• DACIER, Andre (1651-1722).  French classical scholar.  Helped to edit the Delphin Classical series in 1672. His chief works were translations of Horace, Aristotle and Plutarch.  His wife Anne Lefevre (1654-1720), was also employed as part-editor of the Delphin Classics translating many of the classics, the Iliad, Anacreon, Sappho, Terence, Plautus and Aristophanes as well as many others.
• DA COSTA, Isaak (1798-1860).  Dutch poet. His first work, De Verlossing van Nederland, 1814 made his reputation and his later work Poezy, 1821-22 revealed him as a romantic poet. He converted from Judaism to Christianity in 1822.
• DAFT, Richard (1835-1900).  English cricketer.  Played for the county of Nottingham becoming captain in 1872.  He wrote Kings of Cricket in 1893 and A Cricketer's Yarns were reissued after his death.
• DAFYDD AB GWILYM (c.1340-c.1400). Welsh poet. Chief bard of Glamorgan  150 of his odes were addressed to a Morfudd Lawgam.  He was imprisoned when he eloped with her.  His nature poems were translated into English.
• DAGNAN-BOUVERET, Pascal Adolphe Jean (1852-1929).  French painter.  He evolved a poetic style in his pictures of Breton life and scenery.  Le Pain Benit was brought for the Luxembourg.  Also a well known portrait painter.
• DAGOBERT (d.639).  King of the Franks on the death of his father in 629.  He extended the royal authority and by 632 was ruler of all the Franks south of the loire.  He made Paris his capital, revised the Frankish laws and encouraged art and religion.  He formed an alliance with the Eastern Empire but on his death his kingdom became divided.
• DAGUERRE, Louis Jacques Mande (1789-1851).  French inventor.  He was a scene painter who started a panoramic show known as the Diorama in Paris in 1822.  From 1826 on he worked in collaboration with J. Nicephore Niepce (d.1833) to produce the daguerreotype process of photography on metal.  The French government gave him an annuity.
• DAHL, Johann Christian Clausen (1788-1857).  Norwegian painter.  Studied in Copenhagen and in 1824 became professor at the Dresden Academy.  He was one of the founders of modern landscape painting,  Best known works include a Storm at Sea and Kronberg by Moonlight.
• DAHL, Michael (1656-1743).  Swedish painter.  He acquired great fame as a portrait- painter in England.  His works include  portraits of Queen Anne, Prince George of Denmark, and a series of naval officers for Greenwich Hospital.
• DAHLBERG, Erik Johansen, Count (1625-1703).  Swedish military engineer.  Fought under Charles X, notably in the sieges of Copenhagen and Kronberg.   Director of fortifications in 1676, restoring the forts of Sweden.  Became a field-marshall in 1702 on his retirement.
• DAHLGREN, John Adolf (1800-70).  American sailor.  Invented the Dahlgren smooth-bore gun in 1850.  Of Swedish extraction he fought in the American Civil War on the Federal side.  Chief of the ordnance department 1862-63 and 1868-70.  Then given command of the navy yard at Washington until his death.
• DAHLGREN, Karl Frederik (1791-1844).  Swedish poet.  His early works were satires and include Babels Torn, 1825.  Later poems were Zephyr and the Girl, one of his best known poems.  His last volume of poems was published in 1837.  He held a position in the church from 1829.
• DAHLMANN, Friedrich Christoph (1785-1860).  German politician.  Joined the Austrian army in 1809 then retired after Wagram. 1812-1829 Professor of history at Kiel. As Professor at Gottingen, 1829-1837, he helped draw up the constitution for Hanover granted in 1833, but led his 6 colleagues into exile when it was withdrawn. Became professor at Bonn in 1842.  Helped to draw up the draft constitution after the 1848 rising and the crown of Germany was offered to Frederick William IV of Prussia in 1849. The unifying of germany being unsuccessful he retired in 1850.  His chief historical works are History of Denmark (down to the Reformation), three volumes, 1840-43; Politics, 1835; History of the English Revolution, 1844; and History of the French Revolution, 1845.
