Jew and the ger he had converted to Judaism were burned at the stake in St. Petersburg
1738-12-08 - Jews are expelled from Breslau, Silesia
1739-09-01 - Thirty-five Jews sentenced to life in prison in Lisbon Portugal
1740-02-03 - Charles de Bourbon, King of Naples, invites Jews to return to Sicily
1740-02-03 - King of Sicily invited the Jews to return from their exile
1740-07-11 - Jews expelled from Little Russia
1742-12-01 - Empress Elisabeth orders expulsion of all Jews from Russia
1742-12-01 - Jews of Great Russia expelled by order of Empress Elizabeth
1744-11-25 - Austrian forces pillage and kill many Jews of Prague
1745-03-31 - Jews are expelled from Prague
1747-09-16 - Pope Benedict XIV prohibited Jewish converts to Christianity from giving their wives religious divorce
1750-04-17 - Prussian Frederick the Great imposed oppressive restrictions upon Jews. His anti-Jewish policies foreshadowed the survival of anti-Semitism in the age of "Enlightenment"
1750-09-05 - Decree issued in Paderborn, Prussia, allows for annual search of all Jewish homes for stolen or "doubtful" goods
1751-09-12 - Amsterdam refuses establishment of Jewish ghetto
1757-11-13 - Talmudic volumes were burned in Russia
1760-10-23 - First Jewish prayer books printed in US
1762-05-30 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Emden, Prussia
1762-08-17 - The Council of 4 Countries (semi-autonomous congress of Polish Jewry) met for the last time,. It functioned for almost 200 years before the Polish government ordered its dissolution
1768-06-20 - Haidamack uprising cost 50,000 Ukranian Jews their lives
1774-06-11 - Jews of Algiers escape attack of Spanish Army
1774-12-18 - Empress Maria Theresa decreed the expulsion of all Jews from Prague, Bohemia and Moravia
1774-12-18 - Empress Maria Theresa expels Jews from Prague, Bohemia, and Moravia
1775-02-22 - Jews expelled from outskirts of Warsaw, Poland
1776-09-15 - British troops occupied New York City, , disrupting Jewish life
1779-02-10 - Jews were granted right of residence in Stuttgart, Germany.. (In retrospect, was it such a good thing?)
1782-01-02 - Emperor Joseph II of Austria issued an Edict of Toleration, which repealed most restrictions on Jews that had been imposed by the Church. [Nice? No! The intention of the edict was not the emancipation of the Jews but their assimilation. Similarly, Napoleon's efforts had similar motives. On the other hand, the emancipation of the Jews in England and Holland beginning in the 17th century, stemmed from liberal policies rather than anti-Jewish prejudices and hopes of assimilating and converting Jews. Ironically, the former type of motivation was often successfully fought by Jews who saw what was behind the easing of restrictions against Jews. The latter type of removal of restrictions often led to an increase of assimilation.]
1782-02-04 - Jewish physicians of Galicia granted permission to treat Christian patients
1783-03-05 - King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski grants rights to Jews of Kovno
1784-05-25 - Jews of Warsaw and environs, expelled
1787-07-23 - Jews of Austria were required to take family names
1787-08-17 - Jews of Budapest, Hungary, received permission from the government to conduct religious services in private homes provided no rabbi officiated
1790-05-16 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Warsaw
1791-03-04 - A Christian in Alsace was punished by the Church for lighting a fire for a Jew on the Sabbath
1791-12-31 - Decree of Empress Catherine restricted the right of residence of Russian Jews
1793-11-22 - Strasbourg prohibits circumcision and the wearing of beards. It ordered the burning of all books in Hebrew
1794-06-23 - Empress Catherine II grants Jews permission to settle in Kiev
1794-07-04 - Catherine II of Russia restricted the area where Jews were permitted to trade
1794-11-22 - Strasbourg Alsace-Lorraine, prohibits circumcision and wearing of beards
1796 -10-13 - Censorship of Jewish books in Russia
1796-09-02 - Jews of Holland were emancipated
1796-10-13 - Censorship of Jewish books in Russia
1798-01-01 - First Jewish censor was appointed by the Russian government to censor all Hebrew books printed in Russia or imported from other countries
1798-01-10 - Anti-Jewish riots in Ancona, Italy
1798-03-04 - Catholic women forced to do penance for kindling Sabbath fire for Jews
1799-03-31 - Lorenzo Bertran subjected to an auto-da-fe in Seville. (last person to be punished for Judaizing in Spain)
1799-04-20 - Napoleon "promised" the Jews of Eretz Yisrael the "reestablishment of ancient Jerusalem", coupled with a plea for their support. This was the first promise by a modern government to establish a Jewish state
1800-04-30 - Decree by Russia forbidding Jews from importing books in any language
1800-05-15 - A community of Jewish slaves, captured over a period of two centuries and held for ransom by the Knights of St. John on the island of Malta, was officially dissolved
1801-04-08 - Soldiers riot in Bucharest, kill 128 Jews
1801-04-08 - Soldiers, incited by ritual charges, riot and kill 128 Jews in Bucharest
1802-09-21 - Anti-Jewish riots in two Swiss cities
1802-10-09 - Alexander I appointed a commission to help improve Jewish life in Russia
1808-01-01 - Several restrictions on Jewish ownership of land went into effect in Russia
1808-01-29 - Ezekiel Hart, first Jew to be elected to the Canadian Parliament, was denied his seat because he refused to take Christian oath of office. (This is one of many examples showing that the "religious freedom" of the New World was not meant to include Jews)
1808-03-31 - The French created Kingdom of Westphalia orders all Jews to adopt family names
1808-07-20 - Napoleon decreed that all Jews of the French Empire must adopt family names
1808-10-17 - Political rights of Jews suspended in Duchy of Warsaw
1809-05-05 - Right of citizenship was denied to Jews of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. Emancipation was delayed until 1879
1816-03-06 - Jews are expelled from Free city of Lubeck, Germany
1818-11-21 - Russia's Czar Alexander I petitions for a Jewish state in Palestine
1820-03-05 - Dutch city of Leeuwarden forbids Jews to go to synagogues on Sundays
1821-03-31 - The Portuguese Inquisition was abolished,. (Having been established in 1531, it was in existence 290 years.)
1822-03-07 - Turkish soldiers killed 60 Jews in Bucharest
1826-01-05 - Maryland put into effect the "Jew Bill", which allowed Jews to hold public office if they believed in Reward and Punishment in the Hereafter. (a) It took 50 years from the founding of the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave to allow Jews this measure of equality (of course, this shouldn't surprise us when we realize how long Blacks were kept as slaves); (b) Since 1634, until Nationhood, the practice of Judaism (specifically, the denial of the validity of Christianity) was punishable by death.
1826-07-26 - Vilnius Lithuanian riots cause death of many Jews
1827-09-07 - Russian government decreed the draft of Jewish boys at 12 years old
1829-11-20 - Jews expelled from Nikolayev and Sevastopol, Russia
1834-06-15 - Riots in Tzfat cost many lives
1834-11-06 - Jews of Austria forbidden to have first names of Christian saints
1835-07-25 - Jews of Hebron were attacked
1835-08-21 - England allowed Jews to hold the ancient and important office of Sheriff
1838-07-08 - A band of Druze attacked the Jewish community of Tzfat
1838-09-21 - Privileges granted the Jews of Sweden were revoked by the Swedish government
1839-03-27 - Thirty two Jews of Meshed, Persia were killed and the remaining 100 families were forced to convert to Islam (nowhere nearly as common as forced conversions to Christianity, but it did exist) Most of the Jews in this case continued practicing their Judaism in secret
1843-06-25 - The Inquisitor of Ancona, Italy, decreed that Jews may not live in any municipality where there was no ghetto
1844-11-13 - Czar Nicholas I of Russia issued a decree calling for the establishment of a school for Jewish students and a seminary to train rabbis and teachers
1848-04-06 - Jews of Prussia granted equality. Thank G-d for that but until then…?
