1. Marie receives chemotherapy for her cancer, and the chemotherapy makes her very nauseous. During her third visit, just the sight of the treatment room made her nauseous. She tried to relax, but she could not help feeling ill even though the nurse had not yet started her treatment that day. The treatment room is a
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
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2. Giving in to a child's tantrum only reinforces the tantrum. Psychologists who use operant conditioning would suggest that parents completely ignore the tantrum. This advice is based on the idea that the tantrum will go away
only if it is punished
if it is negatively reinforced
through the process of extinction
only when the child grows more and matures
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3. If an association is made between two stimuli, we are probably looking at
imitation learning
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
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4. What do positive and negative reinforcers have in common?
they both work with humans but not with animals
they are both terms used in classical conditioning
they both increase the probability that a response will be repeated
they are both terms used in cognitive learning
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5. In Watson and Rayner's study with Little Albert, what was the conditioned response?
fear of the white rat
fear of the loud noise
the white rat
the loud noise
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6. In classical conditioning, the CS provides information that allows the organism to predict the occurrence of the US reliably. This is the main idea proposed by
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
Robert Rescorla
Mary Cover Jones
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7. When you reward gradual and successive approximations of a complex behavior, you are using
shaping
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
higher-order conditioning
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8. Attract seven new clients to the firm and receive a bonus paycheck. This is an example of
a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement
a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement
a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement
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9.In classical conditioning, the association becomes more restrictive, with a CR occurring only for an even more specific tone. In operant conditioning, the behavior occurs only in the presence of this kind of stimulus. These refer to
generalization
spontaneous recovery
discrimination
higher-order conditioning
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10. What did Albert Bandura find in his "Bobo Doll" experiments?
children will repeat the aggression they see performed by others
adults are more aggressive than most children
children only repeat aggression when they see adult models being reinforced for aggressive acts
children are not very adept at observational learning
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