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JACKSON, Andrew (1767-1845). American statesman. A barrister, who enterered politics for a short time in 1796. He was a senator from 1797-98. When war broke out between the U.S.A. and Britain in 1814 he gained a victory at New Orleans 1815, crushed the Seminole Indians in 1818, was made governor of Florida in 1821 (in spite of opposition to his high-handed methods) and a senator in 1823-25. He was elected President as a democrat in 1828 and 1832. The system by which an incoming President brings his own supporters and dismisses the previous President's officials is attributed to him. He was also responsible for the veto of the bill for renewing the charter of the Bank of the United States. He fought vigorously against the nullification of the Tariff laws and was the chief guardian of the people against the rise of capitalism.
JACKSON, Sir Henry Bradwardine (1855-1929). British sailor. Controllerof the navy, 1908-10, chief of the war staff, 1912-14, first sea lord, 1915-16, and admiral of the fleet 1919. The first Englishman to employ wireless telegraphy in battleships, chairman of the Radio Research board, 1920, knighted 1906.
JACKSON, John (1769-1845). English pugilist. Known as Gentleman Jackson. Though champion for 8 years he only appeared in the ring on three occasions: against George Fewterel 1788, George Ingleston 1789 and Dan Mendoza 1795. After retiring he became famous as a teacher of boxing.
JACKSON, John (1778-1831). English painter. Remembered for his portraits, many in pencil and finished in water colour.
JACKSON, Sir John (1851-1919). British engineer. His successful achievements include the Stobcross docks at Glasgow, the construction of Middlesbrough, Hartlepool and North Sunderland docks, the commercial harbour at Dover, the last eight miles of the Manchester Ship canal, the laying of the foundations of the Tower Bridge, the extension of the admiralty works at Keyham, Devenport, the naval harbour and graving dock at Simon's Town, Cape Colony, and the great Euphrates barrage near Babylon. Jackson was an M.P. 1910-18 and was knighted in1895.
JACKSON, Peter (1861-1901). West Indian boxer. At first a sailor, he went on to win the championship of Australia by beating Tom Lees in 1886. 1891 fought a famous drawn battle of 61 rounds with James J. Corbett. Greatest victory was beating Frank Slavin 1892.
JACKSON, Sir Thomas Graham (1835-1924). British architect. Practised in 1861 and over the next 50 years was responsible for many important buildings including Oxford and Cambridge. Many restorations include Winchester Cathedral, Bath Abbey and the Bodleian. Respon sible for new buildings at many famous schools. Made A.R.A. 1892 and R.A. in 1896. Created a baronet in 1913. His writings include Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, 1913, and Gothic Architecture in France, England and Italy, 1915.
JACKSON, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall Jackson) (1824-63). Won a nomination to West Point, gaining an artillery commission, served in the Mexican War, 1843-48, gaining the rank of brevet-major. Spent 10 years at lexington military academy as instructor, and on the outbreak of Civil War joined the Confederates becoming brigadier in 1861. He earned his nickname of Stonewall at the battle of Bull Run for his courage and stern discipline. Although he lost the battle at Shenandoah Valley his raw troops acquitted themselves with bravery. After a rapid march he joined Lee in the defence of Richmond and helped in McClellan's defeat 1862, becoming Lee's most trusted subordinate. Gained great victories at Cedar Mountain, the second battle of Bull Run, and in the Maryland campaign where 12,000 troops surrendered to him at Harper's Ferry. His troops were then joined with the main forces under Lee, fighting at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. Unfortunately he was shot by mistake by his own outposts. His left arm was amputated, but pneumonia set in and he died. His death marked the decline in the Confederacy course, without his courage, leadership and brilliant tactics.
JACOB. Biblical character. The younger son of twins to Isaac and Rebekah, he obtained his older brother Esau's birthright and his father's blessing by trickery. Forced to flee from Esau's fury to Haraan he served his uncle Laban 14 years as a shepherd and obtained Leah and Rachel as his wives. He became wealthy and returned to Canaan. He saw 2 visions, the first of a ladder between earth and heaven, on his way to Haran, where he obtained divine protection, and the second on the way back to Canaan where he saw a second vision of angels and wrestled with a mysterious stranger on the bank of the Jabbok, when he was given the name of Israel. He and his large family journeyed to Egypt after his son Joseph obtained a high position there. They settled in the land of Goshen in the delta of the Nile. Genesis 25-49.
