The Dictionary of Dates by Helen Rex Keller, The Macmillan Company, New York 1934
The Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World edited by Richard B. Morris and Graham W. Irwin 1974
An Encyclopedia of World History by William L. Langer, 5^th Ed., Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1972
Historical Tables 58BC—AD 1978 by S. H. Steinberg, St. Martin's Press, New York 1964.
Kingdoms of Europe by Gene Gurney, Crown Publishers, New York 1982.
The Countries of The World by Robert Brown, M.A., Cassells & Co., Ltd., New York, ca. 1882
Chronicle of the World, D. K. Publishing, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7894-0334X

(the population of Europe and Russia ’50 274,000,000)

(GEOGRAPHY: on S.W. of Finland, in the Baltic between Finland and Sweden, #60:10 N, 20 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: given to Russia in 1809 by Sweden with Finland)

1856: 03/30: at the Aland Convention, an annex to the Treaty of Paris was installed providing for the demilitarization of the Islands with no fortifications to be built, no military or navel establishments to be maintained or created.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Balkan peninsula, #41 N, 20 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: part of the Ottoman Empire, 2/3rds of the population converted to Muslim; the people mostly Greek and Latin)

(GEOGRAPHY: C. Europe, #47:30N, 14:30 E)

(LEADERS: Emperor Francis Joseph I [12/02/1848-1916], son of Francis Charles [b.08/18/1830], married 04/24/1854 to Elizabeth of Bavaria, had a son the Archduke Rodolph [b.08/21/'58], the heir presumptive is his brother Archduke Charles Louis [b.07/30/1833] who has a son Francis Ferdinand [b.12/18/'62])

(MISCELLANEOUS: consisted of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, parts of Italy, Poland, theBalkans; emigration to the United States from 1851-'60 at 31,000.)

1855: 06/24: a great reduction of the army.

08/18: by a Concordat, the Pope acquires great power in the Empire.

1856: Emperor Francis Joseph visits Lombardy and Venice and appoints his brother Archduke Maximilian governor of the provinces; Heinrich von Ferstel begins the Votivkirche (Vienna).

04/15: Austria, France and Great Britain, by the Treaty of Paris, guarantee the integrity of the Turkish Empire.

07/03: a convention of extradition is signed with the United States.

07/12: the government grants amnesty for political offenders (Hungarian rebels of 1848-1849).

1857: Adalbert Stifter publishes the novel "Nachsommer.

02/10: Austria remonstrates against the attacks of the free Sardinian press.

02/20: the government sends a firm reply to Count Cavour of Sardinia.

03: the Austrians quit the Danube principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia.

03/23-30: diplomatic relations between Austria and Sardinia are broken off.

05: the Emperor and Empress visit Hungary.

06/14: the monetary convention of Vienna introduces the silver standard to Austria and the German Zollverein countries.

1858: the rebuilding of the Ringstrasse (Vienna) begins.

01/05: death of Marshal Radetzky (at age 92).

1859: 01/01: excitement through out Europe is caused by the address of the Emperor Napoleon III to the Austrian Ambassador.

01/30: Prince Napoleon Bonaparte marries Princess Clotilde of Sardinia.

02 & 03: Austria prepares for war by enlarging her armies in Italy and strongly fortifying the banks of the Ticino River (the boundary of her Italian provinces and those of Sardinia).

02/27: Lord Cowley is at Vienna on a "mission of peace."

03 & 04: the intervention of Russia occurs; proposed for a congress, disputes respecting the admission of Sardinia; Sardinia and France prepare for war against Austria.

04/23: an Austrian ultimatum demands the disarmament of Sardinia and the dismissal of the volunteers from other states within 3 days.

04/26: the demand is rejected by Sardinia; the Austrians cross the Ticino River in invasion.

04/27: French troops enter Piedmont to support Sardinia.

05/03: the French Emperor declares war against Austria (to expell the Austrians from Italy).

05/13: the resignation of Count Buol (the Foreign Minister) is tendered.

05/18: the appointment of Count Rechberg as the new Foreign Minister.

05/20: the Austrians are defeated at Montebello.

05/30-31: the Austrians are defeated at Palestro.

06/04: the Austrians are defeated at Magenta.

06/08: the Austrians are defeated at Malegnano (Marignano).

06/11: Prince Metternich dies (at age 86—he had been engaged in the wars & negotiations of Napoleon I).

06/24: the Austrians are defeated at Magenta and Solferino (near the Mincio River); the Emperors of Austria and France and the King of Sardinia are present.

07/06: a Franco-Austrian armistice is agreed upon.

07/11: the French and Austrian Emperors meet.

07/12: the preliminaries of peace are signed at Villafranca by which Austria gives up Lombardy to Sardinia and it is proposed that an Italian confederation be formed.

07/15: a manifesto justifying the peace is issued to the army; to the people.

08/08-09/59: a conference between the envoys of Austria and France (at Zurich, Switzerland).

11/10: Treaty of Zurich (confirming the preliminaries of Villafranca) is signed.

End of the year: Agenor Goluchowski (b.1812) replaced Bach as minister of the interior.

1860: Franz von Suppe presents"Das Pensionat," the first of all Viennese operettas;

01/06: a decree is issued removing Jewish disabilities.

01/10: another decree is issued removing Jewish disabilities.

02/18: another decree is issued removing Jewish disabilities.

03/05: a patent is issued for the summoning of the great imperial council (the Reichsrat--composed of representatives elected by the provincial diets and increased in numbers).

03: the discovery of great corruptions in the army financial arrangments (there is a deficiency of about 1,700,000l); Gen. Eynatten commits suicide and 82 persons are arrested; Austria protests against the annexation of Tuscany, etc. by Sardinia.

04/20: Baron Bruck (suspected of complicity in the army frauds) is dismissed.

04/23: Baron Bruck commits suicide.

05/30: The Reichsrath assembles.

06/01: the Reichsrath is addressed by the Emperor.

08-09: free debates within the Reichsrath; they place strictures on the concordat, the finances, etc; they consider the proposals for separate constitutions for the provinces.

09/29: The Reichsrath is adjourned.

10/20: the Austrian constitution is amended (called the October Diploma) conferring on the Reichsrath legislative powers, the control of the finances, etc., then a manifesto is issued to the populations of the Empire which is not well received; Francis Joseph grants a new constitution for moderate liberalism in Hungary (this is a compromise between the centralists and the federalists).

10/20-26: a meeting of the Emperor and the Prince Regent of Prussia with the Emperor of Russia at Warsaw (Polish Russia) but there is no important result.

10 & 11: the Government professes non-intervention in Italy, but increases the army in Venetia.

12: the sale of Venetia (publicly spoken of) is repudiated.

12/13: a ministerial crisis arises and M. Schmerling becomes Minister; more political concessions are made to Hungary for which they surrender the proscribed Hungarian, Count Teleki, at Dresden.

12/20: Count Teleki's surrender causes general indignation.

12/31: Count Teleki is released on parole.

1861: 01: Anton von Schmerling (b.1805) succeeded Goluchowski as minister of the interior.

01 & 02: the reactionary policy of the court leads to increased general disaffection.

02/26: the statutes (known as the February Patent [Februarpatent] of the new (centralized) constitution for the Austrian Monarchy are published and supersede the October-Diplom; the Hungarian Diet is to elect members for the general Parliamnt in Vienna (this is unacceptable to Hungary as they resist attmpts to incorporate her into the Hapsburg Empire as a province under Francis Deak (virtual leader, great patience & wisdom, quiet, dignified, wanted independence); Kossuth, who is exiled, disapproves of compromise; the Germans are satisfied

04/08: civil and political rights are granted to Protestants (through out the Empire except in Hungary and Venice)

04/29: a meeting of the Reichsrath with no deputies present from Hungary, Croatia, Transylvania, Venetia, or Istria.

08/21: the Hungarian Diet is disolved and the Austrian Imperial Commissioners run the government.

1862: Kossuth produces a project for a Danubian confederacy but it is unrealizable; Johann Nestroy, the Austrian dramatist, dies (b.1801); musicologist Ludwig Kochel publishes his chronology of Wolfgang A. Mozart's works.

04: at an imperial council, with the Emperor present, the principal of ministerial responsibility is resolved on.

06: a deficiency of 1,400,00l shows in the financial statement causing the indignation of the Reichsrath.

12: a reduction in the army is assented to and a personal liberty law (resembling the habeas corpus act) is passed.

1863: 01: there is an insurrection in Russian Poland.

04: Austria joins in the intercession of England and France into Poland.

08/16-31: Emperor Francis Joseph calls for a congress of the German sovereigns to discuss the Deutscher Bund at Frankfort (except the Kings of Prussia, Holland and Denmark) where they agreed to a draft for a federal constitution for a new Germany.

1864: "Neue Freie Presse" is founded in Vienna;

01: Austria joins Prussia in war with Denmark over the principalities of Slesvig and Holstein.