1848-04-19 - Anti-Jewish violence broke out in Budapest, Hungary
1848-09-05 - Jews of Hanover granted equality
1852-09-03 - Anti-Jewish riots in Stockholm, Sweden
1853-10-02 - Austrian law forbids Jews from owning land
1855-11-08 - The U.S. agrees not to protest against Swiss discrimination against American Jews (a commercial treaty was at stake)
1856-03-31 - Jews of White Russia were forbidden to wear distinctive clothes which would set them apart from the rest of the population
1857-03-06 - Dred Scott Decision: Supreme Court rules slaves cannot be citizens. I add this only to show that even our sacred Supreme Court can be dreadfully wrong
1857-04-27 - Establishment of Jewish congregations in Lower Austria prohibited
1858-07-23 - Jewish Disabilities Removal Act passed by British Parliament
1860-02-01 - First time a rabbi gave the invocation at a session of the U.S. Congress
1862-07-01 - Emperor Alexander II grants Jews right to publish books
1862-11-09 - General US Grant issues orders to bar Jews from serving under him (quickly rescinded)
1862-11-09 - Ulysses S. Grant (future president of the USA) orders Jews barred from service under his command (it was quickly rescinded)
1862-12-17 - General U. S. Grant ordered the expulsion of Jews from the Department of Tennessee
1862-12-17 - General U. S. Grant ordered the expulsion of Jews from the Department of Tennessee
1863-07-07 - Orders barring Jews from serving under US Grant are revoked
1864-10-10 - Jews of Tunis and Tripoli massacred
1864-12-04 - Romanian Jews are forbidden to practice law
1866-01-15 - As a result of pressure from the United States, Jews of Switzerland were granted civic equality
1868-08-15 - S.A. Bierfield was lynched by the K.K.K. in Franklin Tenn, first such incident involving a Jew
1868-12-27 - Rumanian Jews were excluded from the medical profession
1871-04-16 - German Empire ends all anti-Jewish civil restrictions. I'll report even the good events (rare as they are)
1878-07-30 - German elections resulted in the reactionary element having a dominant voice in the Reichstag. This date is considered the birthday of modern German anti- Semitism
1881-03-23 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Lubny, Russia
1881-04-01 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Jerusalem
1881-04-25 - A petition signed by 250,000 Germans, was presented to the government requesting the barring of foreign Jews from admission into Germany. This petition marked the opening of modern German anti-Semitism
1881-04-25 - Two hundred fifty thousand Germans petition to bar foreign Jews from entering Germany
1881-04-27 - Pogroms against Russian Jews start in Elisabethgrad
1881-05-05 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Kiev, Russia,. The Russian pogroms of 1881 led to the spread of Zionist ideas in Eastern Europe and the formation, in 1882, of Hovevei Zion, the first organized modern Zionist movement in the world
1881-05-09 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Shpola and Ananyev, Russia
1881-05-10 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Wasilkow and Konotop, Russia
1881-05-15 - Anti-Jewish riots in Odessa, Russia
1881-10-13 - Eliezer Ben Yehuda and friends decide to speak Hebrew exclusively, marking the beginning of the revival of the language in modern times
1881-12-25 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Warsaw
1882-04-13 - Anti-Semitic League forms in Prussia
1882-05-15 - May Laws -- Czar Alexander III bans Jews from living in rural Romania
1882-07-25 - The Turkish government barred immigration of Russian and Romanian Jews
1882-09-10 - First international conference to promote anti-semitism meets in Dresden Germany (Congress for Safeguarding of Non-Jewish Interests)
1882-09-10 - The Congress for the Safeguarding of Non-Jewish Interests, which opened in Dresden, Germany, was the first international assembly to promote anti-Semitism
1883-05-10 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Craiova, Rumania
1886-03-01 - First organized Arab attack on a Jewish settlement in Eretz Yisrael against Petach Tikva
1887-02-28 - Rumania excluded Jews from public service (and the tobacco trade)
1889-04-20 - Birthday of Adolph Hitler, born in Braunau Austria. If everything in the world has a purpose, what was the purpose of this 1936 to 1945 dictator? Alas, he too had a mother.
1889-08-14 - One hundred twenty Jewish families arrived in Buenos Aires giving birth to the modern Argentinean Jewish community
1891-04-11 - An eight year old Jewish tailor's daughter disappears in Greece. So the rumor spreads that she was a Christian girl ritually killed by Jews
1891-04-11 - Ritual charges resulted in pogroms on the island of Corfu
1891-04-23 - An order expelling Jews from Moscow was published
1891-04-23 - Jews are expelled from Moscow
1891-08-28 - A Jewish agricultural colony was established in New Jersey. This was one of several attempts at Jewish settlement in the Americas. The failure of most of these projects confirmed the view that Jews needed a historical and religious link to the soil upon which they would work in order for them to succeed
1892-02-03 - Russian government ordered the closing of the yeshiva in Volozhin
1893-03-23 - Kosher slaughtering was prohibited in Saxony
1893-08-20 - Shechita (Jewish ritual slaughtering) prohibited in Switzerland
1894-10-15 - Dreyfus was first arrested
1894-12-22 - French officer Alfred Dreyfus court-martialed for treason, triggers worldwide charges of anti-Semitism. . Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery captain on the General Staff, is accused of passing secret French military documents found in to the German embassy in Paris (Dreyfus later vindicated)
1897-05-18 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Algeria
1898-01-13 - French novelist Emile Zola publishes J'Accuse, an open letter to French President Felix Faure that accuses the French judiciary of giving into pressure from the military to perpetuate a cover-up in the Dreyfus treason case
1898-10-01 - Jews are expelled from Kiev Russia
1899-03-31 - Rumania barred Jews from professional and agricultural schools
1901-04-29 - Anti-Semitic riot in Budapest
1901-09-12 - Arabs attacked Gedera
1903-06-25 - Russia prohibited Zionist meetings
1903-07-03 - Pogrom in Bialystock
1903-08-26 - The forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion were serialized in a Russian publication. This document has been a favorite among anti-Semites since then
1903-09-14 - Jews of Homel, Russia, were massacred
1905-05-26 - Pogrom against Jewish community in Minsk, Russia
1905-05-29 - Pogrom against Jewish community in Brisk Lithuania
1905-08-11 - The British Aliens Act, which reflected anti-Jewish bias, became a law
1905-10-31 - Pogrom in Odessa cost 300 Jewish lives
1906-06-01 - A pogrom broke out in Bialystok, Russia
1906-07-23 - Pogroms against Jews in Oddessa
1906-09-07 - Pogrom in Shedlitz, Russia
1911-03-25 - The discovery of the mutilated body of Andrei Yishinsky, near Kiev, Russia, led to the infamous trial of Mendel Beilis on ritual-murder charges
1914-08-11 - Jews are expelled from Mitchenick Poland
1914-12-17 - Jews are expelled from Tel Aviv by Turkish authorities, and sent to Egypt
1915-08-15 - Albert Bettelhein, journalist and author, convicted by a Georgia jury of murder, was lynched by an anti-Semitic mob
1917-03-16 - Provisional government of Russia voided many anti-Jewish laws and restrictions
1917-03-28 - Jews are expelled from Tel Aviv and Jaffa by Turkish authorities
1917-04-04 - The Russian revolutionary government granted equality to all Russian Jews for the first time in Russian history (In the first decade of the 20th century Russia had, under its effective control and domination, about 50 percent of the total world Jewish population. The grant of equality by the Russian revolutionary government affected, therefore, a major part of world Jewry. By the end of the second decade Russia had under its jurisdiction only about 18 percent of the total Jewish population.)
1917-05-04 - Arabs sacked Tel Aviv
1917-05-20 - Turkish government authorizes Jews to return to Tel Aviv and Jaffa
1917-08-23 - Jews from America, England, and Israel volunteered for the Royal Fusiliers. Although they formed Jewish units, they were not designated as such nor were they allowed to wear Jewish insignias. (But most did anyway.)