JACOB, Sir Lionel (1853-1934). English engineer. He went out to the Punjab in 1875 and played a part in the extensive irrigation works. He had control of the Chenab canal works in 1898 and later became chief engineer in Burma, and secretary of the public works department and inspector-general of irrigation. He was knighted in 1911.
JACOBI, Abraham (1830-1919). German-American physician. Suffered imprisonment for his political views and emigrated to America in 1853 began to practice in New York specialising in children's diseases. He was professor of that subject from 1860-70, and in the college of physicians and surgeons, Columbia University 1870-1902. He wrote many books on this subject both in English and German, and was the founder of the science of pediatrics in America and established the first children's clinic there in 1862.
JACOBI, Carl Gustav Jacob (1804-51). German mathematician. He was professor of mathematics at Konigsberg, 1827-42. His most important investigations were on elliptic functions, and on determinants. His name Jacobian was given to one important form of determinant.. His menoirs on the calculus of variations, differential equations, and his contributions to the problem of three bodies were all of importance.
JACOBI, Friederich Heinrich (1743-1819). German philosopher. Being attracted by philosophy and theology, early in life, Jacobi became the associate of Wieland and the author of several philosophical novels. He was president of the Munich academy of sciences, 1807-12. He did not believe in speculation but declared that knowledge was founded on faith or immediate intuition, whereby the mind immediately grasped the most important religious truths. Chief works were Briefe uber die Lehre Spinozas, 1785 and Uber das Unternehmen des Kriticismus, 1801.
JACOBI, Mary Putnam (1842-1906). American physician. English by birth she was the daughter of G.P. Putnam, the American publisher. She became the first woman student of the New York college of Pharmacy and of the Ecole de Medecine in Paris. She practised in New York, and lectured on therapeutics and was professor of children's diseases at the Medical College for Woman.
JACOBSEN, Jess Peter (1847-85). Danish author.First studying botany, he received the gold medal of the Academy for his contributions to Danish botanical knowledge in 1872. He also translated Darwin's Origin of Species and Descent of Man, but abandoned science for literature in 1872, publishing his first book of stories Mogena the same year, and a historical novel Marie Grubbe, in 1873-76. Some of his other stories were Niela Lyhne and many poems.
JACOMB-HOOD, George Percy (1857-1929) English artist. He studied at the Slade school and under U.P. Laurens in Paris. He was known as a black and white artist, visiting India for The Graphic for the Durbars of 1902 and 1911. One of his most famous paintings was Raising of Jairus's Daughter.
JACQUARD, Joseph Marie (1752-1834) French inventor. He fought in the revolution, later entering a factory in Lyons, where he invented the loom. His improvements and modifications of the original loom revolutionised the weaving industry and in 1806 the invention was acquired for the nation. Jacquard was granted a royalty and a pension.
JACQUEMART, Jules Ferdinand (1837-80). French engraver and painter. He studied under his father Albert Jacquemart. He produced 60 plates in 1864 for Barbet de Jouy's Les Gemmes et Joyaux de la Couronne, and he etched also about 400 reproductions of the great masters. From 1873 He devoted himself to water-colour painting, and was one of the founders of the societe des Aquarellistes.
JAGER, Gustav (1832-1917) German scientist. He became professor of zoology at Hohenheim, 1867 and later at Stuttgart, publishing in 1876 an account of the reproduction of protoplasm which anticipated the theory of Weismann. He is best known for his advocacy in Die Normalkleidung, 1880, of the hygienic clothing called after him.
JAGGARD, William. English scholar. His focus was on Shakespearean literature. He published the standard Shakespearean bibliography in 1911. He was one of the governors of the Shakespeare Memorial at Stratford-on-Avon, founded the Avon Literacy Club and the shakespeare glee club. He published many works on shakespearean subjects, including folk Lore, Superstition and Witchcraft in shakespeare, 1906; Shakespearean Frauds, 1911; Shakespeare's Enemies, 1922 and Shakespeare Survey, 1924.
JAMES. Saint and apostle. A fisherman of Galilee, probably the elder brother of John and a son of Zebedee, he was called by Jesus, when working in his boat. His mother Salome, is said to have been the aunt of Christ. James, who with his brother bore the name Boanerges, was put to death by Herod Agrippa, 44 (Acts 12). Another James, an apostle, mentioned in Mark 15 and 16, and John 19, was called James the Little to distinguish him from the above.