02/29: the province of Galicia and the city of Cracow are declared to be in a state of seige.

04/10: the Archduke Maximilian becomes Emperor of Mexico.

06/22: the Emperor and the King of Prussia meet at Carlsbad.

10/30: peace with Denmark is signed at Vienna, Austria is assigned to administer Holstein.

11/14: the Emperor opens the Reichsrath and there is great freedom of debate.

12: the state of seige in Galicia is censored by the Reichsrath; Austria supports the German Confederation in the dispute respecting the duchies.

1865: 01: there is an apparent reunion between Austria and Prussia; the great financial difficulties causes the chambers to propose a reduction of the army.

04: a contest forms between the Government and the chambers.

06: the reported failure of Mr. Hutt’s mission to Vienna to promote free trade.

07: the Treaty of Gastein is signed by Austria and Prussia for Slesvig-Holstein.

(GEOGRAPHY: now N.W. Yugoslavia, #44:46 N, 16:30 E, mountains and thick woods)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Turkey, Ottoman's put down Bosnian aristocracy and set up central Turkish administration in 1850 but the Christian serfs continually rebell, city Sarajevo; the people are mostly Illyrians)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.E. Europe, #42:30 N, 25:30 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Turks 1396-1878, city Sofia, Turnova)

1858: opening of the first U.S. mission; Samokov Seminary founded by James F. Clarke; a rapid nationalist movement with a revolutionary committee at Bucharest and Odessa, connection with the revolutionaries (George Rakovski, Christo Botev) with Prince Michael of Serbia, the people are mostly Slavs)

(GEOGRAPHY: an eastern Mediterranean island, S.E. of Morea, #35:10 N, 25 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Ottoman Turks, almost continuous insurrections, city Canea)

1858: insurrections suppressed in 1841 by concilliation.

1859: 07/31: persecutions of Christians takes place.

(GEOGRAPHY: now N.W. Yugoslavia, #45:15 N, 15:5 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: part of Austrian Empire, city Zagreb; mostly Illyrians)

1861: 11: the Croatian Diet isabolished.

(GEOGRAPHY: E. Mediterranean Sea, #35 N, 33 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Ottoman Turks since 1571, city Nicosia)

(GEOGRAPHY: now W. Yugoslavia, #44:20 N, 15:40 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the people are mostly Illyrians)

(GEOGRAPHY: W Russia, on the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland, #58:45 NB, 26 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: given to Russia in 1721 by Sweden)

(GEOGRAPHY: #49.40 N, 19:10 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the people mostly Illyrians)

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Balkan peninsula, #39 N, 22 E)

(LEADERS: King Otho [Otto] I[1832-'62]; George I [b.’50,][‘63-1913], George I, King of the Hellenes had a reign of political violence and military revolts)

(MISCELLANEOUS: city of Athens)

1856: Otho I is popular because of his neutrality in the Crimean War.

1857: 02: France and Great Britain leave Piraeus (port of Athens) which they have occupied since 03/28/1854)

1859: Otho I becomes unpopular because he backs Austria while the people are for Italy, also he has no heir.

1860: Great Britain, France, and Russia remonstrate with the Greek Government respecting its debts.

1861: 03: there is agitation in the Ionian isles for annexation to Greece; the parliament prorogues.

07: King Otho I retires to Bavaria.

12/26: a great earthquake occurs in the Peloponnesus.

1862: 01: Leopold of Bavariais proposed as heir to the throne.

02/13: a military revolt begins at Nauplia.

03/09: a blockade of the coast is decreed.

04: the insurgents demand reforms and a new succession to the throne.

04/25: royal troops enter the citadel of Nauplia and remove the insurgents; King Otho I unwisely tours the provinces.

06/07: there is a change of ministry with Colocotroni becoming Premier.

10/17: another insurrection begins at Patras and Missolonghi.

10/22: Athens is captured before King Otho I can return

10/23: King Otho I resigns after the military revolt upon which the throne is offered to Prince William George (b.1845) the second son of the heir to the Danish throne but in the meantime a provisional government under A. G. Bulgaris is established at Athens.

10/26: severe demonstrations occur in Athens.

10/27: ex-King Otho leaves Greece.

11/22: great demostrations in favor of Prince Alfred (Great Britain) who is proclaimed King at Lamia in Phthiotis.

11/23: great excitement in Prince Alfred’s favor at Athens.

12/04: the provisional government establishes universal suffrage.

12/22: the National Assembly meets at Athens.

1863: 01/29: the National Assembly elects M. Balbis as President.

02/03: M. Balbis declares Prince Alfred (Great Britain) as King of Greece by 230,016 out of 241,202 votes.

02/03 Prince Alfred's nomination as king is rejected by the British Government;

02/20: the military revolt of Lieutenant Canaris, and others, flares against Bulgaris, who resigns.

02/23: a new ministry is appointed under Balbis.

03/18: the Assembly decides to offer the crown to Prince William of Slesvig-Holstein and Prince of Denmark.

03/30: the Assembly proclaims Prince William as King George I.

06/05: a protocol between the three protecting Powers (France, England and Russia) is signed at London which consents to offer the crown to Prince William on condition of the annexation of the Ionian Isles to Greece.

06/06: the King of Denmark accepts (from the aged Admiral Canaris) the Greek crown for Prince William, whom he advises to adhere to the constitution and gain the love of his people.

06/30-07/09: the military revolt at Athens is suppressed.

07/13: a treaty between Denmark and the 3 protecting powers (Great Britain, France, and Russia) that William George I would become king of the Greeks.

10/30: King George I arrives at Athens

10/31: King George I takes the oath to the constitution.

1864: 04/28: the Ionian Islandsare made over to Greece by England; the Balbis ministryis formed.

05/28: a protocol annexing the Ionian Iles is signed by M. Zaimis (Greek) and Sir H. Storks (British).

06/02: the Greek troops occupy Corfu.

06/05: Great Britain leaves the Ionian Islands.

06/06: the King George I arrives on Corfu

08/07: a new Ministry under Admiral Canaris is formed.

09/05: the Assembly recognizes the debt of 1824.

10/19: the Assembly works on a new constitution (with much delay and remonstrance from the king).

11/01: the new constitution (with no upper-house) is passed with a constitutional monoarchy, a unicameral legislature for 4 years with universal suffrage.

11/28: the new democratic constitution introduces manhood suffrage and a single-chamber parliament (Boule), it is accepted by the King.

1865: 03/29: a new Ministry is formed under Coumondouros.

04/06: the anniversary of the beginning of the war of independence (04/06/21) is celebrated.

04/20: King George visits the eastern provinces where there is a general tranquility.

06/09: the King opens the Chamber of Deputies.

(GEOGRAPHY: high hills and wild country, now N.W. Yugoslavia, #44.46 N, 16:30 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Turkey)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.E.C. Europe, #47 N, 19 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: subject to Austria since 1526, part of empire 1711-1918; city of Budapest)

1856: 07/12: amnesty is given to the political offenders of 1848.

1857: 05/04: the Emperor and Empress visit Buda.

1859: 08-10: while the Italian war rages an insurrection in Hungary is contemplated and communications take place between Louis Napoleon and Kossuth (which circumstance it is said led the Emperor of Austria to accede to the peace of Villa-franca so suddenly and shortly afterwards to promise many reforms and to grant more liberty to the Protestants in Hungary).

1860: 10/20: the October Diploma (by the Prussian Emperor for a federal constitution) Hungary is opposed to and demands restoration of the old constitution, so promised, and a reunion of Banat and Voivodina with Hungary, etc.

12/13: Schmerling is appointed MInister.

12: a national conference is held at Gran.

1861: 01: another Hungarian demand for the constitution of 1848.

02/26: the Austrian Emperor promulgates a new liberal constitution (the February Patent) for the Empire which creates a bicameral parliament with an electoral system to give the German bourgeoisie more power.

03: the February Patent does not satisfy the Hungarians.

04: the Hungarian Diet is opened.

04/29: a meeting of the Reichsrath (at Vienna) with no deputies present from Hungary or Croatia.

05/08: Count Teleki found is found dead in his bed at Pesth.

07/05: the Diet votes an address to the Emperor stating a desire for restoration of the old constitution.

07: the military begin to levy the taxes.

07/21: sn imperial rescript refusing the entire independence of Hungary.

08/20: the Diet protests.

08/21: the Diet is dissolved so now the government is by Imperial Commissioners and thence begins autocratic Prussian rule.

09-10: the Archbishop of Gran (the primate) indignantly protests against the act of the Imperial Government.

10/25: summoned to Vienna (Austria); the Archbishop of Gran stands firm.

12: the magistrates in the comitat of Pesth resign and a military government is established which causes a passive resistance of the nobility.

1862: 11/18: an amnesty is declared for all political offenses, and cessation of prosecutions.