• DAHLSTJERNA, Gunno (1661-1709).  Swedish poet.  While employed in Livonia between 1681 and 1699  he composed a number of patriotic lyrics and short epics.  The best known is Kungaskald, about Charles XII and Peter the Great, 1697, and The Goth's Battle-Song, 1701.  He returned to Sweden in 1699 as director of the land survey department.
• DAHN, Julius Sophus Felix (1834-1912).  German historian.  Professor of jurisprudence at Konigsberg in 1872 and at Breslau 1888-1910. He was appointed rector at Breslau in 1895.  As well as historical works such as Kings of the Germans, 1883-88, he wrote several novels and some poetry.  Ein Kamp un Rom, 1876, is his best known historical novel.
• DAIMLER, Gottlieb (1834-1900).  German engineer.  Came to England where he was employed at Manchester. Returning to Germany he perfected the Otto gas engine with Dr. Otto of Cologne.  From 1882 he devoted himself to experimenting with high-power gas and oil engines, petroleum motors and the construction of motor-cars. The Daimler company acquired his works and his patents in 1891.
• DALBERG.  Name of an old German family.  From the 12th century a Dalberg was hereditary chamberlain to the archbishops of Worms, and from 1494, the head of the family was dignified as "first knight of the Holy Roman empire".
• DALBERG, Johann (1455-1503)   Bishop of Worms, and one of the leaders of the Renaissance in Germany.
• DALBERG, Karl Theodor von (1744-1817).  and  his brother, Wolfgang Heribert von Dalberg (1750-1806), the director of the Mannheim Theatre, were friends and patrons of Goethe and Schiller.  Karl, the last and most notable prince-bishop of Mainz, sided with Napoleon, by whom in 1807, he was appointed prince-primate of the Rhine Confederation, and in1810 grand-duke of Frankfort.
• DALBERG, Emmerich Joseph von (1773-1833), son of Wolfgang Heribert, served under Napoleon and the Bourbons, representing France at the Congress of Vienna, 1815, and was made a duke in 1815.  His daughter inherited  his estates, and passed them on to her son John-Emmerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, the historian, first Baron Acton.
•     DALE, David (1739-1806).  British manufacturer.   In 1785 founded the New Lanark mill with Arkwright, which later became the scene of Robert Owen's sociological experiments. He was a generous benefactor to Glasgow, chief minister of the Old Independents, a religious congregation which he founded in 1770.
• DALE, Robert William (1829-95)  English theologian.  He entered the Congregational ministry becoming pastor in 1859 of Carr's lane chapel in Birmingham.He was one of the chief supporters of the secularization of education and the creation of school boards which the Education Act of 1870 brought about. Also one of the royal commissioners on education.  One of the founders of Mansfield college, Oxford and a supporter of disestablishment.  His chief work was an unfinished history of the Congregational Church published in 1907 by his son.
• DALGAIRNS, John Dobree (1818-76)  English writer.  Born in Guernsey.  He had a position in 1848 in the Oratory at Brompton, London of which he became a superior in 1863.  Also a member of the Metaphysical Society, his best known work was The German Mystics of the 14th Century, 1858.
• DALGARNO, George (d. 1687).  Scottish author.  He was a schoolmaster and taught at Oxford and in Guernsey for 30 years.  He chief works were Ars Signorum 1661, in which he attempted to present ideas by written signs instead of words, and Didascalocophus, plus The Dumb Man's Tutor, 1680, in which he formulated the first deaf and dumb alphabet.
• DALHOUSIE, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, 1st Marquess of (1812-60).  British administrator.  3rd son of the 9th earl, he succeeded him in 1838, becoming conservative M.P. in 1837 and president of the Board of Trade in 1845.  In 1847 he was appointed governor-general of India and after the conclusion of the second Sikh War became marquess in 1849.  He annexed the Punjab, Oudh, and the Burmese province of Pegu, as well as other states and instituted reforms in government, military and economic spheres. He returned to England in 1856, though some contemporaries attributed the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny after he left to his previous  actions. He was regarded as the greatest of British administrators in India up to that time.