JAMES. Biblical character. Brother of Jesus Christ. He was only converted to Christianity after the Resurrection, when Christ appeared to him, but he rose to be head of the Church at Jerusalem, acquiring the name of James the Just (Acts 21). James, who was the author of the epistle which bears his name, was put to death by the Pharisees in 62.
JAMES I[1208-76]. King of Aragon. He began his conquest of the Balearic Islands in 1228, clearing the Islands of the Saracens in 4 years. He reduced the Moslem territory round Valencia in 1238 and engaged in wars with the Moors in Murcia.
JAMES I [1566-1625]. King of great Britain. The son of Mary, Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, he was proclaimed King of Scotland as James VI in 1567, but his reign did not begin until 1583. Under various guardians he was thoroughly educated. He lived mainly at Stirling, his person occasionally in danger of seizure by various nobles, as indeed happened in the raid of Ruthven in 1582. For 20 years he actually ruled Scotland before becoming King of England. He made the nobles subservient to the Crown. His policy also was to make the State superior to the Church, which was not favored by a powerful section of the Presbyterians. On the death of Elizabeth in March, 1603, he became King of England. Until 1612, James was guided by Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury. The gunpowder plot of 1605, made popular opinion hostile to Roman Catholics. He brought to an end in 1604, the long war with Spain. When Buckingham secured control of foreign policy, James found himself dragged into the Thirty years War on behalf of his son-in-law, the elector-palatine. James married Anne, daughter of the King of Denmark, in 1589. Only three of his children survived infancy; they were Henry, Prince of Wales [died 1612], Charles I, and Elizabeth.
JAMES II. (1633-1701). King of Great Britain and Ireland. the younger son of Charles I, as duke of York. he was captured by the Parliamentary forces that took Oxford in 1646. Escaping to France in 1648, he studied the art of war under Conde and Turenne, and after the Restoration proved himself a courageous commander and successful administrator. He was made lord high admiral by Charles II but having openly professed Roman Catholicism in 1672 he was deprived of his post under the Test Act of 1673. He married his second wife Mary of Modena, also a Catholic in 1677. He succeeded his brother Charles in 1685. The horrible brutality of Judge Jeffreys at the Bloody Assizes after the Monmouth Rebellion, in 1685, the suspension of the Test Act and Jame's publication of the Declaration of Indulgence in 1687 succeeded in alienating the whole nation. The acquittal of the 7 bishops in 1688, after their trial for their refusal to subscribe to the Declaration was the signal for a great popular outburst against the king. The birth of his son in the same year ensured a Catholic and Stuart succession. An invitation was sent by the Whig lords to William of Orange, who had married James' daughter by his first marriage to Ann Hyde William landed at Torbay in 1688 and James fled to France. In 1689 he voyaged to Ireland and set up a parliament at Dublin, where he showed deplorable lack of skill when hge was routed at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. After returning to France his hopes of a French invasion were shattered by the crushing defeat of La Hogue in 1692. He encouraged the assassination plot against William, and its exposure in 1696 was the death-blow to his hopes of regaining his throne. He passed the last few years of his life in France.
JAMES I (1394-1437). King of Scotland. The son of King Robert III, he was captured in 1406 by English sailors, while on his way to France. He remained a prisoner of England until 1424. He became king in 1406, but it was not until 1422 that the regents took steps for his release by ransom and a marriage between him and Jane Beaufort, daughter of the duke of Somerset. During his reign James dealt sternly with the unruly nobles and took steps towards setting up a more constitutional form of government. This led to a conspiracy against him and in 1437 he was murdered at Perth.
JAMES II (1430-60) King of Scotland. Son of the above he became king in 1437. The discord of the regency period, due mainly to disputes between the regents, of whom the powerful earl of Douglas was one, did not end with Jame's assumption of power in 1449, and after the murder of Douglas at Stirling by the king's orders, 1452, there were 3 years of civil war. James also made war on England in 1456-57. While fighting for the Lancastrians at the siege of Roxburgh Castle, he was killed. He married Mary, daughter of the duke of Gelderland, and of his 3 sons the eldest was James III.