1865: 06/06-09: the Emperor visits Buda-Pesth and is well received and he states the inauguration of a new policy and that the rights of Hungary are to be restored.

(GEOGRAPHY: islands W of Greece, consists of the islands Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithica, Cythere [Cerigo] and Paxo, #37:15 N, 21:15 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Great Britain's control but Montenegrin government til 1864, then annexed to Greece by Great Britain)

1858: 11: in consequence of complaints, Mr. W. E. Gladstone sets out on a commission of inquiry, etc.

1859: 02: Sir H. Storks is made Lord High Commissioner.

1861: 03: the parliament declares for annexation to Greece.

1862: 04: the parliament again declares for annexation to Greece.

1864: 04/28: England insists the Greece take them over in treaty (English Protectorate since 11/05/1815).

1865: 06/02: British troops leave the islands.

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Russia, on the Baltic Sea, #57 N, 24 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Russia from 1795 as Courland Province, city of Riga)

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Russia, on the Baltic Sea, #55:30 N, 24 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Russian rule since the end of the 18^th Century [1795?])

(GEOGRAPHY: now S.W. Yugoslavia, #42:45 N, 18:40 E)

(LEADERS: the Njegus family ruled:Hospodor Danilo II [1851-’60]: Hospodor Nicholas I ['60-1918], Hospodor Danilo II was a secular ruler, tried to modernize; Nicholas I is the last Vladika; Peter Petrovitch II, died 10/31/1851 (a wise man), succeeded by his nephew Danilo I who dropped the title of Vladika and took Hospodor (Prince), got recognition of the new title from Russia to throw off any remnant of Turkish rule)

(MISCELLANEOUS: "Montenegro" is the Venetian name, neighbors called it Karadagh or Czernagora [all mean "Black Mountain"; mostly Slavs or Illyrians; town of Cetinje; rebelled against the Turks in 1697; export swine)

1857: indecisive conflicts occur between the natives and Turks.

1858: 02-07: war with Turkey breaks out

05/13: the defeat of the Turks at Grahovo.

11/08: peace is restored with Turkey including the recognition of independence for Montenegro by the great Powers and the country's boundaries are fixed.

1860: 08/12: the country is much disturbed through the tyrannical conduct of Prince Danilo.

08/12: Prince Danilo is shot at Cattars

08/13: Prince Danilo dies at age 35.

11/08: Danilo is succeeded by his nephew Nicolas, or Nikita (who is married).

1861: 04/04: a Christian insurrection breaks out in Herzegovinia and is, purportedly, aided by the Montenegrins; the Ottomans blockade Montenegro and briefly invade.

08: the Ottoman Omar Pacha invades the province with an army of 32,000to forcing recognition of Turkish supremacy.

1862: 08/31: the Turks forced the ultimatum of Scutari on the Herzegovinins prohibiting frontier fortresses.

09/08-09: many conflicts occur with various successes but eventually in favor of the Turks and the insurgents in Herzegovina submit;

09/23: peace is made and Turkish supremacy is recognized by Herzegovina.

1864: 03/29: a treaty with Great Britain cedes the Ionian islands from Montenegro to Greece if Greece promises not to promote revolts in the Ottoman Empire, a formal transfer is made.

(GEOGRAPHY: C. Cz-S, #49:20 N, 17 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the people are mostly Slavs, town of Brunn [Brno])

(GEOGRAPHY: between Prussia and Russia, #52 N, 20 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Russia but pieces under Austria and Prussia also; emigration to the United States from 1851-’60 not available; the people are mostly Slavs or Lekh, city Warsaw)

1861: 02/27: six members of the Royal Agricultural society are killed by the military in the Warsaw massacre when Russian troops fire on demonstrations against the Russian rule.

03/01-07: great excitement is manifested at the funeral of the six Royal Agricultural society members and many citizens put on mourning against Russian edicts; an address to Czar Alexander II is signed by 60,000 persons; mild conduct has been shown by Prince Gortschakoff (the governor).

03/17: Mukhanoff (curator of Poland, who wrote a ciruclar exciting the peasantry against their lords) quits Warsaw.

04/07: the Russian government promises reforms and the reestablishment of Poland as a separate kingdom yet abolish the Agricultural society.

04/08: great meeting are held in consequence but are dispersed by the military (now 32,000) in which above 100 are killed and wounded.

04: there is great agitation in the rural districts and the Russian officials quit Lublin whereupon Gen. Chruleff marches thither.

05: 80,000 Russian soldiers in Poland who instigate a reign of terror in Warsaw (including the Warsaw Massacre) when troops again fire at demonstrators against Russian rule;

07/15: Prince Adam Czartoryski dies at Paris at 91 years; oppressive regulations issued respecting dress.

10: fresh disturbances break out and Warsaw is put in a state of siege.

10/17: military arrests occur in Warsaw churches and they are closed by the priests.

10/25: Gen. Gerstenzweig (the military governor) is assassinated.

11/19: Bialobzeski (the Catholic Archbishop of Warsaw) is arrested, 11/19;

12/18: Bialobzeski is tried and condemned to death as a rebel for closing the churches (he dies shortly after).

1861-1862: Poland is given some autonomy by Russia.

1862: Russia practices a liberal policy with the arrangements of 1815-1830 being restored and gets support from moderates (like Alexander Wielopolski) but not the extreme nationalists (the Reds) who want independence; Russia drafted the malcontents;

02/15: Felinski (the new Archbishop) exhorts the Poles to submission.

04/29: the rigor of the government is relaxed and amnesty is granted to 89 convicted political prisoners.

05/28: the Grand-Duke Constantine is appointed governor.

07/03: Grand-Duke Constantine’s life is attempted by Jaroszynski

08/21: Jaroszynski is executed.

09: Count Zamoyski (an eminent loyal Pole) is exiled for presenting to the government the report of a meeting of nobles at Warsaw.

11/09: Telkner (the chief of the secret police) is found murdered.

1863: 01/14: severe military conscription (without notice) is levied.

01/22: a guerrilla insurrection (in the night) breaks out at Warsaw.

01/24: many Russians are murdered and Poland is put into a state of siege so that, with no national army, the insurrection is fueled by guerrilla bands (revolts spread to Lithuania and White Russia).

02/02: the Polish provisional government issues its first proclamation.

02/08: Russia politically liquidates Poland with the provinces becoming the Vistula region of Russia and the beginnings of intensive Russification; Prussia allies with Russia against Poland.

02/19: Louis Mieroslawski announces himself as head of the Poles after which the insurrection becomes general and is supported by the landed proprietors.

02/23: Mieroslawski’s band is defeated and dispersed.

03/10: Marian Langiewicz is declared the dictator of Poland.

03/19: after several defeats, Langiewicz enters the Austrian territory and is imprisoned.

03: Poland is divided into 10 provinces.

03-04: more successful guerilla warfare is practiced by the Poles.

03: the secret central committee assumes the supreme command of Polish forces.

04/12: the Czar offers amnesty to all who lay down their arms before 05/13 but his offer is rejected.

04/17 etc.: Europe (Great Britain, France, Austria) send a diplomatic intervention on behalf of Poland (Prussia is siding with Russia) and got a nationalist reaction led by former radical journalist Michael Katkov;

04/26 etc: the European intervention is firmly replied to by Czar Alexander II.

05/03: the secret committee (as a provisional government) levies taxes.

05/09: the secret committee forbids payment of taxes to Russia.

06/12: 80,000l are taken from the Russian Treasury at Warsaw for the use of the provisional government.

06/26: the Poles claim the Poland of 1772.

06: fruitless intervention of European powers; a sanguinary rule of Mouravieff at Wilna.

07: Felenski (the new Roman Catholic Archbishop of Warsaw) is banished.

07/01: an unsuccessful invasion of Volhynia by the Poles (under Wysocki and Horodycki).

08: many captured priests and nobles are executed; Earl Russell (England) decides against armed intervention.

09: European intervention negotiation ceases.

10: many eminent Poles are executed (William Lager [an Englishman] is shot at Warsaw for making grenades) and Romuald Traugott (once a Russian Colonel) becomes the new head of Polish provisional government.

10/09: the Hotel de Ville is fired.

10/27: mourning is forbidden to be worn for the Poles at Warsaw.

11/03: forty-one ladies are arrested during the night.

12/28: the Abbe Machiewicz (a warlike priest) is hanged and venerated as a martyr.

1864: 01-04: the insurrection is gradually dying out.

05: the insurrection is suppressed but Russia has taken a stand against the Roman Catholic clergy which causes a rupture with the church;

08/05: Romuald Traugott and five others hanged.

09/11: a decree for reorganizing education at Warsaw (Russian now mandatory in schools) founded a university.

09/21: the secret provisional government (after stating that 50,000 men had been slain and 100,000 had been exiled to Siberia) still calls on the Poles to begin a "national war."

11: many Roman Catholic convents are closed for participating in the insurrection.

