·         HAAKON.  Name of seven kings of Norway.  Haakon I (915-61) was brought up in England by King Athelstan. who furnished him with ships after the death of his father to sail to Norway.  Here he defeated his half-brother Eric and was proclaimed king about 938.  He was killed in 961 in battle against the sons of Eric. Haakon IV (1204-63) reigned from 1223, and brought Iceland and Greenland under the Norwegian crown.  He was defeated byh Alexander III of Scotland at Largs in 1263, and died at Kirkwall, Orkney.  Haakon VII  second son of Frederick VIII, king of Denmark. He married Maud, youngest daughter of King Edward VII of U.K.  He was elected king of Norway when it separated from Sweden in 1905.

·         HAARDT, Georges Marie (1885-1932).  French explorer.  He conducted three transcontinental expeditions in caterpillar cars - across the Sahara in 1922, from Colomb-Bechar in Algeria to Lake Chard, then to Mozambique, in 1928, and from Beirut to Terheran and Kabul, the Himalayas, Chinese Turkestan, Peking and Tientsin in 1931.   He died before his last expedition was finished.

·         HAASE, Hugo (1863-1919).  German politician.  Member of the Reichstag 1807-1906. 1912 shared with Bebel the chairmanship of the socialist party, and then was joint president with Ebert.  He seceded from the main socialist body in 1916 on the question of voting war credits in the Reichstag.   He was involved with the revolution of November, 1918.  He was assasinated the following year.

·         HABAKKUK.  O.T. prophet.  He was a contemporary of Jeremiah.  He taught that the Chaldeans were instruments of God to punish the Jews for their sins, when they invaded Judah.

·         HABBERTON, John (1842-1921).  American author.  Printer, journalist, and a soldier in the Civil War.  Best remembered as author of children's stories, particularly Helen's Babies, 1876.

·         HABER, Fritz (1868-1934). German chemist.  1906 professor at technical school, Karlsruhe. Held posts in Berlin from 1911 to 1933, when he resigned as a protest against the persecution of the Jews.  A brilliant physical chemist, at the beginning of World War I, he solved the problem of Germany's supply of nitrates.  He invented a synthetic method of preparing ammonia, which ensured a limitless supply of nitrates, which enabled Germany to continue the manufacture of explosives, and helped agriculture throughout the world.  He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1918.

·         HABERL, Franz Xavier (1840-1910).  German musical historian.  Became honorary canon the the cathedral of Palestrina in 1879.  Founded a Palestrina society in honour of the great composer who took his name from that city and produced 33 volumes of Palestrina's works.

·         HACKER, Arthur (1858-1919).  English painter.  Stiudied at the royal Academy and in Paris under Bonnat.  A member of the New English Art Club, he became R.A. in 1910.   The Tate Gallery bought his Annunciation  in 1892.  Early on he built up a reputation for his pictures of cottage interiors.

·         HADAD.  Name of a number of Old Testament characters. the king of Edom, who succeeded Husham and defeated the Midianites (1 Chron. 46).  Hadad, of  Edomite royal blood brought up in Egypt to escape a massacre at the hands of Joab, David's commander-in-chief, and later married Pharaoh's sister-in-law.  He returned to his country at the time of David's death and become an enemy of Solomon (1 Kings 11, v. 14).

·         HADEN, Sir Francis Seymour (1818-1910). British etcher and surgeon.  Educated at University College, he studied surgery at the Sorbonne, Paris, and at Grenoble.  While in Paris he attended evening classes at various art schools.  He took up private practice in London in 1847 marrying the half-sister of Whistler, whom he met in 1858 and who influenced him to take up etching seriously.   He founded the Society of Painter Etchers in 1880 and became one of the most celebrated etchers of his time.  He retired from surgical practice in 1887 and was knighted in 1894.

·         HADRIAN (A.D. 76-138).  Roman emperor.  Full name was Publius Aelius Hadrianus.  Brought up by, adopted by, and designated his successor by the emperor Trajan. Hadrian felt the Roman empire had reached its limits, and the policy of conquest gave way to one of consolidation.  He made peace with the Parthians. The majority of his reign was spent in travelling from province to province.   On his tour of Britain in 122 he arranged for the wall named after him to be built.  One of his reforms was the substitution of direct collection of taxes for the unpopular system of tax-farming.  He reformed the legal system, and installed a civil service for the administration of the empire.  The status of the slave was improved and the domestic life of Roman subjects was bettered.  Many magnificent buildings were commissioned by him also.  A Jewish revolt occurred in the latter years of his reign which led to their extermination in Judeea.  Shortly before his death he composed a poem to his soul of which more than 100 English translations exist.

