1. In escape conditioning, the subject must
endure an aversive stimulus until the stimulus is terminated
make a response in order to avoid the occurrence of the aversive event
stop making a response in order to avoid punishment
make a response in order to remove an aversive event
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2. Trapold and Fowler (1960) trained rats to escape electric shock in a start box of an alley. The results of this experiment indicated that
the greater the shock intensity, the shorter the latency to escape from the start box
the greater the shock intensity, the longer the latency to escape from the start box
weak shock intensities did not produce any escape learning
the rats developed learned helplessness behavior
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3. In passive avoidance training, a passive response would be
turning off the alarm clock before it starts to ring
crossing the street as to not to cross path with someone you dislike
staying on the same side of the street as to not to cross path with someone you dislike
opening an umbrella
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4. In the active avoidance situation, longer CS-UCS intervals
produce more rapid acquisition of the avoidance response
lead to stronger conditioning of fear
slow the acquisition of the avoidance response
slow the extinction rate of the avoidance response
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5. According to the two-factor theory of avoidance conditioning,
fear is reduced by escaping the UCS
fear increases after avoiding the CS, then decreases
cues associated with UCS signal “relief”
cues associated with UCS motivate instrumental response
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6. Many psychologists, beginning with John Watson, have assumed that phobias represent the learning of
escape responses to aversive events
obsessive-compulsive behaviors that reduce anxiety
self-induced punishment
avoidance responses
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7. Flooding is to systematic desensitization as
implosive is to explosive therapy
gradual is to abrupt
abrupt is to gradual
counterconditioning is to extinction
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8. For punishment to be effective, it should
be given in mild form
produce a traumatic reaction in the subject
produce anger in the subject
motivate the inhibition of the unwanted response
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9. Omission training is closely associated with
negative punishment
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
token-economy
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10. Lang and Melamed (1969) investigated whether positive punishment could stop life-threatening vomiting in a 9-month old child. What were the results of this study?
vomiting eventually stopped when the researchers withheld food from the child
vomiting eventually stopped when the researchers gave electric shock to the foot each time the child vomited
vomiting eventually stopped when the researchers combined mild punishment with a change in diet
punishment was not effective and vomiting continues until the researchers used reinforcement
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