1865: 02: ex-dictator Langiewicz is released by the Austrians and sent to Switzerland.

05/23: the Abbe Stanislas Bizoski ,and his lieutenant, are captured and executed.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.E. Europe, hot, dry summer, very cold winter, rich soil, #46 N, 26 E.

1856: 02-03: the Congress of Paris, Napoleon III favors a union of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (the influences of Mme. Cornu and Ion Bratianu) but is opposed by Turkey and Austria and only gradually supported by Great Britain and Russia so the solution is to get the Turkish Sultan to find elected officials to determine the wishes of the people and an international commission is set up to investigate; Bessarabia (under Prince Charles) added in the Crimean War settlement for which they traded Dobrutscha;

1857: 03: pressure and corruption are blatantly used to debar the unionists from the election so France demands an annulment but the Sultan refuses.

08/09: Napoleon III travels to Osborne and the Osborne pact results between Great Britain and France over Roumania.

08: France, Russia, Prussia and Sardinia break off relations with Turkey but Great Britain supports Turkey and risks war with France.

09: new elections bring about a great victory for the unionists.

1858: 08/19(began 05): a conference of the powers at Paris creates a common organization to deal with the army, the law, and the finances for the United Principalities (allowed to call themselves the "United Provinces") of Moldavia (capital at Bucharest) and Wallachia (capital at Jassy) but they are still subject to the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

1859: 01/17: Col. Alexander Couza (an unknown officer) is elected Prince of Moldavia;

02/05: Col. Alexander Couza (an unknown officer) is elected Prince of Wallachia and Napoleon III recognizes him at once and the other powers do so grudgingly, then the Ottoman Sultan allows the fusion of the two legislatures and the union is recognized as "Roumania" with its capital at Bucharest;

1861: 12/23: the definitive union of the provinces (principalities) of Wallachia and Moldavia under the name "Roumania" is proclaimed (and acknowledged by the Porte of the Ottoman Empire and recognized by the European powers) with Alexander John I Couza as the first prince (through '63) and they support the union of ministers and assemblies for Couza’s reign only.

1862: 02/05: the united chambers of the two principalities meet at Bucharest.

06/20: Barbu Catargiu (conservative, journalist, politician and the president of the Council of Ministers) is assassinated while leaving the Chamber of Deputies.

06: Couza appoints a Liberal ministry under Mikhail Kogalniceanu and proceeds with Liberal reforms.

1863: 02: Couza secularized the property of the "dedicated monasteries".

1864: 05/02: a coup d’etat by Prince Couza against the aristocrats and their conservative position and the people establishes an appointed senate.

05/14: Couza (with the use of troops) dissolves the assembly of the United Principalities (controlled by the boyars) and calls for a plebiscite for a new electoral law and approval of a new constitution, and establishes a free and compulsory public education.

05/28: the new constitution is adopted.

08: Couza promulgates a decree of broad agrarian reform to allow peasants to hold land by law, abolishing forced labor (the serfs), more land distribution, free and compulsory education, French civil and penal codes, western-type political parties formed, the tithe, and abolition of all feudal dues but his methods are harsh and unpopular.

1865: 02/22: a revolution wells at Bucharest and forces the abdication of Prince Couza and a provisional government is established.

08/15: the revolt of Bucharest is suppressed.

(GEOGRAPHY: E. Europe, N. & W. Asia, European Russia from Germany to the Caucuses[N-S 1700 miles, E-W 1400 miles, Oural Mountains, Caucuses Mountains, Oxus River)

(LEADERS: Emperor [Czar] Alexander II [B.04/29/1818][1855-1881] aka "The Czar Liberator," son of Nicholas I, married 04/28/41 to Mary [Princess of Hesse], conservative, practical, expansionist to the east [ambitious in the Balkans])

(MISCELLANEOUS: emigration to the United States from 1851-’60 not available; 1500 peasant revolts 1800-'60; the people are mostly Slavs, city Moscow, St. Petersburg, Odessa, Kishinef, Saratof, Kazan, Kief, Nikolaief, Kharkal, Tula, Berditchef)

1856: Alexander Dargomijsky performs his opera "Russalka" in St.Petersburg; mathematician Nikolai I.Lobachevsky (b.1793) dies.

01/02: the center dock at Sebastopol is blown up by the English (Russo-Turkish War of 1853).

02/01: Prince Ivan Paskiewitsch dies at 74; a protocal is signed accepting the Austrian proposition as a basis of negotiations for peace.

02/25: a peace conferences open at Paris and an armistice until 03/31 is agreed upon.

02/29: there is a general suspension of hostilities.

03/19: Alexander II agrees to the peace.

03/30: Treaty of Peace with Russia (concluded at Paris) wherein Russia abandons Kars for Sebastopal, cedes possessions at the mouth of the Danube and Southern Bessarabia to Moldavia, loses right to station warships in the Black Sea and renounces the right to protect Christian subjects of the Ottoman Sultan.

04/29: Alexander Gortschakoff is appointed Foreign Minister and Chancellor.

04: Czar Alexander II announces interior reforms, serfage will be ended and appoints a committee to consider.

05/27: an amnesty is granted to the Poles by Alexander II for five political offenders, etc.

06/14: a commercial treaty between France and Russia is signed.

07/09: the Crimea is evacuated (Russian losses about 500,000).

09/02: a manifesto is issued on account of the English and French interference in the affairs of Naples; the St. Petersburg and Warsaw railway (begun by government in 1851) and ceded to Great Russian railway company (about 335 miles) is half complete.

09/07: Alexander II is crowned at Moscow.

1857: the Lithuanian gentry ask for an end to serfdom in their area; locomotives are manufactured in St. Petersburg.

06/14: a commercial treaty with France is made.

12/02: Alexander II orders the Lithuanian gentry to develop a plan for the end of serfdom in their area.

12: Czar Alexander II sets up a secret committee for the amelioration of the position of the serfs, no provision is made for their redemption or for the land.

1858: 05/16-29: Treaty of Aigun with China (Manchuria) is signed giving the north bank of the Amur (from the Argun fork to the sea) to Russia while the south bank (down to the Ussuri) as Chinese and the territory between the Usuri and the sea as to be held in common by the two Powers until there should be a final settlement of the frontier.

06/01-13: Treaty of Tien-Tsin (is signed by British, French, Russian and American representatives) opens the port of Newchwang (at the mouth of the Lao River) to foreign trade.

06/02: the Treaty of Aigun is ratified by the Emperor of China.

07/02: Czar Alexander II grants partial emancipation to the serfs on the imperial domains.

07/08: the Treaty of Aigun is ratified by the Czar.

08/19: a commercial treaty is signed with Japan

08: a Russian naval station is established at Villafranca (on the Mediterranean) and creates some political excitement.

10: the assemblies provided for in the Treaty of Paris are met.

1859: Ivan Goncharov publishes his novel "Oblomov"; the Russian Orthodox Church establishes monastery in Jerusalem; Circassia is taken by Prince Bariatinski and the inhabitants are dispersed in Russia and the Ottoman Empire; proposals for the end of serfdom are sent to an editing commission for study.

01/12: a new commercial treaty is signed with Great Britain.

03/03: the Czar signs a secret treaty with France to maintain neutrality in an Austrian-French war.

05/27: Russia reproves the warlike movements of the German Confederation during the Italian war.

1860: Alexander Ostrovski performs his dramatic play "The Storm (or "The Tempest")"; 10,000 power looms, 86,000 hand looms (make 4/5s of the cotton cloth) are in use.

02/13: the Czar protests against the recognition of the sovereignty of people.

05/05: their is alleged ill treatment of Christians in Turkey and the great powers propose intervention.

05/30 the Ottoman Government promises investigation and redress.

06: all Powers are satisfied with Ottoman promise to investigate the ill treatment of Christians except Russia.

10/20-25: fruitless meetings of the Emperors of Russia, Austria and the Regent of Prussia at Warsaw.

10: the commission to study an end to serfdom produces a draft.

11/14: a convention with China (Manchuria) is signed by which the Treaty of Aigun is confirmed with China ceding the territory held in common (now Primorsk Province,was Usuri Province) (by the two treaties China is deprived of 343,000 square miles); Vladivostok is occupied.

1861: Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes "The House of the Dead"; Vladimir Dahl publishes the "Dictionary of the Living Russian Tongue"; a secret society ("Young Russia") is founded by Tchernychevski; 85% of Russia's sugar comes from modern machined refineries;

02-04: demonstrations and repression in Poland.

02/27: the Warsaw massacre wherein Russian troops fire on demonstrations against Russian rule.

03/03 (02/19): the manor is abolished and a decree for the total emancipation of the serfs (23,000,000 or 47,000,000 affected) throughout the Empire within two years by three stages.

04/10: Russia grants Finland a constitution.

05-06: disturbances in South Russia are caused by an imposter asserting himself to be a descendant of Peter III.