JAMES III (1451-88). King of Scotland. He succeeded his father James II in 1460, assuming power about 1469. He was unsuited to rule and from 1482 had to contend with rebellions led by his brother, the duke of Albany (d.1485), and later by his eldest son, afterwards James IV. He met the latter at Sauchieburn near Bannockburn, but was defeated and fled, being treacherously killed at Beaton's Mill.
JAMES IV (1473-1513). King of Scotland. He led the rebels against his father, James III, in 1488, and succeeded to the throne at his death. Popular with nobles and people alike, he enjoyed a comparatively undisturbed reign, and mixed in foreign politics to an extent unusual for a Scottish King. He married Margaret, daughter of Henry VII of England, an alliance which led to the union of the two crowns in 1603. With his brother-in-law, Henry VIII, however, James soon quarrelled, and when war broke out the two armies met at the field of Flodden, where James and many of his nobles were killed.
JAMES V (1512-42). King of Scotland. He was a baby when his father's death at Flodden made him king. At the age of 12 he was declared fit to rule, but the power was held by various nobles until about 1530 and the country was disturbed by disputes between them and the queen-mother. James' real reign was marked by troubles with his nobles and with England, and in 1542 the English invaded Scotland. In November the Scots were routed at Solway Moss, and the king, grieving over this disaster died at Falkland. He had married in 1538, Mary, daughter of the duke of Guise, and his only legitimate child was Mary Queen of Scots. Of his illegitimate children the most notable was the regent Murray.
JAMES EDWARD (1688-1766). Jacobite prince. Known as the Old Pretender, he was the son of James II and his second wife, Mary of Modena. He was hurried over to France and was living at St. Germain when his father died in 1701, and he inherited his claim to the throne of Great Britain. Several attempts were made to secure this, the most notable being the rebellions of 1715 and 1745, and twice James himself sailed for Scotland, once in 1708, and again in 1715, when he landed at Peterhead, on both occasions returning to France without disaster. From 1702 James, who spent his later years absorbed in religion at Rome, was under an attainder passed by the English Parliament. James, married in 1719, Maria Clementina (d. 1735), granddaughter of John Sobieski, king of Poland, by whom he had two sons, Charles Edward, and Henry, cardinal York. James died in Rome and was buried in St. Peter's.
JAMES, Henry James, Baron (1828-1911). English lawyer. He was called to the Bar in 1852, and in 1868 entered Parliament. In 1873 he joined the Liberal ministry as solicitor-general the same year. He was again attorney-general 1880-85, but he left Gladstone over the question of Home Rule, and henceforward was a leading Liberal Unionist, and an opponent of tariff reform. From 1895, when he was made a peer, to 1902 he was chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. His title became extinct on his death.
JAMES, George Payne Rainsford (1799-1860). English novelist. He began to write early in life and under the encouragement of Scott devoted himself to the production of a long series of historical romances, the first being Richelieu, 1829. He is credited with about 100 novels in all, melodramatic and artificial, but with the flavour of romance and excitement, which commended them to a large circle of readers. Probably the best is Henry Masterson, 1832. James held several consular appointments, including one at Venice where he died.
JAMES, Henry (1843-1916). Anglo-American novelist. He spent much of his youth in Europe and was educated with a view to a legal career, but early turned his attention to literature, at first in the form of short stories and contributions to periodicals. The first of his novels to bring him recognition was Roderick Hudson, 1875. This was followed by some 40 to 50 books in all, most of them novels. They include the The American, 1877; The Portrait of a Lady, 1881; What Maisie Knew, 1897; The Wings of a Dove, 1902; The Golden Bowl, 1905; and Julia Bride, 1909. James excelled especially in delineating the contrast between the new civilization of America and the older civilization of Europe, and he was interested in the development of character rather than in incident, his technique was masterly and he has probably never been surpassed in the minute analysis and description of the psychological aspects of character. From 1869 onwards, he made his home in Europe, living chiefly in London, and at Rye in Sussex. Naturalized as a British i subject in 1915, he was given the O.M. in 1916 and died at Chelsea.
JAMES, George Payne Rainsford (1799-1860). English novelist. He began to write early after being encouraged by Scott, and devoted himself to a long series of historical romances, the first being Richelieu, 1829. He is credited with about 100 novels in all, melodramatic and artificial, but with a flavor of romance and excitement, which commended them to a large circle of readers. Probably the best is Henry Masterton, 1832. James, held several consular appointments, including one at Venice.