·         HAECKEL, Ernst Heinrich (1834-1919).  German scientist.  He practised as a physician for a short time, devoted himself to natural history became professor of comparative anatomy at Jena in 1862.  3 years later he was appointed professor of zoology.  He was an enthusiastic convert to the Darwinian theory of evolution, and in his Natural History of Creation, 1868, he traced the descent of man, and declared human remains found in Java to be the missing link between man and the man-like apes.  His other books were, General Morphology of Organisms, 1866; The Last Link. 1898; and the Riddle of the Universe, 1901.

·         HAFFKINE, Waldemar Mordecai Wolfe (1860-1930).  Russian bacteriologist.  Assisted Pasteur in Paris for 4 years.  From 1893 the British government employed him in India.  He invented a vaccine which reduced death from plague, and was in the forefront in fighting cholera by protective innoculation. He founded the Government Research Laboratory in Bombay.

·         HAFIZ (d.c. 1388).  Persian poet.  His great work was the Diwan, a collection of short lyrical poems.  He exercised a lasting influence on the forms of Persian verses in later generations.

·         HAFSTEIN, Hannes Thordur (1861-1922).  Icelandic statesman.  He became minister for Iceland at Reykjavik in 1904, and did valuable work in establishing telegraphs and cable communication with Great Britain. Politically, he did much to establish reconciliation with Denmark which led to the recognition of Iceland as an independent state.

·         HAGENBECK, Carl (1844-1913)  German wild animal dealer.  He succeeded his father as a dealer in wild animals and developed it until it became the largest in the world at that time. He was the first to exhibit performing polar bears and started the Zoological gardens at Setllingen near Hamburg in 1897.  He introduced the system of displaying wild animals out of doors.

·         HAGERUP  Geroge Francis (1853-1921).  Norwegian statesman. Premier of Norway 1895-98 and again in 1903-05.  He attempted to achieve a solution of the problem of separate consular representation for Sweden and Norway.  Also a member of the Hague Court of Arbitration.

·         HAGGAI (520 B.C.)  Old Testament prophet.  His book in the O.T. is almost entirely occupied with exhortations to the Jews, returned from exile, to hasten the building and the beautifying of the Temple.

·         HAGGARD, Sir Henry Rider (1856-1925)  British novelist.  He held various official posts in South Africa, 1875-79.  He published his first work, Cetewayo and His White Neighbours in 1882, followed by King Solomon's Mines, 1885, Jess, 1887, Dawn, 1884, She, 1887, Allan Quatermain, 1887, Cleopatra, 1889, Allan's Wife, 1890, Nada the Lily, 1892, Montezuma's Daughter, 1893, Ayesha, 1905, and An Autobiography, The Days of My life 1926.  He was knighted in 1912, and was also prominent as a practical farmer and an agricultural economist.  He published Rural England in 1902.

·         HAHNEMANN, Samuel Christian Friedrich (1755-1843).  German physician.  His reputation rests upon the system of homoeopathy which he founded.  His theory was first put forward in 1796 and was afterwards worked out in his book, The Organism of Rational Health.  He practised at Kothen and later in Paris. Though his theories were unpopular with apothecaries, he had the satisfaction of seeing them widely accepted.

·         HAIDER ALI (c.1722-82).  Ruler of Mysore.  He entered the service of the raja of Mysore in 1749, where his strong personality soon placed him at the head of affairs.  He conquered Kanara in 1763, and in alliance with the nizam of Madras he fought the British at Chengam, 1767, but was defeated.  Persisting in hostilities he succeeded in 1769 in effecting a treaty with his victors, but was unable to induce them to help him in his campaign against the Mahrattas in 1772.  In revenge for this he took advantage of the war with France to march on Madras, 1779, but after some initial successes was routed by Sir Eyre Coote in an engagement near Porto Novo.

·         HAIG, Field-Marshall Earl Douglas.  (1861-1928).  He was educated at Clifton and Brasemose College, Oxford, thence to Sandhurst, and was gazetted in 1885 to the 7th Hussars.  After passing through the Staff college He served in the Khartum campaign of 1898 and in the Boer War.  He acted as chief of staff at Colesberg in 1900 to Sir John French, and in 1901-2 commanded a group of columns under Lord Kitchener.  He served in India from 1903-12, and on his return to Europe he was appointed to the Aldershot command.  He went to France in 1914 in command of the 1st corps, and took part in all the earlier battles, passing in 1915 to the command of the 1st army.  In December that year he succeeded Sir John French as commander-in-chief of the British forces in France and held this position till the close of the war being promoted field-marshall 1917.  He was much criticised for his handling of the war and the great losses, especially on the Somme front.  It wasn't until  the dying days of the war that he won a series of victories.