1917-11-01 - British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour proposed a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Israel became a reality 31 years later
1918-03-08 - Ukrainian mobs massacre Jews of Seredino Buda
1918-03-08 - Ukrainians massacred Jews of Gloucher
1918-11-21 - Polish soldiers organize a pogrom against Jews of Galicia Poland
1918-11-22 - Polish forces attack Jewish community of Lemberg (Lvov)
1919-04-05 - Polish Army executes 35 young Jews
1919-04-05 - The Polish army executed 35 young Jews who had helped in the distribution of packages sent by the Joint to the Jewish community of Pinsk (the relief activities of the Joint Distribution Committee were used by Russians, in the declining years of Stalin, as a pretext for their anti-Semitic charges of disloyalty against Soviet Jews)
1919-04-19 - The Polish army occupied Vilna and attacked its Jewish community
1919-08-10 - Ukrainian National Army massacres 25 Jews in Podolia Ukraine
1919-08-31 - Massacre of the Jews of Kiev
1920-04-01 - The emergence of the Nazi Party. This happened on the anniversary of the day that Haman (Purim holiday) published his decree of extermination of the Jews
1920-04-04 - Arabs attack, wound, and kill many Jews in Jerusalem (Jerusalem in Hebrew means “city of peace”)
1920-04-21 - Balfour Declaration recognized, makes Palestine a British Mandate
1921-04-24 - Vladimir Jabotinsky was sentenced by the British mandatory government of Eretz Yisrael to 15 years of imprisonment for his participation in the Jewish self-defense corps
1921-06-19 - Turks and Christians of Palestine sign a friendship treaty against Jews
1925-07-18 - Hitler publishes Mein Kampf (My Struggle), became bible for the Nazi Party; book is filled with anti-Semitic writings, disdain for morality, worship of power, and the blueprints for world domination
1929-08-14 - Jewish Agency for Palestine founded
1930-01-30 - Adolph Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany
1930-01-30 - Society for Youth Aliya was established in Berlin. (It transported to Israel over 115,000 children from 12-16.)
1930-10-13 - New German Reichstag opens with 107 Nazi Party members in uniform
1930-10-20 - British White Paper restricts Jews from buying Arab land
1931-08-10 - Massacre of the Jews Gerona, Spain
1931-09-12 - First organized attack by Nazi storm troopers against Jews took place in Berlin
1932-02-25 - Immigrant Adolf Hitler gets German citizenship
1933-01-29 - German president von Hindenburg appoints Hitler chancellor
1933-02-02 - Two days after becoming chancellor, Adolf Hitler dissolves Parliament
1933-02-22 - Nazi Herman Goring forms SA/SS-police, shoots 40-50 Jews to celebrate
1933-03-05 - German elections, gave Nazis control of the Reichstag
1933-03-20 - Dachau, first concentration camp, completed
1933-03-23 - Enabling Act where the German Reichstag grants Adolph Hitler dictatorial powers
1933-03-28 - The German Reichstag conferred dictatorial powers on Hitler
1933-04-01 - Heinrich Himmler becomes Police Commander of Germany (Reichsfuhrer-SS)
1933-04-01 - Nazi Germany begins persecution of Jews by boycotting Jewish businesses
1933-04-07 - First two Nazi anti-Jewish laws bar Jews from legal and public service
1933-04-26 - Jewish students are barred from school in Germany
1933-05-02 - In Germany, Adolf Hitler bans trade unions
1933-05-10 - Nazis stage public book burnings in Germany
1933-05-29 - Representative Louis T. McFadden (PA) delivered a Nazi-type attack on Jews,. It was the first anti-Semitic speech in Congress
1933-07-20 - Vatican state secretary Pacelli (Pius XII) signs accord with Hitler
1933-10-17 - Albert Einstein arrives in US, a refugee from Nazi Germany
1934-02-10 - First Jewish immigrant ship to break the English blockade in Palestine
1934-05-02 - Nazi Germany begins "People's court"
1934-07-09 - SS-Reichs Fuhrer Heinrich Himmler assumes command of German Concentration camps
1934-08-02 - Hitler elected Fuhrer (95.7% of German voters) and assumes the powers of head of state and commander-in-chief of the armies, making him an absolute dictator
1934-08-19 -
1935-04-12 - Germany prohibits publishing "not-Aryan" writers
1935-07-15 - Berlin Jews attacked by Nazi gangs
1935-08-07 - Sixty percent of voters agree to Nazism (NSDAP) in Danzig (Gdansk). NSDAP is short for the National Socialist German Workers' Party from the German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, the infamous German Nazi party, which was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933.
1935-08-11 - Nazi mass demonstration against German Jews
1935-09-15 - Nuremberg Laws deprives German Jews of citizenship and established gradations of "Jewishness." "Full Jews," people with four "non-Aryan" grandparents, were deprived of German citizenship and forbidden to marry members of the "Aryan race." German Jews, had been barred since 1938 from government, medical, and legal professions, and shut out from every area of German public life
1935-09-15 - The anti-Semitic Nuremberg racial laws were passed by the Nazis
1935-10-07 - Himmler, Hess, and Reinhard Heydrich agree to build concentration camp Dachau
1935-11-14 - Nazis strip German Jews of their citizenship
1936-04-19 - Anti-Jewish riots break out in Palestine
1936-04-21 - Jews repel an Arab attack in Petach Tikvah Palestine
1937-04-26 - German Luftwaffe destroys Basque town of Guernica in Spain. I mention this only because of Picasso's magnificent painting depicting this tragedy.
1937-07-15 - Buchenwald Concentration camp opens for business
1938-02-04 - Hitler seizes control of German army and puts Nazi in key posts
1938-03-12 - Nazi Germany marches into enthusiastic Austria (Anschluss)
1938-04-05 - Anti-Jewish riots break out in Dabrowa, Poland
1938-04-05 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Seville, Spain
1938-04-26 - Austrian Jews required to register property above 5,000 Reichsmarks
1938-04-29 - Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Vilna, Poland
1938-05-03 - Concentration camp at Flossenberg opens
1938-05-03 - Vatican recognizes Franco's Catholic, fascist Spain
1938-07-06 - President Roosevelt called for an international conference to consider the "displaced persons" problem,. The negligible results highlight the passive role the Western world in the face of the Nazis
1938-07-14 - Mussolini publishes anti-Jewish/African manifest
1938-07-25 - Jewish artisans not allowed in Germany
1938-08-07 - Nazi's close theology department of Innsbruck university
1938-08-21 - Italy banned Jews from teaching in public and high-schools
1938-08-23 - Anti-Jewish riots in Bransk, Poland
1938-08-26 - Nazis passed a law requiring all Jews to take the names Israel and Sara. Apparently, this was Goebbels' way of mocking the Jews, since both names contain the word SAR, a person of power
1938-08-28 - Mauthausen concentration camp opens for business in Austria
1938-09-01 - Mussolini canceled civil rights of Italian Jews and expelled all foreign-born Jews
1938-09-27 - Jewish lawyers forbidden to practice in Germany
1938-10-07 - Germany demands all Jewish passports stamped with letter J
1938-10-10 - Sh'chita (ritual slaughtering of animals) banned in Italy
1938-10-14 - Nazi plan for ghettoizing Jews in all big cities announced by Goering
1938-11-06 - First anti-Semitic attack over radio in the U.S. by Father Caughlin
1938-11-09 - Kristallnacht (night of broken glass), the name given to when the Nazis (and other Germans) destroyed 300 shuls (synagogues) and hundreds of Jewish businesses and homes. This was accompanied by a widespread attack on Jews
1938-11-11 - German and Austrian Jews suffer 1 billion Mark damage in Nazi Kristallnacht, and the Jews were forced to wear Star of David
1938-11-12 - Hermann Goering announced he wanted Madagascar as a Jewish homeland
1938-11-15 - Jewish students were barred from German schools
1938-11-17 - Italian anti-Semitic code, patterned after the Nuremberg Laws published
1938-11-17 - Italy passes its own version of anti-Jewish Nuremberg laws
1938-11-20 - First anti-Semitic attack over radio in the U.S. by Father Caughlin
1938-11-30 - Germany bans Jews from being lawyers
1939-01-01 - The “Decree for the Elimination of Jews from German Economic Life” took effect
1939-01-04 - Hermann Goering appoints Reinhard Heydrich head of Jewish Emigration
1939-01-20 - Hitler proclaims to German parliament his intention to exterminate all European Jews
1939-05-05 - The Nuremberg anti-Jewish laws went into effect in Hungary
1939-05-13 - SS St. Louis ship departs Hamburg with 937 Jews fugitives
1939-07-06 - Nazis close last Jewish enterprises
1939-08-22 - Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact. Less than two years later, Germany launched a blitzkrieg attack on Russia.