• DALIN, Olof Von (1708-63)  Swedish poet.  He entered the civil service in 1726, publishing in 1738 the satire, Saga om Hasten (Tale of the Horse), in which, under the symbol of a horse and its riders he reviews the story of Sweden and her rulers fom Gustavus Vasa to Charles XII.  His epic poem Svenska Friheten (Swedish Freedom) appeared in 1742 and his history of Sweden, 1746-62.  In 1751 he became tutor to the crown prince, and ennobled, but was banished from the court 1756-61 on a false charge of conspiracy.  He emancipated Swedish literature from German influence and introduced French and English ideals in its place.
• DALLAS, Alexander James (1759-1864).  American statesman. He emigrated to America from Jamaica in 1783, becoming a lawyer and later a journalist.  In 1801 he became district attorney for East Pennsylvania and secretary of the Treasury in 1814 as well.  He raised the Treasury from bankruptcy to a surplus of twenty million dollars within 2 years, by incorporation of the new national bank, the establishment of the currency and the imposition of a tariff.
• DALLAS, George Mifflin (1792-1864).  American statesman.  Son of the above.  He studied and practised law, became district attorney, 1829-31, and represented Pennsylvania in the Senate, 1831-33, and was minister at St. Petersburg, 1835-39, vice-president of the U.S.A. 1845-49, and minister to Great Britain, 1856-61.  He was successful in avoiding an outbareak of hostilities between England and the U.S.A. from 1850-60.
• DALLING AND BULWER, William Henry Lytton Earle Bulwer, Baron (1801-72). English diplomatist.  His first diplomatic mission was in 1824, when he was sent to Morea by the Greek committee in London to finance the Greeks in the war of independence.  He entered the diplomatic service in 1829, and gained experience at Berlin, Vienna, The Hague, and Brussels.  He then became secretary of the embassy at Constantinople in 1837, charge d'affaires at Paris in 1839 and ambassador at Madrid, 1843-48.  As ambassador at Washington, 1849, he concluded the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, and in 1852 was minister at Florence.  He was sent as commissioner to the Danubian principalities in 1856, and 2 years later became ambassador at Constantinople. In 1830-35 he had been a Radical M.P. and after his retirement from the diplomatic corps he entered Parliament again in 1868.  He was made a peer in 1871. His writings include An Autumn in Greece, 1826; Historical Characters, 1808; and unfinished Life of Lord Palmerston; and 2 volumes on France 1834-36.
• DALLINGER, William Henry (1842-1909).  English scientist.  He became a Wesleyan minister and was president of Wesley Colleg, sheffield, 1880-88.  After retirement he devoted himself to biological research, investigating the life histories of minute organisms, a work which stimulated biological inquiry and brought about improvements in microscopic lenses.  He was elected F.R.S. in 1880, became president of the Microscopical society, 1884 to 1887, and senior lecturer of the Gilchrist Education Trust.
• DALLMEYER, John Henry (1830-83)  Anglo-German optical instrument maker.  He settled in England in 1851 and worked under Ross, the manufacturer of telescopes, whose daughter he married, and part of whose business he inherited in 1859.  He made and improved lenses for all optical instruments and constructed photo-heliographs for the leading observatories of England and America.
•  DALL'ONGARO, Francesco (1808)-73).  Italian author.  He left the priesthood and founded a Liberal journal, the Favillon, in Trieste.  Having fought with Garibaldi, 1848, and held an official position in the short-lived Roman republic, he fled to Switzerland, but in 1860, returned to be appointed professor at Naples.  His chief works were dramas, but he was best known for his dialect poems, stornelli,  in which we expressed patriotic sentiments.
• DALOU, Aime Jules (1836-1902).  French sculptor.  He exhibited at the Salon in 1867 for the first time.  As he took part in the Commune rising in 1871, he had to seek asylum in London, where he taught at the classes at South Kensington.  He greatly influenced British sculpture at that time.  He returned to France in 1879, and much of his work can be seen in Paris.