·         HAILES, David Dalrymple, Lord (1726-92).  Scottish historian.  He took the title of Lord Hailes when he became a judge in 1766.  His chief work is The Annals of Scotland, a chronological outline of Scottish history, 1057-1371.

·         HAJJI KHALIFA  [circa 1599-1658] Turkish author.  He passed through several campaign with the Turkish army before returning to his native town to undertake literary and historical studies.  His outstanding work, a Biblographical Encyclopedia In Arabic, is of great importance for the minute details which it supplies of contemporary Moslem literature.

·         HAKE, Thomas Gordon [1809-95].  British poet.  He wrote most of his poetical work  after the age of 50, when he had retired from medical practice.  Among his poems are Madeline, 1871; New Symbols, 1876; and Maiden Ecstasy, 1883.

·         HAKLUYT, Richard (c. 1552-1616).  English geographer.  His first work was Divers Voyages touching the discoverie of America, 1582, which gained him the chaplaincy of the British embassy in Paris with instructions from Walsingham to watch French and Spanish movements particularly in relation to America. As a result he wrote A particular discourse concerning Westerne discoveries, etc., which was not printed until 1877.  He returned to England in 1588 and in the following year published his great work The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, 1598-1600.  Hakluyt received a number of ecclesiastical preferments, including that of archdeacon of Westminster.  He used his influence to encourage the colonisation of Virginia.

·         HALDANE, Richard Burdon Haldane, 1st viscount (1856-1928).  British statesman.  He was ecucated at Edinburgh and Gottingen universities, and his many gifts won him many distinctions especially in the domain of philosophy.  He chose a legal career, and was called to the Bar in 1879 and made Q.C. in 1890.  He was returned to Parliament as Liberal M.P. for Haddingtonshire in 1885, and was offered the post of secretary of state for war in 1905.   Under his leadership the army was reorganised.  The Officers' Training Corps were established, the militia was replaced by a special reserve, the Territorial army was placed on a firm footing, and an Imperial General Staff was created under which were linked the fighting forces of the Dominions.  Scientific aids to war were developed and outside his other duties Haldane had much to do with the establishing of a National Pnysical Laboratory. When he became lord chancellor in 1912, he was sent to Germany to inquire into the gravity of the German menace.  Unfortunately because of his admiration for Germany he was excluded from the Coalition cabinet of 1915.  He returned as lord chancellor in 1924 in Ramsay Macdonald's first labour ministry, and later led the Labour party in the House of Lords.  Raised to the peerage as Viscount Haldance of Cloan in 1911, he was awarded amongst many other honours, the O.M. in 1915.    In his work as a philosopher he was president of the Royal Commission of London University which reported in 1913, and was largely instrumental in establishing several of the younger universities, of one of which, Bristol, he became chancellor; while his support of the Workers' Educational Association increased the prestige of that body considerably.  Haldane was made F.R.S. as early as 1906, and was the recipient of many honorary degrees.  He was also elected rector of Edinburgh University. His philosophical works were, his Gifford Lectures, published in 1903 as the Pathway to Reality, his the Reign of Relativity, 1921, and the Philosophy of Humanism, 1922.  Other writings include Essays in Philosophical Criticism, 1883, and Human Experience, 1926. His autobiography appeared in 1929.  He died unmarried.

·         HALDANE, James Alexander (1768-1851).  Scottish preacher.  He founded at Edinburgh in 1794, the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home.  Leaving the Church of Scotland he founded and became pastor of the first Congregational church in Scotland. He joined the baptists in 1808, and from that time was engaged in many theological controversies.  His numerous writings include The Duty of Christian Forbearance in Regard to Points of Church Order, 1811. He was assisted in his work by his brother Robert.

·         HALE, Louise Closser (1872-1933).  American actress.  She made her first stage appearance at Detroit in 1894, In Old Kentucky. She was first seen in London in Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch in 1907.  Later she became a popular screen actress particularly in acid middle-aged parts.  Amongst her successful films were Shanghai Express, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, The Silent Voice, Platinum Blonde, and Movie Crazy.

·         HALE, Sir Matthew (1609-76).English lawyer. He became a barrister and was engaged in some of the great cases of the time appearing on behalf of Laud.  He was the first judge appointed by Cromwell, and was made by Charles II chief baron of the exchequer and in 1671 chief justice of the common pleas.  His books were History of the Pleas of the Crown and a History of the Common Law of England.

·         HALES, Thomas (c.1749-1780).   Anglo-French dramatist.  He settled in Paris about1770.  Here he acquired a facility in the French language and a mastery of the stage which admitted him as a dramatist to the most exclusive theatre in Europe.  His plays were in the repertoire of the Theatre Francais for many years.