05/14: Prince Michael Gortschakoff (Governor of Poland) dies.

10/06-09: student riots at the University of St. Petersburg which causes its closure.

10/24: the University of St. Petersburg is reopened.

11: the nobles sign a petition for a political constitution.

1861-1862: Poland is granted some autonomy by Czar Alexander II.

1862: Ivan Turgenev publishes "Fathers and Sons"; Verdi's opera "La Forza del Destino" is performed in St. Petersburg; Tchernychevski, (ounder of the secret society,"Young Russia") is deported to Siberia after being pilloried in St. Petersburg.

01/26: increased privileges granted to the Jews.

03/20: Nesselrode (the Chancellor of the Empire) dies.

06: an alarming increase of fires at St. Petersburg and Moscow: the government suppresses various educational institutions.

09/20: 1,000^th anniversary celebration of the foundation of the Russian monarchy at Novgorad is held.

10/14: a reorganization of the departments of justice is decreed with juries to be employed in trials, etc.

11/26: a trade tax bill is introduced, admitting foreigners to merchants’ guilds, etc.

1863: 01/22-24: because of a levy of conscripts ordered in Poland there is a guerilla revolt which spreads to Lithuania and White Russia causing these areas to be granted academic freedom in their universities and a secondary education is made possible to all.

02/08: the Alvensleben Convention (of Prussia) offers aid to Russia in Poland but Great Britain, France and Austria try to get Russia to bring the issue of revolution to a European congress, Austria resists this what with the four Prussian corps sitting on Poland’s frontier but in the end Russia liquidates Poland with the provinces becoming the Vistula region of Russia and intensive Russification programs begin.

03/03: termination of serfdom.

1864: Tolstoi publishes "War and Peace"; the first joint stock commercial bank is founded (the St. Petersburg Commercial Bank) but there are only two Savings Banks in the whole of Russia.

01/13: the Zemstvo Law (a system of local self government withlocal boards [= zemstvos] on a provincial and district level with nobility, townsmen, peasants empowered to levy taxes] and it is instituted to nineteen provinces but it is slow.

03/31: a great military victory over Oubykhs in the Caucasus.

04: a massive emigration of the Caucasian tribes into the Ottoman Empire.

05: the revolts in Poland, White Russia and Lithuania are suppressed.

06/02:with the submission of the Aibgas, the war in the Caucasus is declared to be at an end.

09/28: the Czarevitch is betrothed to the Princess Dagmar of Denmark.

12/02: a group of decrees creats a new legal system to include trial by jury, class courts to be abolished and the French model adopted.

12: serfdom is abolished in the Trans-Caucasion provinces and a new judicial system promulgated.

1865: 01/24: Russian nobles request the Czar to establish two houses of representatives but he declined.

02/14: the new province of "Turkestan" (in central Asia) is created.

04/24: the Czarevitch Nicholas dies at Nice (France).

(GEOGRAPHY: now E. Yugoslavia, #43:10 N, 22 E)

(LEADERS: Prince Alexander Karageorgevich [1842-‘58]; Prince Milos Obrenovic [b.1784]['58-'60]; Prince Michael III [b.09/04/1825]['60-1868]; Prince Alexander is elected by Skupshtina, cautious, introduced western influence, expanded trade, fostered education; Michael III is well-educated, intelligent, wants to unite the Balkans against the Turks)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the people are mostly Slavs or Illyrians; paid tribute to Turkey, exports swine; town of Belgrade)

1856: the Treaty of Paris places Servia under the collective guaranty of the powers (Austria, Great Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire).

1858: 12/23: Alexander Karageorgevich becomes unpopular (though he is supported by Obrenovich, Turkey and Russia) but is made to abdicate by the national party and the Servian Diet (Skupstina) in order to reinstate the Obrenovic dynasty (Karageorgevich flees to the Ottomans); Alexander Milosch Obrenovic is reelected Prince and is declared king Milosch I whereupon he immediately wrecked vengence on his enemies.

1860: 07/11: a plot against Milosch I is frustrated.

07/13: the Servian assembly meets.

09/26: Milosch I dies and is succeeded by his son Michael III Obrenovitch.

1861: 03: a rising movement to render Servia independent of the Ottomans gains ground.

1862: 06/15: disputes between the Servians and the Turkish garrison at Belgrade leads to bloodshed and the city is bombarded by the Turks.

06/17: Belgrade submits to the Turks.

06/19: the Turkish Pacha of Belgrade is dismissed.

06/25: Michael III appeals to the European powers.

08: a conference of the representatives of the great Powers meets at Constantinople.

09: the Ottoman Turks evacuate their quarter of Belgrade.

10/07: the Turkish Porte agrees to liberal concessions to the Servians, which Michael III accepts.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Roumania, #44.20 N, 25:45 E)

(ARCTIC: circle is parallel of latitude 66:33 N, longest day, June 21, 24 hours long)

(ANTARCTIC::land around S. pole, #90 S; including Victoria Land, Wilkes' Land, Clarie Land, North Land, Sabrina Land, Budd Land, Knox Land, Termination Land, Kemp Land, Enderby Land, Trinity Land & Graham's Land; it is unknown whether these are all part of one continent or a series of islands;

1857: 07/01: the Eighteenth British expedition (equipped by Lady Franklin and her friends (the Government having declined to fit out another), the Fox(a screw steamer under Captian [since Sir] F. L. M’Clintock) sailed from Aberdeen (Scotland).

1859: 05/06: at Point Victory (near Cape Victoria) Lieutenant Hobson found beside a cairn, a tin case containing a paper signed 04/25/1848 by Captain Fitzjames, which certified that the ships Erebus and Terror on 09/12/1846 were beset in Latitude 70:50 N, 98:23 W, that Sir John Franklin died June 11, 1847 and that the ships were deserted 04/22/1848, Captain M’Clintock continued the search and discovered skeletons and other relics.

09/22: the Fox returned to Aberdeen.

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Euorpe, #63 N, 27 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: given to Russia by Sweden in 1809 with the Aland Islands, but gotten back; emigration to the United States from 1851-’60 not available)

1861: 04/10: the area is granted constitution by Russia.

1863: 09: the Diet meets for the first time since 1809, now called regularly.

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Atlantic, Greenland and Europe, #65 N, 18 W, volcanoes, earthquakes)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Denmark since 1814, town of Reykjavik)

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Scandinavian peninsula, N.W. Europe, #64 N, 11 E)

(LEADERS: used the same sovereigns as a part of weden from 1814 [to 1905], King Oscar I [1844-'59] and King Charles XV ['59-1872])

(MISCELLANEOUS: emigration to the United States from 1851-’60 ca 36,000, city of Oslo)

(GEOGRAPHY: group of islands, Arctic ocean, N. of Norway, #79 N, 20 E)

(GEOGRAPHY: E. Scandinavian peninsula, #63 N, 15 E)

(LEADERS: ruled by the Bernadotte succession [one of Napoleon I's marshals]:Oscar I [b.07/04/1799][1844-‘59]: Charles XV [b.05/03/1826]['59-09/18/1872]; Oscar I isinitially demands abolition of the land tax and abolition of indelvingasverket [the military system][but at the end he dismisses the liberals in government], removes restrictions on the press and passes poor relief laws, artistic, good but lacked his dad's charm, his queen is Josephin (beautiful but wise), they have 5 children; Charles XV[son of Oscar I, is a poet, brave and impulsive, much beloved and the brother of Oscar II who was born 01/21/29, married Princess Sophia of Nassau 06/06/’57)

(MISCELLANEOUS: age composition by % of population: 0-14 32.9%, 14-64 62.3%, 65+ 4.8%; emigration to the United States from 1851-’60 ca 17,000; no love lost between Sweden and Norway; one colony St. Bartholomew Island)

1857: Bjornstjerne Bjornson publishes "Synnove Solbakken"; Oscar I is forced to surrender governmental power to his oldest son Charles and lies paralyzed for two years;

10: a banishment is decreed against Catholic converts (from Lutheranism).

1859: 07/08: Oscar I dies at 60 years.

07: the new King, Charles XV is Oscar's son.

12/17: demonstrations in favor of Italy and its consolidation.

1860: 05: an increase in religious toleration is allowed.

1862: 03: a treaty of commerce is signed with the Ottoman Empire.

06/14: a treaty of commerce with Italy is signed.

1863: 04: demonstrations in favor of Poland against Russia.

1864: 01: an inauguration of free trade.

01/22: noisy protests against the occupation of Slesvig by the Allies.

12: foundation of the "National Scandinavian Society" (at Stockholm) to obtain (by legal means) a confederation of the three kingdoms for military and foreign affairs but to reserve independent interior administration.

12/04-08: a new (revised) constitution creating a bicameral parliament is framed by Louis de Geer (Liberal prime minister) and passes the Chambers.

