MIDTERM ESSAY REVIEW

 

Arctic

Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends

 Paleo-Arctic  10-7kya  microblades  Anangula  inland hunting
 Pacific Coastal  6-1kya  harpoons & kayaks & ulus  Kodiak Island  sea mammal hunting/fishing
 Aleutian  4.5k-200ya  harpoons, ulus  Aleutians  sea mammal/fish
 Arctic Small Tool Tradition  4k-2.8kya  bow and arrow, microblades  Onion Portage  base camps sod roofs, semi - subterranean
 Easern Arctic  4kya  ASTT tools & non-toggling harpoons  High Arctic &Hudson Bay  Musk Ox, caribou and seals, birds, fish
 Sub-Arctic  7ka-today

 1.caribou, side-notched

2. caribou, etc.lanceolates

3. socketed toggling harpoons

 1.Yukon & Alaska

2.Canadian shield

3.Labrador to Maine seamammals longhouses

1. Northern Archaic Athabaskans

2. Shield Archaic Algonquians

3. Maritime Archaic Red Paint people

 Norton  3k-1200ya

 seacoast dense housing

pottery,lamps,toggling harpoons, polished slate

 Alaska  year-round settlements
 Dorset  2550-900ya  famous art, rectangular semi-subterranean houses, igloos  Eastern Arctic

 winter/spring whales,walrus,seals

summer/fall caribou,salmon

 Thule (Alaska)  2700-200ya  dog sleds, pottery,toggling harpoons, floats, art  Alaska

 whale hunters

Eskimos

 Thule (Eastern Arctic)  1100ya  pottery is replaced with soapstone, dog sleds, kayaks, atlatls, bow and arrow  Down Pacific Coast and to Greenland  Inuit (Eskimos)
         

Northwest Coast, California,

& the Interior Plateau

Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends

4 periods: Mammoth hunters, Broad-spectrum hunter-gatherers,

Sea mammal/fishing (added), increased Population and Intensified subsistence

 NW Coast Paleo-marine  11-7kya  salmon fishing  Namu site  semi-sedentary
 NW Coast Middle Period  5500-1500ya  intensified fishing, larger pop.,trade, potlatches    social complexity
 NW Coast Late Period  3000ya-modern  large sedentary villages, bow & arrow, regular warfare, potlatches  Ozette  cultural complexity due to rich marine resources, redistribution of food
 Paleo-California  10,500ya-8000ya

 shellfish, sea mammals,

seeds and nuts

Daisy Cave   marine & nut subsistence
 Archaic California  8000-3000 ya manos and metates, mortars and pestles    maritime adaptation with seeds and nuts 
 Late California  3000ya-modern   acorn harvesting, semi-subt. houses    diverse small mobile and large sedentary groups
 Interior Plateau  10,500ya-modern

 winter pithouse villages

toggling harpoons, nets, weirs

 The Dalles, Columbia River,

Windust, Snake River

 salmon fishermen, roots and tubers,

trade

Great Basin

The 400,000 square mile desert between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada with mountains and deep valley basins. Varied elevations and microenvironments. Unpredictable and harsh environment with 80% of sites in the foothills. The rich lowland marshes had denser population.

Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends

 Desert Archaic 9500ya-today 

 digging sticks, manos and metates, projectile points, sandals, decoys, baskets

After AD 500 Bow and Arrow, some pottery

 

Cave Sites:

Danger and Hogup in Utah

Hidden and Lovelock in Nevada

 Broad spectrum hunting and gathering (seeds and Pinion nuts)

lived around marshes and lakes

Diverse food, storage

 Fremont  AD400-1300

 maize-beans-squash

leather moccasins not fiber sandals

distinctive coiled baskets

horned and shield bearing pictographs

 

irrigation with some hunting

 Sedentary horticulture and small game hunting, scattered houses, no kivas

Great Plains

8 million square miles from the Rockies to Illinois and Canada to the Rio Grande.

Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends

 Clovis  11,200-10,900ya  Clovis pts.  Clovis,NM  300 yr megafauna hunters
 Late Paleo-Indians  11-8kya Folsom   Folsom,NM Olson-Chubbock,CO  Bison Hunters
 Plains Archaic 7600-1500ya   corral and bison jumps, side & corner notched points  Muddy Creek corral, Wyo.  coop hunting, diversified toolkits
 Later Bison Hunters  AD 550-1880  bow & arrow, horse, gun, bison jumps, dogs as pack animals  Dakota  exchange systems with farmers
 Plains Woodland  2250-1050ya  pottery,burial mounds, horticulture,small animal hunting

 Kansas City Hopewell (pottery, settlements)

Avon Lea (burial mounds, ritual bison drives, bow and arrow)

 
 Plains Village  1100ya-100 ya  permanent settlements (fortified),storage pits, scapula hoes  Missouri River Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa, Pawnees, Wichita  Stream valleys and some hunting
         
         

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