1939-08-29 - Chaim Weizmann informed the prime minister of England that the Jews of Israel would stand by Great Britain and fight on the side of the democracies during World War II
1939-08-31 - Hitler issued Directive Number.1 ordering the attack on Poland to begin at dawn the following day
1939-09-01 - Germany storms into Poland ("Blitzkrieg"), starting World War II. The “war” against the Jews started much earlier.
1939-09-03 - England and France declare war on Germany
1939-09-04 - Polish ghetto of Mir is exterminated
1939-09-06 - Germany occupied Cracow
1939-09-13 - Germany occupied Miclec, Poland, and murdered its entire Jewish population
1939-09-19 - German forces occupied the Polish city of Lukow, killing many Jews
. 1939-09-19 - Wehrmacht (German regular army) murders 100 Jews in Lukov Poland
1939-09-21 - Reinhard Heydrich meets in Berlin to discuss final solution of Jews
1939-10-06 - Hitler announces plans to resolve "The Jewish problem"
1939-10-07 - Germany decreed that passports of Jews were to be marked with a J
1939-10-08 - Nazi pogrom against the Jews of Lodz
1939-10-12 - First Jewish deportees left Vienna and Bohemia
1939-10-19 - Reichsmarshal Hermann Goering begins plundering art treasures throughout Nazi occupied areas
1939-10-26 - Nazis prohibit Sh'chita (ritual slaughter of animals for kashruth purposes) in Poland supposedly on humanitarian grounds, (in light of what they were doing to human beings, this could be the ultimate hypocrisy)
1939-10-26 - Polish Jews forced into obligatory work service
1939-10-29 - Nazis require the wearing of the Star of David for all Jews
1939-10-30 - USSR and Germany agree on partitioning Poland, Hitler starts deporting the Jews
1939-11-12 - Jews in Lodz Poland ordered to wear yellow Star of David armband
1939-11-15 - Nazis begin mass murder of Warsaw Jews
1939-11-23 - Hans Frank, Nazi Gauleiter of Poland, requires Jews to wear a blue star
1939-11-28 - Hans Frank, organizes the Judenrat
1939-12-01 - Reichfuhrer Heinrich Himmler orders deportation of Polish Jews
1939-12-11 - New anti Jewish measurements in Poland, proclaimed
1939-12-16 - The Nazis excluded the Jews from all employment benefits
1939-12-21 - Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich name Adolf Eichmann leader of "Referat IV B" (in charge of transport of Jews for Final Solution)
1940 -09-19 - Nazi decree forbidding non-Jews to work for Jews in their homes or businesses
1940-01-01 - Nazis prohibited Jews from gathering in shuls (synagogues) or private homes for prayer
1940-01-25 - Nazis establish Jewish ghetto in Lodz, Poland
1940-01-26 - Nazis forbid Polish Jews to travel on trains
1940-02-08 - Lodtz, first large ghetto established by Nazis in Poland
1940-02-28 - MacDonald White Paper, , included restriction of sale of Arab land to Jews in Israel. This document nearly voided the Balfour Declaration
1940-03-06 - The Nazis bar Jewish physicians from treating Aryans and vice-versa
1940-03-27 - Heinrich Himmler orders building of Auschwitz concentration camp in southern Poland
1940-04-28 - Rudolf Hoess becomes commandant of concentration camp Auschwitz
1940-04-30 - First enclosed and guarded ghetto established by the Nazis in Lodz
1940-05-01 - One hundred forty Palestinian Jews die as German planes bomb their ship
1940-05-10 - German forces marched into Holland,. The diary of Anne Frank, the young Dutch Jewish girl, attracted universal attention to the suffering of Jews in Nazi-occupied territories. Anne Frank died in the Belsen concentration camp. The British liberated Belsen on the fifth anniversary of the Nazi invasion of Holland
1940-06-14 - Auschwitz was opened,. Approx. 2.5 million people were killed and another 500,000 died of starvation and disease there
1940-06-14 - Paris Falls to the Nazis
1940-07-01 - Australia refuses entry to Dutch Jewish refugees
1940-07-07 - Five thousand Jews of Kovno executed by Nazis
1940-09-09 - Italian planes bomb Tel Aviv; 117 are killed
1940-09-16 - Nazis deprive Jews of possessions
1940-09-19 - Nazi decree forbids gentile woman to work in Jewish homes
1940-10-03 - France Vichy government proclaims end to Jewish status
1940-10-16 - Warsaw Ghetto formed by Nazi SS troops
1940-10-22 - Sixty three hundred Jews of Baden deported by the Nazis
1940-10-24 - Protestant churches protest against dismissal of Jewish civil servants
1940-10-27 - Belgium bans ritual slaughter
1940-10-31 - Deadline for Warsaw Jews to move into Warsaw Ghetto
1940-11-25 - The Patria, a steamer carrying illegal immigrants sank in Haifa port, 200 dead
1940-11-26 - Nazis begin walling off the Jewish Ghetto in Warsaw. They forced 500,000 Jews to live in a ghetto surrounded by an eight-foot concrete wall.
1940-12-08 - Illegal Jewish immigrants to Haifa are deported to Mauritius
1941-01-09 - Six-thousand Jews exterminated in pogrom in Bucharest, Romania
1941-01-09 - Three thousand Jews killed in riots in Bucharest
1941-01-09 - Warsaw Jews were forbidden to greet a German in public
1941-01-19 - Six thousand Jews killed in Bucharest riots
1941-01-22 - The Iron Guard revolt in Rumania led to the first massacre of Jews there in World War II
1941-02-09 - Nazi collaborators destroy pro-Jewish cafe Alcazar Amsterdam (Alcazar refused to hang "No Entry for Jews" signs in front of cafe)
1941-02-09 - Nazis provoked the first anti-Jewish riots in Amsterdam
1941-02-19 - Nazis raid Amsterdam and round up 429 young Jews for deportation
1941-02-20 - First transport of Jews to concentration camps leave Plotsk, Poland
1941-02-20 - Nazis order Polish Jews barred from using public transportation
1941-02-22 - IG Farben starts work in Auschwitz concentration camp
1941-04-01 - Nazi's forbid Jews access to cafes in Paris
1941-04-06 - Germany bombs Belgrade and 17,000 die. I mention this only to show the total lack of respect the Nazis had for human life
1941-04-06 - Nazis established two ghettos in Radom, Poland
1941-04-08 - Nazis establish Kielce ghetto
1941-04-11 - Jewish Weekly newspaper taken control by Nazis
1941-05-14 - The Nazis interned 3,600 naturalized Jews of Russian origin
1941-05-14 - Thirty six hundred Parisian Jews arrested
1941-05-15 - Nazi occupiers in Netherlands forbid Jewish music
1941-05-30 - Anti Semitic measures in Serbia
1941-06-03 - German occupiers stamp "J" on Jewish passports
1941-06-04 - Rep of Croatia orders all Jews to wear a star with the letter Z
1941-06-04 - The republic of Croatia issued an order depriving all Jews of their property and compelling them to wear a yellow badge with the letter Z
1941-06-11 - French (Vichy) planes bombed Tel Aviv killing 20 Jews
1941-06-11 - Second great raid on Jews of Amsterdam
1941-06-19 - Romania orders Jews to evacuate Darabani
1941-06-23 - The great yeshivas of Slobodka and Telz closed their doors the day after Germany invaded Lithuania
1941-06-24 - Entire Jewish male population of Gorzhdy Lithuania, exterminated
1941-06-25 - Germans invade Dubno Poland, encouraging Ukrainians to do whatever they want to 12,000 Jews living there
1941-06-25 - Germany occupied Kovno and Vilna, and killed the Jews of Gorzhdy (all in Lithuania)
1941-06-26 - Lithuanian fascists massacre 2,300 Jews in Kovno
1941-06-26 - Many Jews were killed in a pogrom at Jassy, Romania
1941-06-27 - Five days after attacking the Soviet Union seizing the Soviet-occupied part of Poland, the Nazis burned Jews alive in Bialystok, the district capital.