(GEOGRAPHY: in the Pyrenees on the Franco-Spanish border, #42:30 N, 1.:35 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: small autonomous State, oldest republic in the world; Napoleon I declared it a republic in 1806; Andorra paid 960 francs a year to France and 460 pesetas [891 francs] to the Bishop of Urgel [Spain] as tribute)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Germany, #48:15 N, 8 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: one of the German "Middle" States; cities of Karlsruhe, Baden)

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Germany, #49 N, 11 E)

(LEADERS: King Maximilian II Joseph [1848-'64]; Ludwig II ['64-1886])

(MISCELLANEOUS: one of the Germanic "Middle" States, city of Munich)

1864: King Maximilian II dies; succeeded by Louis II.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.W. Europe, bordering France, Germany, Netherlands, #51 N, 4:30 E)

(LEADERS: King Leopold I [b.12/16/1790][07/02/1831-'65], the National Congress elected Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld the first King of the Belgians at Brussels on 06/04/1831, married 08/09/1832 to Louise, eldest daughter of Louis Phillippe, King of France [she died 10/11/1850] but they had a son who became Leopold II on 04/09/1835 who married the Archduchess Marie Henrietta of Austria on 08/22/5183,and they had a daughter Princess Louise born on 02/18/1858)

(MISCELLANEOUS: broke from Holland in 1830; emigration to United States from 1851-’60 1,000)

1857: 04: M. Decker (head of the ministering) brought a bill to recover the administration of public charities to the Roman Catholic church but was compelled to withdraw it when Hubert Frere-Orban's (b.1812) Government refused to extend the franchise to the working class.

06: there arises Liberal opposition to the religious charities bill .

11/09: a new ministry under M. Charles Rogier takes power.

12/10: the chambers are dissolved and reassembled.

1858: 06/17: the United States signs a treaty of commerce and navigation with Belgium.

1859: 05: the King proclaims Belgium neutral in the Italian war.

06/12: the birth of Prince Leopold Ferdinand.

07/22: the death of M. Potter.

1860: 06: King Leopold I visits England.

06/13: vague rumors of annexation to France produce a warm loyal addresses to the King.

07/21: the octrois is abolished.

08: there is a successful military volunteer movement.

1861: 05/01: a commercial treaty with France is signed.

06/01: a Belgian order forbids naval vessels or privateers of the American belligerents to carry prizes into any of their ports or territorial waters, similar orders are issued by Great Britain, Spain, France, Prussia, Holland, Portugal, Hamburg, Bremen and Hawaiian Islands.

1862: 08/22: a commercial treaty with Great Britain is adopted by the chambers.

08: their grows a great distress through the decay of trade.

1863: the Catholic Center Party (workers) enter into power and begin reducing taxation and military expenditures; navigation of the Scheldt is made free;

1864: 01: there is fierce dissension through Roman Catholics, the ministry first resigns but then resumes office.

01/16: united with Prussia, Austria demands abrogation of the Danish constitution of 11/18/63 in 2 days.

02/23: Belgium agrees, with her allies, to an English proposal for a conference on Danish affairs.

02/04: the disolution of the chambers;

07/17: the Protestents come out superior in the election;

07/26: a conference for peace is held at Vienna, Austria.

10/30: a treaty of peace with Denmark is signed at Vienna, Austria.

(GEOGRAPHY: now in N.W. Czechoslovakia, #49:25 N, 13:40 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ruled by the Hapsburg Dynasty from 1526-1918; city Praha, the people are mostly Czechs)

(GEOGRAPHY: N.W. Mediterranean island, rugged, mountainous, forests, #42 N, 9 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a dependent of France since 1815, city Ajaccio)

(GEOGRAPHY: on the Jutland Peninsula and Danish Islands, N. Europe and adjacent islands, #56 N, 9 E)

(LEADERS: Frederick VII [1848-‘63], Christian XV ('63-1906)

(MISCELLANEOUS: also owns Greenland, Faroe Islands, Iceland; constitutional monoarchy; emigration to the United States 1851-’60 not available, city Copenhagen, Zealand [Sjeland]; )

1857: 03/14: the sound dues are abolished for a compensation.

10/’57-’62: dissension arises between the Government and the duchies of Slesvig & Holstein, Denmark receives a German ultimatum concerning the duchies.

1858: 03/27: the fortification of Copenhagen is decreed.

05/21: a treaty of commerce is concluded with Siam.

11: the Danish constitution is rejected by Holstein

1859: 12/03: a new ministry is appointed.

1860: 02/09: the new ministry resigns.

02/11: the assembly of Slesvig complains that the promise (of 1852) of equality of national rights has not been kept and they protest against the annexation to Denmark scheduled for March 1^st.

02/24: Bishop Monrad forms a ministry.

03/04: the Prussian chamber of deputies receives a petition from Slesvig and declares that they will aid the duchies.

05/16: the Danish Government protests the Prussian deputies declaration of March 4^th.

1861: 01: correspondence ensues among the Prussian, Danish, and British Governments; the Danish Government declares for war if German forces enter the duchies.

02: warlike preparations commence in Denmark.

06: decimal coinage is adopted.

1862: 07/17: agitation in favor of the union of Denmark with Sweden arises in June; the King of Sweden visits Denmark and is warmly received.

09/24: Earl Russell recommends the Danish Government give Holstein and Lauenburg all that the German Confederation desires for them and suggest they give self-government to Slesvig.

11/20: M. Hall (the Danish Minister) declines to accede to the British, stating that to do so would imperil the existence of the monarchy itself.

1863: 03/10: Princess Alexandra marries Edward, Prince of Wales, at Windsor, England.

03/30: the King grants (by patent) individual rights to Holstein, but not to Slesvig, saying a new constitution will be drafted for Slesvig but not Holstein, which act incorporates Slesvig into Denmark.

04/17: Austria and Prussia protest against the King's patent; Sweden supports Denmark;

05: further diplomatic correspondence ensues.

06/06: the King accepts the crown of Greece for his relative, Prince William-George.

06/29: death of the Crown Prince Frederick-Ferdinand, the King’s uncle.

07/09: the German diet demands annulment of the patent of March 30^th and that Holstein & Slesvig should be united with the same right and the diet threatens an army of occupation.

08: Denmark employs vain efforts for an alliance with Sweden.

08/01: an extra levy for the army is decreed.

08/27: the King replies that he will consider German occupation of the duchies to be an act of war.

09/29: a new constitution (uniting Slesvig with Denmark) is proposed in the Rigsraad.

10/01: the German Diet votes for federal action against Denmark.

11/13: a new constitution (affirmed by the Rigsdaag) for Slesvig to be made a Danish province.

11/15: the death of Frederick VII and the accession of Christian IX as king.

11/16: Prince Frederick (Frederick of Norway—b.1829), the duke of Augustenburg claims the title of duke of Slesvig-Holstein.

11/18: a new constitution signed by the Christian IX..

11/21 et seq. there is great excitement in Holstein as many officials refuse to take the oath to Christian.

11/26 et seq. Saxony, Bavaria, Hesse and other German Powers resolve to support the Prince of Augustenburg.

12: Austrian and Prussian Ministers say that they will quit Copenhagen if the constitution of Nov. 18^th is not annulled.

12: there is great excitement in Norway (part of Sweden) as they produce proposals to support Denmark.

12/01-02: a new Danish constitution published.

12/19: Denmark protests against the proposed German federal occupation of the duchies.

12/21: 900 representatives of the different German States meet at Frankfort and resolve to support Prince Frederick as Duke of Slesvig-Holstein and the inseperable union of those duchies.

12/24: the federal execution takes place as a Saxon regiment enters Altona (Holstein)

12/25: the federal commissioners assume administrative powers in Altona (Holstein).

12/25: et seq. the Danes retire from Holstein to avoid collision with federal troops.

12/30: Prince Frederick enters Kiel, as the Duke of Slesvig-Holstein.

12/31: the Danes evacuate Rendsburg (creating a Ministerial crisis) causing M. Hall to retire and allowing Bishop Monrad to form a new cabinet.

1864: 01: Austria and Prussia send an ultimatum to Denmark;

01/14: there is dissension among the Germans so the Austro-Prussian proposition is rejected by the Diet

01/16: Austria and Prussia demand abrogation of the constitution (of 11/18/’63) in two days.

01/18: the Danes reply that they require six weeks time.

01/21: German troops (under Marshal Wrangel) enter Holstein.

02/01: the Prussians enter Slesvig,and take the town of Eckernforde.

02/02: the Prussians bombard the town of Myssande.

02/03: Myssande is burnt.

02/05: the Danes abandon the Danevirke to save their army.

02/06: the Danes are defeated by Wrangel at Overson and Slesvig is taken, Prince Frederick is proclaimed as Duke of Slesvig-Holstein; there is great discontent in Copenhagen about the abandonment of theDanevirke.

02/07: the German allies occupy Flensborg.

