Chapter 2 Review
PSYCH 315

1. According to Lorenz, evolution allows organisms to change behavior in order to

acquire new information in memory
promote the development of action-specific energy
adapt to the environment
learn new innate releasing mechanisms for behavior

2. The internal state of the animal that provides the motivation for a fixed action pattern is called

drive
action-specific energy
releasing potential
environmental catalyzing factor

3. The concept of supernormal stimuli predicts that

an oystercatcher will prefer to incubate a larger egg than its own
a stickleback fish will attack another male with a red belly
stickleback males will tolerate a stickleback female
a graylag goose will automatically retrieve an egg that has rolled from its nest

4. In Lorenz’s model of fixed-action patterns, the purpose of the innate releasing mechanism is to

produce the behavior that is of adaptive importance
produce the behavior that is of adaptive importance
release energy from time to time in order to keep the proper amount in store when it will be needed in the future
regulate how much energy is available for appetitive behavior

5. Ralf observed his siblings fighting and concluding that they are fighting because they have an aggressive instinct. According to the _______ Ralf did not really explain anything or provide causal information about the behavior of his sibling, he simply labeled it.

habit
confounding bias
illusion of correlation
nominal fallacy

6. The first time rats encounter a novel food they nibble a small portion, if the food is poisonous the rats become sick but not die. The tendency to consume a small portion when encountering a novel food is known as

learned-safety theory
acquired aversion
ingestional neophobia
taste aversion

7. Habituation is a form of learning in which the subject

continuously produces a certain kind of behavior in the presence of an eliciting stimulus
produces fewer responses to a stimulus because the stimulus is being repeated several times in succession
fails to make a response when the eliciting stimulus is presented for the first time
strongly reacts to a stimulus when it is presented after a long period time has passed

8. According to the associative learning view, the surrogate cloth mothers and human mothers studied by Harlow and Ainsworth

were imprinted because they provided a source of “relief
were imprinted because they were the first thing the infants were exposed to
induced a positive emotional feeling
induced fear only if they were insecurely attached to their children

9. Solomon and Corbit have proposed an opponenet-process theory of emotional states. According to this theory, all experiences produce an initial emotional reaction, called the A-state. Which of the following statements describes the properties of the A-State?

this state is experienced as a pleasant emotion
this state is experienced as an unpleasant emotion
this state ma be either a pleasant or unpleasant emotion
this state is first experienced as a pleasant emotion and then changes into an emotionally neutral reaction

10. Ralf has been smoking for several years and finds it extremely difficult to quit. According to the opponent-process theory

he continues to encounter too many sign stimuli that trigger the urge to smoke
the cigarettes produce a much higher A state than they once did, so he needs either more cigarettes or cigarettes with more nicotine
his B state has grown so powerful that he needs cigarettes much more frequently than he did when he first began smoking
he has habituated to the cigarettes, and now cannot unlearn his habit

Name:

1