• DALTON, John (1766-1844).  English scientist.  Of Quaker background he developed a taste for mathematics. He became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in 1793 at New College, Manchester and in 1799 secretary of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.  He recorded, over 67 years, more than 200,000 observations on the weather.  Finding that he was colour blind he published in 1794 the first scientific paper on the subject.  He also evolved an atomic theory, and published a list of atomic weights in his New System of Chemical Philosophy, first volume 1808.
• DALY,  John Augustin (1838-99).  American theatrical manager.  He was dramatic critic in New, York, 1859-69, Manager of the Fifth Avenue Theatre (1869-77), and from 1879 until his death manager of Daly's Theatre, New York.  He built Daly's Theatre, London, 1893.  He was best known for his Shakespearean revivals, in which Miss Ada Rehand, who was for years his leading actress, appeared with much success.  His writings include plays and adaptations and a tribute to Peg Woffington, 1888.
• DALYELL, Thomas (c.1600-85).  Scottish soldier.   A pronounced royalist, he was taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester in 1651, and imprisoned in the Tower of London.  He escaped 6 months later, took part in the Highland rising of 1654, and outlawed in Scotland, entered the service of the tsar of Russia.  In 1665, he returned to Scotland, and as commander-in-chief of the forces, made himself notorious for his savage discipline, and his severity towards the Covenanters.  He raised the regiment of Scots Greys (2nd Dragoons) in 1681.
• DALZIEL. Name of a family of English wood-engravers.  George , (1815-1902), Edward (1817-1905), John and Thomas, produced an enormous number of woodcut book and other illustrations 1840-80.  In 1835 George came to London, where Edward joined him in partnership about 1840, and the other two brothers later on.  They were employed to engrave the early blocks for Punch, the Illustrated London News, The Cornhill Magazine and Good Words, and their reprodutions of the work of Cruikshank, Leech, Gilbert, and the Pre-Raphaelites made these artists more generally known.  On the introduction of photographic methods for illustrating, the Dalziels turned rather to printing and publishing.
• DAMASCIUS (c. 480-c, 545).  Syrian philosopher.  Born at Damascus, he was a pupil of Theon of Alexandria and later lived at Athens.  He lived for a time in Persia and probably died at Alexandria.  He was the last teacher of Neoplatonishm in Athens, stressing the indivisible unity of an infinite God, whose attributes are beyond direct human comprehension. Of his writings, the last known is On First Principles.
• DAMASUS  Name of two popes.  Damasus I occupied the chair 366-384, succeeded Liberius, but only after riots and blood-shed obtained possession of Rome.   During his tenure of office the final division between the Churches of East and West took place. the Eastern council of constantinople in 381 was not attended by any Western cleric, and in the rome council of 382 few Eastern bishops took part. Camasus gave Jerome the task of revising the Latin text of the bible.  He was canonized after his death.  Damasus II, pope for less than a month in 1048, succeeded Clement II by the favour of the emperor Henry III.
• DAMIAN. Peter (c.1007-72).  Italian saint.  He joined the hermit monks at Fonte Avellana in 1035, becoming prior of the monastery in 1043.  He fiercely denounced the clerical scandals of the time, and, after being made cardinal archbishop of Ostia in 1057, was sent as papal legate to Milan to restore discipline in the Church.  He was canonized in 1823. 
• DAMIEN, Father (1840-89).  Belgian missionary.  Real name Joseph de Veuster.  Joining a religious order in 1858, he was sent to Hawaii in 1864, and was ordained priest at Honolulu.  In 1873, at his own request he became resident priest to the 600 lepers on the island of Molokai.  In 1885 he became infected, but continued his work, which included not only the spiritual but also the physical welfare of the colony.  He was buried at Molokai. 
• DAMIENS, Robert Francois (1715-57).  French assassin.  He was unsettled in his mind by the fierce ecclesiastical disputes of his day, and on January 5, 1757, attempted to assassinate Louis XV, whom he wounded.  He is chiefly remembered on account of the incredible tortures he suffered prior to his execution. 
