1. In Pavlov’s stimulus substitution model of conditioning, learning occurs when the
CS serves to elicit neural activity in the cortical UCS center which then triggers the occurrence of the CR
CS directly elicits activity in the brain centers controlling the occurrence of the UCR
CS acquires informational value about the occurrence of the UCS
CS activates the cortex until the animal is conscious of the event, and then the animal voluntarily responds in the appropriate way
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2. Siegal (1977) has shown that, in morphine conditioning, the
CR and UCR are analgesic
UCR is analgesic but the CR is hyperalgesic
CR and UCR are hypoalgesic
UCR is analgesic but the CR is hypoalgesic
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3. Heroin is a drug that produces tolerance. Tolerance refers to the need to take more of the drug, upon repeated usage, to produce the same desired effect. According to Siegel’s research, if a long-time heroin addict used the drug for the first time in a new environment, then tolerance would
be unaffected
be reduced
be increased
automatically generalized to other addictive substances
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4. Wagner had developed a theory to explain why some CRs duplicate UCRs while other CRs are opposite to UCRs. This theory is called the
response alternation theory
reciprocal inhibition theory
sometimes opponent process theory
stimulus-response situational theory
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5. Wagner’s theory includes all of the following assumptions except one. Which of the following
statements is NOT part of Wagner’s theory?
the A2 component elicited by the UCS is always a response opposite to the A1 component which is also elicited by the UCS
the A2 component elicited by the UCS is always a response opposite to the A1 component which is also elicited by the UCS
in conditioning, only the A2 component elicited by the UCR can be associated with the CS
the CR and the UCR are the same response when the A1 and the A2 components elicited by the UCS are the same
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6. Wagner's theory was revised by Wagner and Brandon (1991) because
not every response elicited by an UCS can be conditioned to a CS
drugs like morphine support opponent CRs, but shock supports “normal” CRs
the acquisition and extinction of CRs appear to obey different laws of conditioning
different A2 responses elicited by the same UCS have correspondingly diffident optimal CS-UCS intervals
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7. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the UCS preexposure effect is due to
the subject learning about the nature of the UCS before the actual conditioning situation is encountered
the amount of associative strength supported by the UCS being reduced
the surprise value of the UCS being weakened
conditioning developing to context cues which limits the amount of conditioning that can occur to the CS
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8. Overshadowing refers to the phenomenon in which
a more salient CS accrues more associative strength than a less salient CS
a more salient and less salient CS accrue the same amount of associative strength
a less salient CS accrues more associative strength than a more salient CS
none of the above
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9. In the comparator theory of Pavlovian conditioning, a CS paired with a UCS will elicit a CR only if
no other CSs in the conditioning situation have a higher associative strength with the UCS
overshadowing by another CS in the conditioning situation occurs
all other CSs in the conditioning situation have undergone extinction training
potentiation of the CSs associative strength occurs by the presence of other stimuli in the conditioning situation that have associative value
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10. According to Timberlake and Allison’s (1974) response deprivation theory, reducing the baseline occurrence of a certain activity
allows that activity to be a reinforcer if an opportunity is given to engage in the deprived behavior
produces the permanent extinction of that activity
reduces the ability of that activity to serve as a reinforcer
does not affect the reinforcement status of that behavior
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