JAMES, Henry (1843-1916). Anglo-American novelist. A son of Henry James, a well-known Swedenborgian, and younger brother of the William James, he spent much of his youth in Europe, and was educated with a view to a legal career, but early turned his attention to literature, a first in the form of short stories and contributions to periodicals. Go to sleep The first of his novels to bring him recognition was Roderick Hudson, 1875. This was followed by forty to fifty books in all, movst of them novels. The include The American, 1877; The Portrait of a Lady, 1881, What Maisie Knew, 1897; The Wings of a Dove, 1902; The Golden Bowl, 1905; and Julia Bride, 1909. James excelled in pointing out the difference between the new civilization of America and the older civilization of Europe, and he was interested in the development of character rather than in incident. French Poets and Novelists, 1878, reflects his wide knowledge of French Literature. From 1869 onwards he made his home in Europe, living chiefly in London and at Rye in Sussex. Naturalised as a British subject, 1915, he was given the O.M. in 1916.
JAMES, Robert (1705-76). English physician. He is remembered as the inventor of Dr. Jame's fever powders, one of the most popular medicines of the 18th and early 19th centuries. They were one of the many specifics administered to George III in his madness. Goldsmith had previously been dosed with the powders during his last illness. James was a friend of Dr. Johnson.
JAMES, William (d.1827). English naval historian. During the war with the United States in 1812 he was made prisoner but succeeded in escaping to Halifax. His observations of Naval operations led him to publish in 1816 an Inquiry, in which he disclosed the superiority in power of the American fleet. Subsequently he wrote The Naval History Of Great Britain from the Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV, 1822-24, which remains a mine of valuable information on that period.
JAMES, William (1842-1910). American philosopher. The brother of the novelist Henry James, his wide reading and extensive education as a medical student both in America and Europe provided him with a knowledge of philosophy and contemporary thought. He took his medical degree in 1869 but did not practice, and in 1872 accepted the post of instructor in comparative anatomy and physiology at Harvard University; but his interest in psychology and philosophy led to his appointment to the chair of philosophy there in 1881. His first important work, Principles of Psychology, 1890, stamped James immediately as on the of the most lucid, penetrating and engaging writers of his day. His celebrated essay The Will to Believe and the delightful Talks to Teachers in Psychology both appeared in 1899. He delivered the Gifford Lectures in Edinburgh 190102, and their publication under the title Varieties of Religious Experience 1902, won him more admirers. Throughout all his writings he stressed the psychological phenomenon of the will to believe as well as the pragmatic sanction of belief, and in his final years he perfected his philosophical system on that basis. Pragmatism, a New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, appeared in 1907, and established James as a philosopher of a high order.
JAMES, Winifred Lewellin. Australian novelist. She came to London in 1905 and soon established herself as a popular novelist. Bachelor Betty appeared in 1907, and amongst her later works were Saturday's Children, 1909; Letters to My Son, 1910; A Sweeping, 1911; The Mulberry Tree, 1913; Out of the shadows, 1924; London is My Lute and Amen for England, 1930.
MAMESON, Sir Leander Starr (1853-1917). British administrator. He became house surgeon and physician at University College Hospital, London, but a breakdown in health caused him to give up practicein London and to establish himself Kimberly, South Africa, in 1878. Here began his lifelong friendship with Cecil Rhodes, at whose invitation he gave up medical practice to act as ambassador to Matabeleland in 1889. After the formation of the Chartered Company "Dr. Jim" was appointed, 1891, administrator of Rhodesia, and it was while he was acting in that capacity that he organized the famous Jameson Raid. Tried with other leaders and convicted of preparing a military expedition to invade a friendly state Jameson was sentenced to 15 months imprisonment, May, 1896, but was released in December owing to ill health. Entering the Cape Legislative Assembly in 1900, he led the Progressives and was premier, 1904-08, playing a notable part in the formation of the South African Union. Made a baronet in 1911, in 1912 he returned to England, and in 1913 was appointed chairman of the British south Africa Company.
JAMESONE, Geroge (c. 1588-1644). Scottish painter. He studied under Rubens at Antwerp and returning about 1620, established himself as a portrait painter at Aberdeen and later at Edinburgh. Jamesone painted Charles I in Edinburgh in 1633 and also painted James I. the marquess of Montrose, the first marquess of Argyll, Lady Mary Erskine. the marquess of Hamilton, the duke of Rothes, the earl of Mar, and other notable figures.