02/13: the German allies commence their attack on Dybbol; the federal commissioners protest against the Prussian occupation of Altona (Holstein).

02/18: et seq., the Prussians enter Jutland and take Kolding as the Danes fortify Als.

02/23: a conference on Danish affairs is proposed by the English, agreed to by the allies.

02/24: a subscription for care of the wounded Danes is begun in London.

02/26: the Rigsdaag votes a firm address to the King.

03/01: De Gerlach is named General of the Danes.

03/16,17: the Prussians bombard and take the village of Duppel (aka Dybbol).

03/20: the Prussians bombard the town of Fredericia.

03/28: the Danes evacuate Fredericia and retreat to Als.

03/22: the Rigsdaag is adjourned.

04/12: the discussion suggested by the English is adjourned.

04/18: the Prussians take the fortress of Dybbol (aka Duppel) by assault, with much slaughter.

04/20: the opening of the peace conference of the British which was adjourned from 04/12..

04/25: et seq., meetings of the conference of London with unfavorable results to Denmark.

05/06: et seq.,,Jutland is subjected to pillage for not paying a war contribution to the Prussians.

05/09: an agreement for an armistice of 1 month duration is made; the Danes defeat the allies in a naval battle near Helgoland.

05/12: the armistice begins but the conference in London on the division of Slesvig is not agreeable.

06/09: the armistic is prolonged a fortnight.

06/22: the British sponsored conference ends.

06/26: hostilities resume and the war continues.

06/27: the Prussians surprise Als and capture the batteries and many prisoners.

07/08-10: the Monrad Minester resigns and Count Moltke is charged to form a new administration.

07/09: Jutland is placed under Prussian administration, Prince John of Denmark is sent to negotiate at Berlin.

07/11: the formation of the Bluhme Ministry.

07/18: a final armistice is agreed to.

07/26: a conference for Peace is held at Vienna (Austria).

10/30: the Treaty of Peace is signed at Vienna by which the King of Denmark resigns the duchies of Slesvig, Holstein and Lauenburg to the disposal of the allies and agrees to a rectification of his frontier, and to pay a large sum of money to defray the expenses of the war; the claim of Frederick of Augustenburg is brushed aside.

11/16: a proclamation of the Danish King to the inhabitants of the duchies releases them from their allegience.

12/21: the project of a new constitution is presented to the chambers (rejected 02/25/1865).

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Atlantic, between Shetlands and Iceland, #62 N, 7 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: city of Thorshavn)

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Europe, #47 N, 3 E)

(LEADERS: Emperor Louis Napoleon III [12/02/1852-??), (known as the Napoleon of Peace), formerly President of the French Republic and is elected Emperor on 11/21/52, married to Eugenie de Montijo a Spanish lady of high but not royal rank with her mom being Scottish; cities Paris, Marseilles)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the population in 1850 ca 35,800,000;age composition as % of the population: 0-14 27.3%, 14-64 66.2%, 65+ 6.5%; emigration to the United States in the 1850s ca 27,000; Napoleon is building many railroads in the 1850s; Jean Joseph Leverrier [b.1811] with Newtonian mechanics predicted Neptune and Vulcan [a planet between Mercury and the Sun; Pierre Bretonneal of Tours [b.1771] a physician, dies after he has discovered diphtheria; iron works of Creuzot and St. Etienne, coal in the Loire, Rhone, Creuzot, Valenciennes)

1856: Maillart presents the opera "Les Dragons de Villars" in Paris; experimental voyages of the refrigerator ship, La Frigorifique bringisArgentinian meat to Europe; Napoleon III and Queen Victoria exchange several royal visits after the Crimean War; Alexis de Tocquiville publishes "The Old Regime and the Revolution".

02/25-03/30: the congress of Paris is held to settle peace in the Crimea.

03/16: the birth of the Prince Imperial and in his honor amnesty is granted to 1,000 political prisoners.

03/30: the Treaty of Paris (peace with Russia) signed; French losses in the Crimea were about 63,500 men.

04/15: France, Great Britain and Austria guarantee the integrity of the Turkish Empire in the Treaty of Paris.

04/16: the Declaration of Paris on naval war abolishes privateering, definesthe nature of contraband and blockades.

06/14: a commercial treaty between France and Russia is signed.

08/15: a treaty of friendship is signed with Siam which fixes Siam's borders.

10/06: there is distress in the French money market.

12/02: the Franco-Spanish frontier is fixed.

1857: Charles Baudelaire publishes his poems "Les Fleurs du mal" and begins the Symbolist movement; naturalist Felix Archimede Pouthet publishes "Heterogenie"; the poet Alfred de Musset dies (b.1810); Eugene Delacrois exhibits "Jacob and the Angel"; the French slave ship Charles et Georges is captured by the Portuguese off Mozambique and the French protest; a depression hits this year; a railway law with an elaborate set of guarantees and bonded interest rates causes rapid railroad investment and building; France develops a close friendship with Russia; the mathematician Augustin Louis Cauchy dies.

01/03: Sibour (the Archbishop of Paris) is assassinated by a priest named Verger.

02/28: France and Great Britain leave Pireus (held the same since 05/1854.

03/03: declares war on China giving the murder of the missionary Chapdelaine as the excuse.

06/14: a commercial treaty with Russia is settled.

06/21-22: elections (3,000,000 votes to elect 257 deputies) are held; "The Five" (Emile Ollivier, Louis Darimon, Jacques Henon, Luis Picard, Jules Favre-Republicans) are reelected; Gen. Cavaignac is elected as a deputy but declines to take the oath.

06/25: Gustave Flaubert (b.1821) is charged with "outrage against moral standards" with the publication of "Madame Bovary."

07/16: the death of the poet Beranger.

08/06-07: conspirators Grilli, Bartolotti, and Tibaldi are tried, convicted and sentenced to exportation, etc.

09/25: the Emperor meets the Czar of Russia at Stuttgart.

10/28: the death of Eugene Cavaignac takes place (at 55 years of age).

1858: Offenbach's operetta "Orphee aux enfers" is performed; Algeria is governed directly from France (through '60); railroad development increases (the country had 3627 k in 1851, 16,207 k in ’58); the "Bibliotheque Nationale" opens.

01/04: Mlle. Rachel dies at 38 years.

01/14: an attempt at assassinating the Emperor (Napoleon III) by Italian patriot Felice Orsini (b.1819), Pieri, Rudio, Gomez, etc. by the explosion of 3 shells (2 people killed, many wounded).

02/15: the Virgini Mary appears to a 14-year-old peasant girl (Bernadette Soubirous (b.1844) at a grotto in the town of Lourdes.

02/18:a public safety bill passed but not without a bold protest against it by Ollivier.

02: France is divided into 5 military departments; Gen. Espinasse becomes Minister of the Interior.

03/09: a Republican outbreak at Chalons is suppressed.

03/11: "Napoleon II et l’Angleterre" is published.

03/13: attempted assassins Orsini & Pieri are executed.

04/12-17: Simon Bernard (tried in London as Orsini's and Pieri's accomplice) is acquitted.

05: the first French consul is appointed in Quebec, Canada.

06: Espinasse retires as Minister of the Interior (he’s later killed at the battle of Magenta on June 4^th, 1859).

07/20 or 21: Napoleon III meets secretly with Cavour at Plombieres where they plan the unification of Italy.

08/19: the conference at Paris respecting the Danubian principalities closes.

08: France signs a commercial treaty with Japan.

10/23: the dispute with Portugal respecting the Charles et Georges is finally settled.

11/25: trial of comte de Montalembert (he published a pamphlet (Oct. '58) entitled "Um Debat sur l’Inde," eulogizing English institutions and deprecating those of France) ends with his sentence of 6 months imprisonment and a fine of 3,000 francs.

12/02: the comte de Montalembert is pardoned by the Emperor but the comte ungraciously appealed against the sentence of the court and was again condemned but this time acquitted of a part of the charge.

12/21: the sentence of the comte de Montalembert was once more remitted by the Emperor.

1859: Victor Hugo publishes "La Legende des siecles"; in Paris, Charles Gounod (b.1818) produces the first performance of "Faust"; Offenbach's operetta "Orpheus in the Underworld is first performed; Ernest Renan publishes "Essais de morale et de critique"; Corot exhibits his "Macbeth" painting; Millet exhibits his "The Angelus"; the Anthropological Society is founded in Paris; R. L. G. Plante creates the first practical storage battery;

01/30: the marriage of Prince Napoleon to Princess Clotilde of Savoy takes place.

02: the publication of "Napoleon II et l’Italie."

05/03: France declares war on Austria when the Austrians invade Sardinian territories.

05/12: the French enter the war in Italy; the Empress is appointed Regent; the Emperor arrives at Genoa, Italy.

05/20: victory of the allies (France and Sardinia) at Montebello, Italy.

05/30-31 victory of the allies at Palestro.

06/04: victory of the allies at Magenta.

