1. Which of the following theorists said that continuity is all that is required for learning to occur?
Hull
Skinner
Spence
Tolman
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2. Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish (1946) conducted an experiment known as “place learning.” The results of this experiment indicated that rats
that entered a maze at different locations but always found food at the same site performed better than rats who entered the maze at different locations but had to make the identical turning response to find food
were able to locate food reinforcement more successfully and thus learn faster than when water was the reinforcement
learned faster to avoid shock thatn to locate food in a maze
that had their pathway to the reinforcement suddenly blocked in a maze could, nevertheless, quickly take an alternative path to the reinforcement
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3. It has been difficult to determine whether learning occurs without reward, even in the Tolman and Honzik latent learning experiment. According to Kimble (1961), _______ may have been present to cause learning in the Tolman and Honzik experiment.
hidden reward unintentionally given by the experimenter
punishing events
innate response tendencies that are rewarded by their use
voluntary movements that are inherently self-satisfying
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4. In the original research by Maier and Seligman (1976), the dogs that displayed the learned helplessness effect received _______ before being trained in _______.
tone-food pairings in forward classical conditioning; an escape conditioning task
inescapable shock; an avoidance task in which they actually could avoid shock
an avoidance conditioning task; an escape conditioning task
shock-tone pairings in backward classical conditioning; punishment training task
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5. Seligman has claimed that learned helplessness produces _______, _______, and _______.
anxiety; depression; paranoia
repression; motivational deficits; emotional disturbance
cognitive deficits; experimental neurosis; emotional disturbance
motivational deficits; cognitive deficits; emotional disturbances
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6. A study by Miller and Seligman (1975) found that depressed people do NOT
typically show more than one episode of learned helplessness because they learn how to adjust to future negative outcomes
change their expectation of failing a task even thought they have been successful in the task
show any extinction of conditioned fear
recover from being trained in a learned helplessness task. In other words, depressed people will always show learned helplessness
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7. Seligman’s original theory of learned helplessness was deemed inadequate because it does not easily explain
the acquisition of fear in the learned helplessness situation
how depressives recover from their disorder
why helpless people believe that they have no control over environmental events even when the events were predictable
the range of individual differences observe among various species of nonhuman animals in studies of learned helplessness
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8. Seligman and his associates (1980) introduced an attribution model to correct problems with the original learned helplessness theory. An attribution is a
physical cause that controls the occurrence of an event
biological factor that is responsible for a mental disorder
perceived cause or a reason that humans give for the occurrence of an event.
belief other have about us
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9. An individual is more likely to become depresses if he or she believes that personal problems are due to _______, _______, and _______ factors.
internal; stable; global
external; unstable; specific
internal; unstable; global
external; stable; specific
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10. Bandura and Adams (1977) completed a study showing how efficacy expectations influence phobic behavior. Bandura and Adams found that
fear of a particular phobic object could be reduced by systematic desensitization. However, if the client had to work with a new phobic object, the fear returned
fear of a phobic object could be permanently extinguished if the client had the opportunity to interact positively with the object
the reduction of fear is all that is needed to remove phobic behavior
clients who believe that they could interact with a phobic object were indeed more successful in overcoming their phobia
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