·         HALEVY, Jacques Francois Fromental Elie (1799-1862).  French composer.  Of Jewish parentage his real name was Levi.  He studied at the conservatoire, then under Cherubini, and after going to Italy with the grand prix, returned to France to devote himself to the composition of operas, of which he wrote a large number, including La Juive and L’éclair.  Professor at the Conservatoire from 1827, he there trained several notable musicians, including Gounod and Georges Bizet.

·         HALEVY, Ludovic (1834-1908).  French dramatist.   He wrote in collaboration with Henri Meilhac (1831-97), operettas, vaudeville pieces, and comedies.  Their work included Orphee aux Enfers, 1861, and La Belle Helene, 1864, both to the music of Offenbach; and Froufrou, 1869, a more serious piece which attained a great success.  Halevy published volumes of his collected short stories, notably Monsieur et Madame Cardinal, 1873, and several novels, of which the best was L’Abbe Constantin, 1882.  He was elected to the French Academy in 1884. 

·         HALHED, Nathaniel Brassey (1751-1830).  British scholar.  He entered the service of the East India Company and, encouraged by Warren Hastings, translated the Gentoo code and set up the first British printing press in India, at Hooghly.  He was the author of a Bengalese grammar and, in the field of philology, discovered the affinity between Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic.

·         HALIBURTON, Thomas Chandler (1796-1865).  Canadian author.  He became judge of the supreme court, 1842-56, when he settled in England.  Founder of the American school of dialect humour, he is famous as the creator of Sam Slick, whose drolleries and wit first found expression in the Nova Scotian newspaper in 1835.  In addition to The Clockmaker, or Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville, 1837-40, he wrote The Attache, or Sam Slick in England, 1843-44, and Sam Slick’s Wise Saws and Modern Instances, 1853. 

·         HALIFAX,  Charles Montague, Earl of (1661-1715). English statesman.  He made his mark as a scholar and was associated f (1633-95 with Matthew Prior in the The Town and Country Mouse, a parody of Dryden's The Hind and the Panther.  This attracted the attention of the wits and secured him the patronage of earl of Dorset. Entering the Commons in 1689, he won an early reputation, and in 1692 was made a lord of the treasury, being advanced in 1694 to the post of chancellor of the exchequer.  He introduced important financial reforms.  He helped found the Bank of England, was the leading spirit in reforming the coinage, and initiated the national debt and the first issue of exchequer bills.  Montagu was accused of fraud in 1698, but the charge was not proved.  He resigned in 1699, taking up the office of auditor of the exchequer, which he had carefully provided for himself, earning the nickname of "the filcher".  Two unsuccessful attempts were made by the Tories to impeach him.  He was employed once or twice on public affairs during Anne's reign, but political office only came again when George I became king.  He was made first Lord of the treasury in 1714 and created Earl of Halifax, but he had only been in office a few months when he died. He left no children, but the barony passed to his nephew George Montagu.

·         HALIFAX, George Montagu Dunk, 2nd Earl of (1716-71).  English politician.  The son of George Montagu, the first earl of the second creation, he succeeded to the earldom in 1739.  He assumed the name of Dunk on his marriage.  Halifax was in turn, president of the board of trade, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and first Lord of the Admiralty; in 1762 he was made secretary of state, and later Lord privy seal, serving under Bute, Grenville and North.

·         HALIFAX, Charles Wood.  1st Viscount (1800-85).  English statesman.  He was the eldest son of Sir F.L. Wood, a Yorkshire baronet and landowner, whom he succeeded in the baronetcy in 1846.  He sat in Parliament as a Whig, and was joint secretary to the treasury, 1832-34, and secretary to the admiralty, 1835-39.  He took office as chancellor of the exchequer in 1846, remaining there until made president of the board of control in 1852, and secretary for India during the seven very difficult years, 1859-66, he was created Viscount Halifax in 1866, having represented that town in Parliament, 1832-66.  He became lord privy seal in 1870 and left office with t he Liberals in 1874.

·         HALIFAX, Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount (1839-1934).  English nobleman.  The son of the first Viscount, he succeeded to the peerage in 1885.  Groom of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales, 1862-70, in 1886 he became an ecclesiastical Commissioner.  For 65 years he was a recognized leader of the High Church party, and was president of the English Church Union, 1867-1919.  An enthusiastic advocate of reunion in Christendom, he associated himself in 1894 with an attempt to secure the Pope’s recognition of the Anglican orders, and nearly twenty years later was instrumental in bringing about the conversations with Cardinal Mercier and others at Malines. 

 

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