1941-06-27 - German and Romanian soldiers kill 11,000 Jews in Kishinev
1941-06-28 - Fifteen hundred Jews were killed in Kovno
1941-06-29 - Nazis murdered the male Jews of Drobian, Lithuania
1941-07-01 - Pogrom in Jassy, the cradle of Rumanian anti-Semitism claimed 5000 Jewish lives
1941-07-02 - Nazi-instigated pogrom claimed many Jewish lives in Lvov
1941-07-04 - Latvian partisans shoot 416 Jews
1941-07-07 - In Radzilow, Poland, the Jews of this impoverished town were collected in the central square, supposedly to weed between the cobblestones, They were then taunted, beaten tormented and stabbed, then forced together into a barn where they were burned alive. The Nazis encouraged this murder, but the Poles of Radzilow carried it out. Almost contagiously, in nearby Jedwabne, 1,600 Jews were killed and burned or burned alive in a barn by their Polish neighbors.
1941-07-07 - Nazis execute 5,000 Jews in Kovono Lithuania
1941-07-08 - All Jews living in all the Baltic States are obligated to wear Star of David
1941-07-11 - Second great roundup of Jews of Amsterdam
1941-07-11 - Vichy-French planes bomb Tel Aviv, killing 20 Jews
1941-07-14 - Six thousand Lithuanian Jews are exterminated at Viszalsyan Camp
1941-07-18 - SS drown 40 Jews in Dvina River, Belorussia
1941-07-21 - Himmler orders building of Majdanek concentration camp
1941-07-21 - Jews of Upina, Lithuania, were killed by the Nazis
1941-07-21 - Two hundred Jewish Torahs are burned in Ukraine
1941-07-24 - Nazis killed the entire Jewish male population of Grodz, Lithuania
1941-07-24 - Nazis massacre entire Jewish population of Grodz Lithuania
1941-07-28 - Jewish males of Aniksht and the Jews of Vilkovishk, both Lithuania, were killed by the Nazis
1941-07-31 - Nazis, by order of Goering, officially undertook The Final Solution
1941-08-02 - Jews were ordered expelled from Hungarian Ruthenia (it was Tish'a b'Av).
1941-08-07 - Five hundred fifty one Jews are shot in Kishnev ghetto in Romania
1941-08-07 - Four hundred seven Jews of Zhitomir, Russia, were executed by the Nazis
1941-08-12 - Nazis began systematic murder of the Jews of Dvinsk, Latvia
1941-08-15 - Kovono Lithuanian Jews are herded into Slobodka ghetto
1941-08-18 - Concentration camp Amersfoort opens
1941-08-18 - Five hundred Jews were taken by the Nazis from the Kovno ghetto to be killed
1941-08-20 - Police raid 11th district of Paris, takes 4,000+ Jewish males
1941-08-27 - Nazis massacred the Jewish community of Posvol, Lithuania
1941-08-29 - German Einsatzkommando in Russia kills 1,469 Jewish children
1941-09-01 - Jews living in Germany are required to wear a yellow Star of David
1941-09-01 - Wearing the yellow star became obligatory for all Jews in the Reich
1941-09-03 - First use of Zyclon-B gas in Auschwitz (on Russian prisoners of war)
1941-09-06 - All Jews over age 6 in German territories ordered to wear a star
1941-09-06 - Jews of Vilna Poland confined to their ghetto
1941-09-07 - Entire Jewish community of Meretsch, Lithuania is exterminated
1941-09-11 - Charles Lindbergh (an anti-Semite), charges "British, Jews, and Roosevelt and his administration" are trying to get the United States into World War II
1941-09-14 - Nine thousand Jews of Slonim, Russia, were killed by the Nazis
1941-09-15 - Eight hundred Jewish women of Shkudvil, Lithuania, were executed by the Nazis
1941-09-15 - Nazis kill 800 Jewish women at Shkudvil Lithuania
1941-09-18 - The Nazis massacred the Jewish community of Shirvint, Lithuania
1941-09-19 - Nazi's force all German Jews from the age of 6 to wear a yellow Star of David
1941-09-26 - Nazis slaughter about 34,000 Jews of Kiev, Ukraine, in a remote ravine called Babi Yar. They were buried in a mass grave; many of them still alive. This continued for many days
1941-10-02 - Gestapo bomb six Paris synagogues
1941-10-03 - All elderly Jewish men of Kerenchug Ukraine, are killed by SS
1941-10-03 - Nazi's blow up 6 synagogues in Paris
1941-10-08 - Extermination camp Birkenau begins construction
1941-10-12 - Thirty four hundred Jews of Galicia executed by Nazis
1941-10-13 - Nazis kill 11,000 Jewish children and old people
1941-10-14 - First mass deportation at Kovno, Lodz, Minsk and Riga
1941-10-15 - First mass deporting of German Jews to Eastern European ghettos
1941-10-20 - Nazi occupiers murder 500 inhabitants of Kragujevac Serbia
1941-10-23 - Ten-thousand Jews of the Vilna ghetto executed
1941-10-24 - Twenty-thousand Kharkov Jews fall into Nazi hands
1941-10-25 - Romanian soldiers massacred 26,000 Jews of Odessa
1941-10-25 - Sixteen thousand Jews massacred in Odessa, Ukraine
1941-10-28 - Ten thousand Jews removed from Kovno ghetto for execution
1941-11-05 - Einsatz death groups kills 15,000 Jews of Rovno Ukraine
1941-11-06 - Nazis massacred Five hundred Jews of Kolomyya, Galicia and 15,000 Jews of Rowno, Poland
1941-11-24 - "Life Certificates" issued to some Jews of Vilna, rest exterminated
1941-11-25 - German Jews in Netherlands declared stateless (loss of nationality)
1941-11-30 - Twenty seven thousand Jews of Riga ghetto taken for execution
1941-12-04 - Nazi ordinances place Jews of Poland outside protection of courts
1941-12-08 - Extermination Camp Chelmo opens
1941-12-12 - German occupying army search house to house in Paris looking for Jews
1941-12-22 - Vilna massacres end, 32,000 Jews killed
1941-15-31 - German occupiers forbid Jews access to beach and swimming pools
1941-21-22 - Vilna massacres end, 32,000 Jews killed
1942-01-20 - Meeting chaired by Gestapo head Rhinehard Heydrich, discusses the implementation of the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question"
1942-01-20 - Nazi officials hold notorious Wannsee conference in Berlin deciding on "Final Solution" calling for extermination of Europe's Jews. It was presided over by SS-Gen Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann took the minutes
1942-02-24 - The Struma with 769 illegal Jewish immigrants was torpedoed by a Nazi submarine
1942-02-27 - First transport of French Jews to Nazi Germany
1942-03-01 - Hitler ordered the establishment of a library of Jewish books and art (The U.S. army recovered 600,000 volumes intact.)
1942-03-02 - Nazis killed Several thousand Jews of the Minsk ghetto
1942-03-11 - First deportation train leaves Paris for Auschewitz Concentration camp
1942-03-17 - Belzec Concentration camp opens and 30,000 Lublin Polish Jews are transported there.
1942-03-23 - Twenty five hundred Jews of the district of Lublin were massacred and the rest of the Jews were deported
1942-03-25 - Seven hundred Jews of Polish Lvov-district reach Belzec Concentration camp
1942-03-26 - First "Eichmann transport" to Auschwitz and Birkenau Camps
1942-03-26 - First 700 Jews from Polish Lvov-district reach Belzec
1942-03-30 - SS murders 200 inmates of Trawniki labor camp
1942-04-27 - Belgium Jews are forced to wear stars
1942-05-07 - Nazi decree orders all Jewish pregnant women of Kovno Ghetto executed
1942-05-07 - The Nazi, decreed the execution of all pregnant Jewish women in the ghetto of Kovno
1942-05-12 - Fifteen hundred Jews gassed in Auschwitz
1942-05-27 - Nazi overlord and SS general Reinhard Heydrich is killed by Czech partisans in Prague. Hitler promptly orders the deaths of 10,000 residents of Lidice, not far from Prague. This has become a hallmark of Nazi brutality. Heydrich was the man charged with The Final Solution of the Jewish Problem.
