MIDTERM ESSAY REVIEW
Arctic
Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends
Paleo-Arctic 10-7kya microblades Anangula inland hunting Pacific Coastal 6-1kya harpoons & kayaks & ulus Kodiak Island sea mammal hunting/fishing Aleutian 4.5k-200ya harpoons, ulus Aleutians sea mammal/fish Arctic Small Tool Tradition 4k-2.8kya bow and arrow, microblades Onion Portage base camps sod roofs, semi - subterranean Easern Arctic 4kya ASTT tools & non-toggling harpoons High Arctic &Hudson Bay Musk Ox, caribou and seals, birds, fish Sub-Arctic 7ka-today 1.caribou, side-notched
2. caribou, etc.lanceolates
3. socketed toggling harpoons
1.Yukon & Alaska
2.Canadian shield
3.Labrador to Maine seamammals longhouses
1. Northern Archaic Athabaskans
2. Shield Archaic Algonquians
3. Maritime Archaic Red Paint people
Norton 3k-1200ya seacoast dense housing
pottery,lamps,toggling harpoons, polished slate
Alaska year-round settlements Dorset 2550-900ya famous art, rectangular semi-subterranean houses, igloos Eastern Arctic winter/spring whales,walrus,seals
summer/fall caribou,salmon
Thule (Alaska) 2700-200ya dog sleds, pottery,toggling harpoons, floats, art Alaska whale hunters
Eskimos
Thule (Eastern Arctic) 1100ya pottery is replaced with soapstone, dog sleds, kayaks, atlatls, bow and arrow Down Pacific Coast and to Greenland Inuit (Eskimos)
Northwest Coast, California,
& the Interior Plateau
Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends 4 periods: Mammoth hunters, Broad-spectrum hunter-gatherers, Sea mammal/fishing (added), increased Population and Intensified subsistence
NW Coast Paleo-marine 11-7kya salmon fishing Namu site semi-sedentary NW Coast Middle Period 5500-1500ya intensified fishing, larger pop.,trade, potlatches social complexity NW Coast Late Period 3000ya-modern large sedentary villages, bow & arrow, regular warfare, potlatches Ozette cultural complexity due to rich marine resources, redistribution of food Paleo-California 10,500ya-8000ya shellfish, sea mammals,
seeds and nuts
Daisy Cave marine & nut subsistence Archaic California 8000-3000 ya manos and metates, mortars and pestles maritime adaptation with seeds and nuts Late California 3000ya-modern acorn harvesting, semi-subt. houses diverse small mobile and large sedentary groups Interior Plateau 10,500ya-modern winter pithouse villages
toggling harpoons, nets, weirs
The Dalles, Columbia River,
Windust, Snake River
salmon fishermen, roots and tubers,
trade
Great Basin The 400,000 square mile desert between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada with mountains and deep valley basins. Varied elevations and microenvironments. Unpredictable and harsh environment with 80% of sites in the foothills. The rich lowland marshes had denser population.
Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends
Desert Archaic 9500ya-today digging sticks, manos and metates, projectile points, sandals, decoys, baskets
After AD 500 Bow and Arrow, some pottery
Cave Sites:
Danger and Hogup in Utah
Hidden and Lovelock in Nevada
Broad spectrum hunting and gathering (seeds and Pinion nuts)
lived around marshes and lakes
Diverse food, storage
Fremont AD400-1300 maize-beans-squash
leather moccasins not fiber sandals
distinctive coiled baskets
horned and shield bearing pictographs
irrigation with some hunting
Sedentary horticulture and small game hunting, scattered houses, no kivas
Great Plains 8 million square miles from the Rockies to Illinois and Canada to the Rio Grande.
Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends
Clovis 11,200-10,900ya Clovis pts. Clovis,NM 300 yr megafauna hunters Late Paleo-Indians 11-8kya Folsom Folsom,NM Olson-Chubbock,CO Bison Hunters Plains Archaic 7600-1500ya corral and bison jumps, side & corner notched points Muddy Creek corral, Wyo. coop hunting, diversified toolkits Later Bison Hunters AD 550-1880 bow & arrow, horse, gun, bison jumps, dogs as pack animals Dakota exchange systems with farmers Plains Woodland 2250-1050ya pottery,burial mounds, horticulture,small animal hunting Kansas City Hopewell (pottery, settlements)
Avon Lea (burial mounds, ritual bison drives, bow and arrow)
Plains Village 1100ya-100 ya permanent settlements (fortified),storage pits, scapula hoes Missouri River Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa, Pawnees, Wichita Stream valleys and some hunting