> -------------------
> from: Douglas Walker
> apta@discover.net
>
>
> --------------------
>             A History of Secret U.S. Government Programs
>
> The following is a list of this century's most controversial
> government activities. It will be updated regularly in order to keep
> readers abreast of newly declassified materials:
>
> 1931
> Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute
> for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer cells.
> He later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological Warfare
> facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the U.S.
> Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of
> radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian
> hospital patients.
>
> 1932
> The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with
> syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment, and
> instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the
> progression and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently die
> from syphilis, their families never told that they could have been
> treated.
>
> 1935
> The Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals die from
> Pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S. Public Health Service
> finally acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits
> it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a
> niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occurred
> within poverty-striken black populations.
>
> 1940
> Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order
> to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the
> disease.  Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg cite this American
> study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.
>
> 1942
> Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments on
> approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue until 1945
> and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human
> guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.
>
> 1943
> In response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare program, the U.S.
> begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.
>
> 1944
> U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and clothing.
> Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas
> and lewisite.
>
> 1945
> Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State Department, Army
> intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer them
> immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top secret
> government projects in the United States.
>
> 'Program F' is implemented by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
> (AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health effects of
> fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb
> production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride,
> it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous
> system but much of the information is squelched in the name of
> national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine
> full-scale production of atomic bombs.
>
> 1946
> Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical
> experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is given to
> change the word 'experiments' to 'investigations' or 'observations'
> whenever reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's
> veteran's hospitals.
>
> 1947
> Colonel E. E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission issues
> a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating that
> the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of radioactive
> substances to human subjects.
>
> The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for use by
> American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and military)
> are used with and without their knowledge.
>
> 1950
> Department of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in
> desert areas and monitor downwind residents for medical problems and
> mortality rates.
>
> In an experiment to determine how susceptible an American city would
> be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria
> from ships over San Francisco. Monitoring devices are situated
> throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection. Many
> residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.
>
> 1951
> Department of Defense begins open air tests using disease-producing
> bacteria and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and there is concern
> that people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.
>
> 1953
> U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over
> Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy River
> Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to
> determine how efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.
>
> Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of
> thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed to the
> airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.
>
> CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven year research
> program designed to produce and test drugs and biological agents that
> would be used for mind control and behavior modification. Six of the
> subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human beings.
>
> 1955
> The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human
> populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn
> from the Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.
>
> Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research, studying its potential
> use as a chemical incapacitating agent. More than 1,000 Americans
> participate in the tests, which continue until 1958.
>
> 1956
> U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with Yellow Fever over
> Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test, Army agents
> posing as public health officials test victims for effects.
>
> 1958
> LSD is tested on 95 volunteers at the Army's Chemical Warfare
> Laboratories for its effect on intelligence.
>
> 1960
> The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes
> field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East. Testing of the
> European population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing of
> the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.
>
> 1965
> Project CIA and Department of Defense begin Project MKSEARCH, a
> program to develop a capability to manipulate human behavior through
> the use of mind-altering drugs.
>
> 1965
> Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are
> subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of Agent
> Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development of
> cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected
> carcinogen all along.
>
> 1966
> CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological
> effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.
>
> U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the
> New York City subway system. More than a million civilians are
> exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the bacteria
> onto ventilation grates.
>
> 1967
> CIA and Department of Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor to
> MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological and
> chemical weapons.
>
> 1968
> CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by
> injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in Washington,
> D.C.
>
> 1969
> Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from
> congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic
> biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.
>
> 1970
> Funding for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under H.R.
> 15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is carried out
> by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top
> secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised that
> molecular biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like
> retroviruses.
>
> United States intensifies its development of 'ethnic weapons'
> (Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target and
> eliminate specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic
> differences and variations in DNA.
>
> 1975
> The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare
> Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and
> placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) .
> It is here that a special virus cancer program is initiated by the
> U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is also
> here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity
> exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).
>
> 1977
> Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239
> populated areas had been contaminated with biological agents between
> 1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington,
> D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.
>
> 1978
> Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin
> in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects
> specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.
>
> 1981
> First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual men in New York, Los
> Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may have
> been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine
>
> 1985
> According to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a
> fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and
> evolutionary relationship.
>
> 1986
> According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of
> Sciences(83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share
> all structural elements, except for a small segment which is nearly
> identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may
> have been linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no natural
> immunity exists.
>
> A report to Congress reveals that the U.S. Government's current
> generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses, naturally
> occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic
> engineering to change immunological character and prevent treatment
> by all existing vaccines.
>
> 1987
> Department of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research
> and development of biological agents, it continues to operate
> research facilities at 127 facilities and universities around the
> nation.
>
> 1990
> More than 1500 six-month old black and hispanic babies in Los Angeles
> are given an 'experimental' measles vaccine that had never been
> licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits that parents
> were never informed that the vaccine being injected to their children
> was experimental.
>
> 1994
> With a technique called 'gene tracking', Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD
> Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that many returning
> Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered strain of
> Mycoplasmaincognitus, a microbe commonly used in the production of
> biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40
> percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been
> man-made.
>
> Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing that for at
> least 50 years the Department of Defense has used hundreds of
> thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for
> intentional exposure to dangerous substances. Materials included
> mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals,
> hallucinogens, and drugs used during the Gulf War .
>
> 1995
> U.S. Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals and
> scientists who had performed human medical experiments salaries and
> immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological warfare
> research.
>
> Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents used
> during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX and Boca
> Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of
> Corrections.
>
> 1996
> Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed
> to chemical agents.
>
> 1997
> Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter demanding an
> investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.
>