1942-06-03 - The German military commander of occupied France ordered all Jews to wear a yellow Star of David with the inscription "Juif" on it
1942-06-09 - Nazis methodically murder all inhabitants of Lidice, Czechoslovakia, in retaliation for partisan assassination of SS Gen Reinhard Heydrich in Prague
1942-06-14 - Anne Frank begins her diary
1942-06-20 - Adolf Eichmann proclaims deportation of Dutch Jews
1942-06-20 - Mass killings of Jews by the Nazis began, at Auschwitz
1942-06-28 - Germans, captured Minsk, Russia, trapping approximately 40,000 Jews
1942-07-09 - Anne Frank, age 13, goes into hiding with her family and 4 other Jews
1942-07-10 - Himmler orders sterilization of all Jewish woman in Ravensbruck Camp
1942-07-11 - Five thousand Jews of Rovno (Polish Ukraine) executed by the Nazis
1942-07-13 - SS shoots 1,500 Jews in Josefov Poland
1942-07-16 - French police arrest 13,152 Jews in Paris
1942-07-16 - French police for deportation
rounded up Thirteen thousand Jews of Paris
1942-07-16 - The first train with Jews from Holland left for a killing camp
1942-07-22 - The mass transportation of Jews of the Warsaw ghetto was announced, Deportation began on Tish'a b'Av and continued for 53 days, during which, 300,000 Jews were taken to the killing camps
1942-07-22 - Warsaw Ghetto Jews (300,000) are sent to death at Treblinka extermination Camp
1942-07-23 - Treblinka Concentration camp destroyed
1942-07-26 - Roman Catholic churches protest and Dutch bishops stand against spread of Judaism
1942-07-28 - Nazis killed ten thousand Jews of Minsk
1942-07-28 - Nazis liquidate 10,000 Jews in Minsk Byelorussia Ghetto
1942-07-31 - German SS gases 1,000 Jews in Minsk, Belorussia, (like they didn't have enough three days ago).
1942-08-01 - First reliable report of the Nazi plan to murder all the Jews reached the West. The U.S. State Department suppressed the report for several weeks, until Jews in New York had received it
1942-08-04 - First train with Jews departs from Belgium to Auschwitz
1942-08-06 - Goering proclaims occupied areas "thoroughly empty to plunder"
1942-08-07 - Transport “16” departs with French Jews to Nazi-Germany
1942-08-09 - Ten thousand Jews were sent from the Borislave ghetto to the Belsen death camp, in the first mass deportation to the gas chambers
1942-08-11 - Nine hundred ninety nine Jews are taken from Mechelen transit camp in Belgium
1942-08-11 - SS begins exterminating 3,500 Jews in Zelov Lodz, Poland
1942-08-14 - The Archbishop of Lvov provided hiding places for Jewish children and a Torah scroll
1942-08-26 - Nazis closed all synagogues and schools in the Kovno ghetto
1942-08-26 - Seven thousand stateless Jews in the Vichy Free Zone of France were rounded up
1942-09-02 - The Mir ghetto was liquidated
1942-09-06 - Nazis ordered the liquidation of Bialystok ghetto
1942-09-07 - Transport number 29 departs with French Jews to Nazi-Germany
1942-09-11 - Ninety thousand Jews were sent to their deaths from the Warsaw ghetto. A total of 300,000 Jews were sent to Nazi killing camps during a 53-day period from Tish'a b'Av until Rosh HaShana that year
1942-09-11 - The ghetto in Stolin, Poland, was wiped out with the mass murders of 11,000 Jews
1942-09-11 - Transport number 31 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1942-09-13 - Forty rabbis of the ghetto of Lodz were killed by the Nazis
1942-09-27 - Reinhard Heydrich, "Butcher of Prague," appointed SS-general
1942-09-30 - SS exterminates 3,500 Jews in Zelov Lodz Poland in 6 week period
1942-10-05 - Five thousand Jews of Dubno Russia massacred
1942-10-10 - Thirteen-hundred Austrian Jews transported to Theresienstadt
1942-10-29 - Nazis murder 16,000 Jewish in Pinsk, Soviet Union
1942-11-05 - Nazi raid on Greek Jews in Paris
1942-11-05 - Nazis execute 12,000 Minsk ghetto Jews
1942-11-06 - Nazis executed Twelve thousand Jews of Minsk
1942-11-09 - Transport number 44 departs with French Jews to Nazi Germany
1942-11-11 - French Jews (745) deported to Auschwitz
1942-11-11 - Seven-hundred-forty-five French Jews deported to Auschwitz
1942-11-14 - Ghettos in Radom, Cracow, and Galicia set up by the Nazis
1943-01-18 - Jews in Warsaw Ghetto begin uprising against Nazis
1943-02-02 - The surrender of the German army in Stalingrad, , marked a significant turning point in World War II
1943-02-07 - First armed struggle between Jews and Nazis in the Warsaw ghetto
1943-02-17 - Dutch churches protest to Artur Seyss-Inquart against persecution of Jews ... finally a voice of decency.
1943-02-22 - Sophie Scholl, German resistance fighter (Die Weisse Rose), beheaded
1943-03-08 - Greek Jews of Salonika are transported to Nazi extermination camps
1943-03-15 - Deportation of the Jews from Thrace
1943-03-22 - SS police chief Rauter threatens to kill half Jewish children. Full Jewish children were already slaughtered but that wasn't enough for Rauter.