• DAMJANICH, Janos (1804-49).  Hungarian soldier.  He became an ardent Magyar patriot and in the war of Hungarian independence, 1849, showed not only great bravery but qualities of military leadership of a high order.  Falling into Austrian hands, after the Vilagos disaster, he was executed.
• DAMOCLES, Greek courtier.  He was the favourite of Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, whom he declared to be the happiest man on earth.  Damocles was invited by the tyrant to a banquet, where he saw above his head a sword suspended by a single hair, symbolical of the fears that beset the great.  This so terrified Damocles that he confessed himself mistaken. 
• DAMOCLES and PYTHIAS.  Two Pythagoreans.  Their names have become proverbial as symbolizing devoted friendship.   Pythias, having been condemned to death for conspiring against Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, was allowed to visit his friends, and Damon undertook to die in his stead should he fail to return. Pythias, though delayed, kept his word and was pardoned by Dionysius, who desired to be allowed to make a third in the comradeship.
• DAMPIER, William (1652-1715).  English navigator.  He sailed as a boy to Newfoundland and Java, and fought in the Dutch war of 1673.  In Jamaica, between 1674 and 1679, he became a buccaneer, finally sailing on a pirate cruise to South America, 1679-82.  A second voyage of a similar nature began in 1683, and for the next eight years  Dampier roved all over the South Seas, finally sailing in a canoe to India.  The books containing his descriptions of these voyages, earned for him in 1699  the command of a voyage of exploration to Australia; but Dampier was no commander, and although he made important discoveries he was court-martialed on his return.  His reputation further suffered in a voyage of 1703-07, during which he was unsuccessful in his piracies, and marooned Alexander Selkirk, on Juan Fernandez.  His last voyage had to be taken privately, but it proved great commercial success.  He was a pilot on the privateer, which sailed around the world, 1708-11.  He took off the marooned Selkirk and captured a rich Spanish prize worth some 200,000 pounds.
• DAMROSCH, Leopold (1832-85).  German musician.  He studied medicine, but turning to music was made conducter of the Breslau Philharmonic society and later and the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, 1884.  An acquaintance of Liszt he was a founder of the Oratorio, 1874, and Symphony, 1877, Societies in New York.
• DAN.    Biblical character.  As recorded in Genesis 30 he was the son of Jacob, by Bilhah and became the founder of one of the 12 tribes of Israel.
• DANA, Charles Anderson (1819-97)  American journalist.  He lived, 1841-47, at the Brook Farm community, editing the newspaper.  He was on the staff of the New York Tribune, 1847-2, and during the American Civil War was employed to report on the efficiency of the Northern Army.  From 1868 to his death he was part-proprietor, and for many years editor of the New York Sun, the strong political policy of which he controlled.  An able journalist, noted for his terse and vivid style.  His Recollections were published in the same year he died.  His book TheArt of Newspaper Making appeared in 1900.
• DANA, James Dwight (1813-95).  American scientist.  He became a teacher of mathematics in the American Navy.  He was engaged on a mineralogical and geological exploration in the Pacific, 1837-41, and spent many of his later years drawing up his valuable reports.  Professor of natural history at Yale, 1855-92, and editor from 1846 of the American Journal of Science and Arts, he wrote an enormous number of important scientific works.  Of these the chief are his System of Mineralogy, 1857, Manual of Geology, 1862, and Corals and Coral Islands, 1872.
• DANA, Richard Henry (1815-1882).  American author.  In the hope benefiting his weak eyesight, which prevented study, he worked his passage round Cape Horn to California and back, publishing his experiences in Two Years Before The Mast in 1840. He was an ardent advocate of the movements for Free Soil and the freedom of Negroes, and was also known for his legal writings in practice.
• DANBY, Francis (1793-1861).  Irish painter.  He first exhibited in 1820.   He lived in Switzerland 1829-40, when he moved to Exmouth where he died.  His early romantic works wee succeeded by biblical subjects, such as the Delivery of Israel out of Egypt, which gained him the A.R.A.  Later he turned to colourful landscapes and these include the Fisherman's Home-Sunset.