1943-04-19 - Belgium Jewish underground aided by Christian railroad men derailed a train with Jewish deportees bound for the extermination camps, several hundred Jews were saved
1943-04-19 - Jews under Mordechai Anielewicz attack Nazi occupation forces at Warsaw Ghetto
1943-04-19 - SS General Jurgen Stroop leads destruction of ghetto of Warsaw ("The Warsaw Ghetto is no more" he writes proudly to Heinrich Himmler and Adolf Hitler … Stroop was hanged on the site of the Warsaw ghetto after the war)
1943-04-30 - Opening of Bergen-Belsen Concentration camp
1943-05-01 - German plane sinks boat loaded with Palestinian Jews bound for Malta
1943-05-01 - Jews from Eretz Yisrael bound for Malta died when their ship was sunk by a German plane
1943-05-15 - The Warsaw ghetto was reduced to ashes and the uprising came to an end after an active resistance of four weeks
1943-05-15 - Warsaw ghetto uprising ends in it's destruction by Nazi-SS troops
1943-05-16 - German troops destroy synagogue of Warsaw
1943-05-16 - Jewish resistance in the Warsaw ghetto ends after 30 days of fighting
1943-05-16 - The famous Tolmatsky Synagogue of Warsaw was dynamited by order of General Jurgen Stroop.. It marked the last German "major operation" in the liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto uprising
1943-05-19 - Berlin is declared "Judenrien" (free of Jews)
1943-05-25 - Jews riot against Germans in Amsterdam
1943-06-11 - Himmler ordered the liquidation of all Polish ghettos
1943-06-21 - Himmler ordered the destruction of all Russian ghettos
1943-06-25 - Crematory III at Birkenau is finished
1943-07-11 - Heinrich Himmler orders liquidation of Polish ghettos
1943-07-12 - Pope Pius XII receives German ambassador Baron von Weizsacker
1943-08-02 - Uprising at Treblinka concentration camp (crematorium destroyed)
1943-08-16 - Bialystok ghetto uprising
1943-08-18 - Final convoy of Jews from Salonika Greece arrive at Auschwitz
1943-09-07 - Nine hundred eighty seven Dutch Jews transported to Auschwitz Concentration camp
1943-09-11 - Jewish ghettos of Minsk and Lida Belorussia liquidated
1943-09-15 - Concentration camp Kauwen in Lithuania opens
1943-09-18 - Hitler orders deportation of Danish Jews (unsuccessful)
1943-10-01 - Germans attack Jews in Denmark
1943-10-06 - Himmler orders acceleration of "Final Solution"
1943-10-15 - Four hundred Jews escape in uprising at Sobibor extermination Camp in Poland
1943-10-16 - Anti Jewish riot in Rome
1943-10-16 - Jewish quarter of Rome surrounded by Nazis, and evacuated to Auschwitz
1943-10-23 - First Jewish transport out of Rome reaches Birkenau extermination camp
1943-11-02 - Nazis liquidated the Jewish ghetto of Riga Latvia
1943-11-04 - Jews of Florence, Italy rounded up and deported
1944 -11-26 - Heinrich Himmler orders destruction of Auschwitz and Birkenau crematoriums
1944-01-11 - Crakow-Plaszow Concentration camp established
1944-03-24 - In occupied Rome, Nazis execute more than 300 civilians in Ardeantine Caves Massacre
1944-03-27 - Children's Aktion ... Nazis collect all the Jewish children of Lovno
1944-03-27 - Forty Jewish policemen in Riga Latvia ghetto are shot by the gestapo
1944-03-27 - In the Children's Action, the Nazis raided the Kovno ghetto and removed all the children for execution
1944-03-27 - One thousand Jews leave Drancy France for Auschwitz Concentration camp
1944-03-27 - Two thousand Jews are murdered in Kaunas Lithuania
1944-03-31 - Hungary issued a decree ordering all Jews to wear a yellow star
1944-04-06 - Jewish nursery at Izieu-Ain, France overrun by Nazis
1944-04-13 - Transport #71 departs with French Jews to Nazi Germany
1944-04-14 - The first transport of Jews of Athens, Greece, left for Auschwitz
1944-05-15 - Nazi deportation of Jews from greater Hungary began
1944-05-16 - First of 180,000+ Hungarian Jews reach Auschwitz
1944-05-31 - Jewish community of Khonia, Crete, dating from Roman times, came to an end when the ship Danai, into which all the Jews had been herded, was towed out to sea and sunk
1944-06-20 - Nazis begin mass extermination of Jews at Auschwitz
1944-07-11 - Kovno ghetto liquidated by the Nazis
1944-07-12 - Theresienstadt Family camp disbands and four thousand people executed
1944-07-20 - Death March of 1,200 Jews from Lipcani Moldavia begins
1944-07-27 - Soviet Army liberates Majdanek concentration camp
1944-07-31 - Last deportation train out Mechelen departs to Auschwitz
1944-08-02 - Jewish survivors of Kovono Ghetto emerge from their bunker
1944-08-06 - All 1,200 Jewish death marchers from Lipcani Moldavia have died by this date
1944-08-06 - Deportation of 70,000 Jews from Lodz Poland to Auschwitz begins
1944-08-08 - Germans raid Achterhuis in Amsterdam, home of Anne Frank and family
1944-08-11 - Nazis executed Joop Westerweel, Dutch poet and educator, for helping Jews escape
1944-08-22 - Last transport of French Jews to Nazi Germany
1944-09-03 - Sixty eighth and last transport of Dutch Jews (Anne Frank) leaves for Auschwitz
1944-09-05 - "Mad Tuesday" 65,000 Dutch Nazi collaborators flee to Germany
1944-10-02 - Nazis crush the 63-day Warsaw Ghetto Uprising killing 250,000 people
1944-10-07 - Uprising at Auschwitz, Jews burn down the crematoria
1944-10-07 - Uprising at Birkenau concentration camp
1944-10-30 - Anne Frank deported from Auschwitz to Belsen where she died five months later
1944-10-30 - Last transport for Auschwitz arrives in Birkenau
1944-11-02 - Auschwitz begins gassing inmates
1944-11-02 - Order from Berlin to suspend killing of Jews at Auschwitz
1944-11-06 - Nazis execute Chana Senesh (Szenes) in Budapest
1944-11-08 - Twenty-five thousand Hungarian Jews are "loaned" to Nazis for forced labor
1944-11-26 - Heinrich Himmler orders destruction of Auschwitz and Birkenau crematoriums
1944-12-03 - Hungarian death march of Jews ends
1945-01-17 - Auschwitz concentration camp begins evacuation
1945-01-26 - Soviet forces liberate Auschwitz concentration camp
1945-01-26 - The Russian army liberated 2819 survivors of Auschwitz
1945-03-07 - Fifty-three Amsterdammers executed by Nazi occupiers
1945-03-12 - Anne Frank, diarist (Diary of Anne Frank), murdered in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
1945-03-12 - Thirty Amsterdammers executed by Nazi occupiers
1945-03-31 - Nazis killed Mother Maria of Paris, a Russian nun, who had saved many French Jews by hiding them
1945-04-03 - Nazi's begin evacuation of camp Buchenwald
1945-04-10 - US troops liberate Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald, Germany
1945-04-11 - Nazi SS burn and shoot 1,100 at Gardelegen
1945-04-12 - U.S. forces liberated Buchenwald with its 20,000 inmates
1945-04-15 - British army liberated Belsen camp and its 40,000 inmates
1945-04-22 - Concentration camp at Sachsenhausen liberated
1945-04-29 - American troops liberated 32,000 prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp near Munich, Germany.
1945-04-29 - US liberates 31,601 in Nazi concentration camp in Dachau, Germany
1945-04-30 - Russian Army frees Ravensbruck concentration camp
1945-05-01 - Goebbels, Nazi minister of propaganda, committed suicide
1945-05-07 - The Mauthausen concentration camp was liberated. The camp had housed 225,000 inmates in the course of its existence. Of this total, 200,000 were exterminated
1945-05-23 - Heinrich Himmler, Nazi leader of SS and Gestapo commits suicide
1945-08-25 - Illegal Jewish immigrants who had been exiled by the British to the Island of Mauritius were admitted into Israel
1945-10-20 - British Chief Justice, Geoffrey Lawrence, opens Nazi War Crimes trial in Nuremberg
1945-10-24 - Quisling, Nazi head of Norway, executed
1945-11-10 - Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald liberated by US
1946-05-13 - US condemns 58 camp guards of Mauthausen concentration camp to death (sorry, not enough; what about all other camps; what about all those who knew and kept quiet; I suppose the list can go on and on where is does become untenable)
1946-07-04 - Pogrom in Kielce, Poland, first post Nazi massacre of the Jews
1946-09-30 - Twenty-two Nazi leaders found guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg, Ribbentrop and Goering sentence to death
1946-10-15 - Nazi Reichsmarshal Herman Goering, committed suicide in his prison cell by swallowing a cyanide capsule
1946-10-16 - 1946 - Ten Nazi leaders hanged as war criminals after Nuremberg trials. Hanging is badly botched as most Nazis slowly strangle to death.
1946-12-24 - US General MacNarney gives 800,000 "minor Nazis" amnesty (some think the 800,000 should have been summarily executed)
1947-04-01 - First Jewish immigrants to Israel disembark at Port of Eilat
1947-09-18 - British seize "Exodus 1947" ship of Jewish immigrants to Palestine
1947-11-29 - UN Gen Assembly partitions Palestine between Arabs and Jews
1947-11-30 - Day after UN decree for Israel, Jewish settlements attacked
1947-12-29 - Ship carrying Jewish immigrants forced back from Palestine
1947-12-29 - The British drove the ship, "The 29th of November", with "illegal" Jewish immigrants, off the coast by the British
1947-12-30 - Arabs at the Haifa refineries killed 40 Jewish workers
1948-02-01 - The Palestine Post building in Jerusalem was bombed, resulting in the loss of many lives
1948-03-11 - Jewish Agency of Jerusalem bombed
1948-04-10 - Jewish Hagana repels an Arab attack on Mishmar HaEmek
1948-04-15 - First Jewish-Arab military battle, Arabs defeated
1948-05-18 - Saudi Arabia joins invasion of Israel
1948-05-27 - Arabs blow up Jewish synagogue Hurvat Rabbi Yehudah he-Hasid
1948-05-27 - The Arabs blew up the Hurva Synagogue
1948-06-02 - Viktor Brack, who was Hitler's supervisor of the installation of gas chambers in Poland, was executed
1948-06-20 - Twenty Jews were killed in a bombing in the Jewish Quarter of Cairo
1948-10-09 - Major attack in the Negev by Egypt
1950-08-24 - Operation Magic Carpet, which brought 45,000 Yemenite Jews to Israel, was concluded
1951-04-04 - Twenty-six Jews were wounded in Salzburg, Austria, in the first serious outbreak of postwar anti-Semitism
1951-04-05 - Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, atomic spies, sentenced to death. They were found guilty a week earlier of conspiring to transmit atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. During the time of McCarthyism, the Rosenbergs, the first US civilians to be sentenced to death in an espionage trial, were executed by electrocution on June 19, 1953. Many question whether the Rosenbergs deserved execution or were even guilty, especially as the only seriously incriminating evidence had come from a confessed spy who was granted, a reduced sentence for testifying against them
1951-06-08 - Oswald Pohl, chief of the economic office of the SS, Otto Ohlendorf, responsible for the murder of 90,000 Ukranian Jews, and Colonel Paul Blobel, organizer of the massacre of the Jews of Kiev, were hanged
1951-09-01 - Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion orders establishment of Israeli secret service Mossad
1952-08-12 - Twenty four of the foremost Yiddish writers of Russia were executed by the Soviet Government
1952-09-08 - Israel agreed to accept reparation money from West Germany
1952-09-11 - West German Chancellor Adenauer signs a reparation pact for Jews
1953-01-13 - Pravda article touched off a wave of virulent anti-Semitism throughout Russia
1953-02-11 - Russia broke diplomatic relations with Israel
1953-03-05 - Stallin died, disrupting plans for mass deportations of Russian Jews
1957-10-29 - Bomb in Knesset wounded David Ben Gurion and four cabinet ministers
1957-10-29 - Hand grenade explodes in Israel's Knesset (Parliament)
1958-10-09 - Israeli navy acquired its first submarine
1959-12-24 - A new synagogue in Cologne is desecrated. Germany sparked a wave of anti-Jewish incidents throughout Western Europe, the Americas, Australia, and Africa
1959-12-24 - The desecration of a new shul in Cologne, Germany sparked a wave of anti-Jewish incidents throughout Western Europe, the Americas, Australia, and Africa
1960-05-11 - Adolf Eichmann, charged with the implementation of the "final solution", was captured in Buenos Aires, Argentina by Israeli operatives. He was grabbed near his grubby concrete blockhouse on Garibaldi Street as he returned from his job at te Mercedes factory. Eichmann was in charge of all transportation required for the shipment of Jews to the extermination camps. The “height of his career” was reached in Hungary in 1944, when he managed to transport 400,000 Jews to the gas chambers in less than five weeks
1960-07-05 - The then 50-year old Jewish community of the Belgian Congo, consisting of 2500 Jews fled in the wake of riots which followed independence
1961-04-11 - Israel begins Adolf Eichmann Nazi war crimes trial
1961-12-08 - Adolf Eichmann found guilty of war crimes in Israel
1963-03-23 - Rolf Hochhuth's "Der Stellvertreter" (The Deputy), premieres in Berlin, Catholic Church outraged at portrayal of Pius XII as war criminal
1964-10-14 - Episcopal Church cleared Jews of the charge of killing Jesus (finally)
1965-05-12 - Israel and West Germany exchange letters beginning diplomatic relations (this is difficult to accept knowing what happened on this same day in 1942)
1965-08-19 - Auschwitz trials end with only 6 life sentences
1965-10-28 - Pope Paul VI thoughtfully proclaims Jews not collectively guilty for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ
1966-08-30 - The first Knesset building was dedicated in Jerusalem
1969-01-27 - Nine Jews publicly executed in Damascus, Syria
1969-09-30 - Nazi war criminals Albert Speer, the German minister of armaments, and Baldur von Schirach, the founder of the Hitler Youth, were freed at midnight from Spandau prison after serving twenty-year prison sentences
1970-07-21 - Libya ordered the confiscation of Jewish property
1970-12-22 - S.S. commander of Treblinka sentenced to life imprisonment
1972-09-06 - Summer Olympics massacre in Munich Germany when Palestinian terrorists attacked the Israeli compound, kidnapping nine team members, demanding the release of some 200 Arab prisoners in Israel, were conveyed to an airport where German sharpshooters opened fire. All nine Israeli athletes/hostages were killed, as were five Palestinians and one German police officer. Three terrorists were captured alive
1973-10-06 - Yom Kippur War begins as Syria and Egypt attack Israel, hoping to win back territory lost to Israel during the third Arab-Israeli war, Egyptian and Syrian forces launch a surprise attack against Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur
1973-10-13 - Jordan entered the Yom Kippur war
1973-10-22 - Cease-fire between Israel and Egypt, Yom Kippur war
1974-11-22 - United Nations General Assembly approved the right of the Palestinians to a sovereign state at the expense of Israel
1975-11-10 - U.N. General Assembly adopted the Zionism is Racism resolution
1975-11-10 - United Nations General Assembly adopted the Zionism is Racism resolution
1975-11-30 - Israel pulled its forces out of a 93-mile-long corridor along the Gulf of Suez as part of an interim peace agreement with Egypt
1978-03-11 - Terrorists attack mail truck at Tel Aviv, 45 were killed
1987-04-27 - US Justice Department bars Austrian Chancellor Kurt Waldheim from entering US, due to his implications in war crimes as a Nazi officer during WW II
1987-06-25 - Pope John Paul II receives Austrian President (and former Nazi officer), Kurt Waldheim
1987-07-27 - John Demjanjuk, accused Nazi "Ivan the Terrible" testifies in Israel
1994-04-07 - Vatican acknowledges Holocaust (Nazis killing Jews) for first time
1994-07-18 - The Iranian government organized and carried out the bombing of a Jewish Community center in Buenos Aires that killed 85 people, and then paid Argentina's president, Carlos Saul Menem $10 million to cover it up.
1994-09-18 - Fifty-eight were killed in a bomb attack on Jewish center AMIA (Argentine Israeli Mutual Association) in Buenos Aires
1996-09-24 - Israel opened a second entrance to a tunnel used by archeologists at the Temple Mount, sacred to Muslims as well as Jews. The action sparked deadly rioting

One day in the late 19th Century, Queen Victoria of England reportedly asked her Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, this question: "Mr. Prime Minister, what evidence can you give me of the existence of G-d?"

Disraeli thought for a moment and then replied, "The Jew, your majesty."

Think of it, according to Disraeli the primary evidence that G-d exists is the existence of the Jewish people… A people who in 586 BC were deported to Babylon, yet returned after seventy years to rebuild a nation. Who were again brutally massacred and dispersed by the Romans in 70 AD, yet after countless centuries of Diaspora, expulsions, pogroms, ghettos, and attempts at genocidal extermination, have clung to their faith, their customs-and now after some 2500 years of wandering have returned to the land promised by G-d to their ancestors.

A new nation began in that land in 1948 named after their ancestor Jacob, whose divinely appointed name Israel means "Prince with G-d." And to fulfill another ancient prophecy, G-d moved on the heart of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, whose son Ehud told me that, while his father was living in Eastern Europe, he heard a voice and saw a light directing him to bring forth for the Jewish people a pure language-Hebrew-the language of the Torah and of the ancient prophets.

Yes, the survival of the Jewish people is a miracle of God. The return of the Jewish people to the land promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob is a miracle of God. The remarkable victories of Jewish armies against overwhelming odds in successive battles in 1948, and 1967, and 1973 are clearly miracles of God. The technological marvels of Israeli industry, the military prowess, the bounty of Israeli agriculture, the fruits and flowers and abundance of the land are a testimony to God's watchful care over this new nation and the genius of this people.