06/08: the victory of the allies at Melagnano (Marignano); Napoleon enters Milan, Italy.

06/24: victory of the allies at Solferino.

07/02: Prussia mobilizes against France.

07/06: an armistace agreed on between the allies and Austria.

07/11: a meeting of the Emperors of France and Austria at Villafranca where Napoleon III negotiates an armistice because he is afraid Prussia might invade France and because of the heavy casualties the French have taken in Italy.

07/12: peace is agreed on and the treaty is signed between the allies and Austria.

07/17: Louis Napoleon returns to Paris.

08/08-11/’59: the conference of the Austrian and French envoys at Zurich formalizes peace.

08/16: amnesty and extension of political rights are granted.

10: the comte de Montelembert publishes a pamphlet entitled "Pie IX et la France en 1849 et 1859," in which he severely censures England for opposition to Romanism).

11/10: the Treaty of Zurich ratifies the agreement at Villafranca between the allies and Austria.

12/22: Napoleon III alienates the Catholics when he says the pope’s temporal domain could be reduced.

12/24: the first ocean-going ironclad is launched at Toulon.

1860: Eugene Labiche publishes "Le Voyage de M. Perrichon"; Charles de Montalembert publishes "Les Moines d’Occident"; the painter A. G. Decamps,dies (b.1803); the painter Edgar Degas exhibits his "Spartan Boys and Girls Exercising"; Edouard Manet exhibits his "Spanish Guitar Player" painting; this is the end of direct government of Algeria from France;

01: Count Walewski (the Foreign Minister) resigns and M. Thouvenal succeeds him.

01/05: the Emperor announces a free trade policy (designed by Mr. Cobden, who is at Paris).

01/23: the tariff-lowering commercial treaty with England is signed (pleases the liberals and antagonizes the industrialists).

01/29: L’Univers is suppressed for publishing the Pope’s letter of response to the Emperor.

03/24: a Treaty for the annexation of Savoy and Nice is signed, plebiscites are authorized by Sardinia.

04/07: the press is censured for attacking England.

06/15-17: the Emperor meets the German soverigns at Baden.

06/24: Jerome Bonaparte, the Emperor’s uncle, dies at 76 years.

07/25: the Emperor (in a letter to Count Persigny) disclaims hostility to England.

07: the French expedition to Syria (to protect Maronite Christians against the Druzes) and Lebanon (against the Ottomans) gets underway.

08/02: a convention on behalf of the great Powers is held at Paris, armed intervention by the French in Syria agreed to post facto.

09: Napoleon III. visits Algeria on the northern African coast.

10/01: a new tariff is instituted.

11: any public levying of Peter’s pence is forbidden and the free issue of pastoral letters is checked.

11/24: Napoleon III's decrees empower the senate and legislative assembly the rights to freely debate and reply to imperial addresses so that parliamentary debates are henceforth fully reported;

12/16: the necessity of passports for Englismen is to cease after January 1, 1861.

12/31: Napoleon III gives the Legislative Body rights to pass on the budget.

1861: the novelist Henri Murger dies (b.1823); Charles Garnier designs the Opera in Paris; "Tannhauser," by Richard Wagner, produces a scandal in Paris; Pasteur promulgates his germ theory of fermentation; a war erupts in Cochin-China following the murders of French and Spanish missionaries; the velocipede is invented.

01/25-02/15: Jerome (son of Jerome Bonaparte and Elizabeth Paterson [American]) claims his legitimate rights; non-suited after a trial (the marriage took place in America on Dec. 24^th, 1803 but was annulled and Prince Jerome married the Princess Catherine of Wurttemburg on August 12^th, 1807 (their children being the upimg Prince Napoleon and the Princess Mathilde).

02/02: the purchase of principalities from Monaco for 4,000,000 francs (includes Mentone and Roquebrune)

02/05: the purchase of a part of Monaco is announced.

02/17: the financial failure of M. Mires (a railway banker and loan contractor, etc), he is arrested and many influential persons are suspected of participating in his frauds and the Government promises strict justice.

02/20: the dramatist Eugene Scribe (b.1791) dies at age 80 years.

02: M. Chasseloup-Laubat is named the minister of marine and the colonies.

03/01: Prince Napoleon makes a speech in favor of Italian unity, English alliance, and against the Pope’s temporal government.

03: there is a strong advocacy for the temporal government of the Pope in the chambers; the French army, is currently at 687,000 men.

04/11: a circular is published forbidding priests to meddle in politics.

04/13: the treaty of Saigon is made with Annam; purchase of Obok (opposite Aden) is consummated.

05/01: a commercial treaty with Belgium is signed.

06/01: a French order forbids naval vessels or privateers of the American belligerents to carry prizes into any of their ports or territorial waters, similar orders are issued by Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, Prussia, Holland, Portugal, Hamburg, Bremen and Hawaiian Islands.

06/05: a discussion by the great Powers respecting the French occupation of Syria, the occupation ceases.

06/10: France recognizes the Confederate States and the United States as belligerents.

06/11: a declaration of neutrality in the American conflict is published.

06/24: official recognition is made of the Kingdom of Italy.

08/18: a conflict erupts between French and Swiss soldiers at Ville-la-Grande.

08/29: M. Mires (the speculator) is sentenced to five years imprisonment.

10/01: the commercial treaty among France, Great Britain and Belgium comes into the open.

10/06: a meeting of the Emperor Napoleon and the King of Prussia takes place at Compeigne.

10/12: the Emperor meets with the King of Holland.

10/27: French troops enter the valley of Dapper (Switzerland) to prevent an arrest.

10/31: a convention between France, Great Britain and Spain (respecting intervention in Mexico to force Mexican repayment of monies owed) is signed.

11/04: the financial powers of the legislature are extended;

11/14: an embarrassment in French finances becomes known and Achille Fould becomes Finance Miniaster

12/17: the Finance Minister’s powers are enlarged.

12: the floating national debt is near one billion francs; an opposition coalition is growing rapidly in the country (made up ofCatholics, Legitimists, Orleanists, Protectionists, Republicans);

1862: Obock (in Africa—responding to Great Britain's possession of Aden, both on the Red Sea) is purchased for 10,000 Maria Theresa dollars; Sarah Bernhardt’s makes her debute at the Comedie Francaise as Iphigenie in Racine’s "Iphigenie en Aulide"; Gustave Flaubert publishes"Salammbo"; Edouard Manet exhibits "Lola de Valence" and "La Musique aux Tuileries"; Henri Dumont publishes "Souvenirs de Solferino" an inspiration to the Red Cross movement; Ingres exhibits his "Bain Turque"; Lion Foucalt (b.1809) successfully measures the speed of light.

01/01: the Emperor reminds the clergy of their duty "towards Caesar."

01/07: the second expedition of the French army lands at Vera Cruz and courts favor with the Catholic church.

01/20: the French master the Province of Bienhoa in Annam.

02/24: Minister Fould announces his finance scheme (the reduction of the 4.5% stock to 3%, and additional taxes and stamp duties.)

03/28: more French victories in Cochin-China.

03/29: a commercial treaty with Prussia is signed based on free-trade principles.

04/16: the Spanish and British plenipotentiaries decide to quit Mexico but the French declare war against the Mexican Government.

04/21: the sentence against M. Mires is examined and reversed at Douai so he is released.

06/03: the Treaty of Hue establishing peace between France and Annam is signed.

06/05: it is announced that in theTreaty of Hue, France received cession of the southern half, 6 provinces.

06/30: Victor Hugo published "Les Miserables" a detective story which was a hit in Paris.

07/05: Duke Pasquier dies at 96.

08/02: a new commercial treaty is signed with Prussia.

08/29: a camp at Chalons is formed on account of Garibaldi’s movements in Sicily but is broken up when Garibaldi is taken prisoner; there exists great sympathy for him in France.

09/12: a treaty of commerce is signed with Madagascar.

09/25: Napoleon III warns the Pope of the march on Rome and thereby estranges the Italian government.

10/15: Drouyn de Lhuys is made Foreign Minister in place of M. Thouvenel.

12/07: the Emperor inaugurates the "Boulevard Prince Eugene" in Paris.

12: great distress exists in the manufacturing districts with the cotton famine caused by the American Civil War.

1863: Napoleon’s attempt to intervene in Poland ruptures his friendship with Russia; the poet Alfred de Vigny dies (b.1797); theologian and philosopher Ernest Renan publishes his "Vie de Jesus" which is considered scandalis to the devout;Gustave Dore publishes "Don Quichotte" with illustrations; the "Salon des Refuses" debutes in Paris; Edouard Manet exhibits "Dejeuner sur l’herbe" painting (which outraged crowds at the Salon des Refuses as stupidly erotic) and "Olympia" painting; Jean-Auguste Ingres (at 83) show his erotic fantasy "The Turkish Bath"; Berlioz's opera "Les Troyens", is performed in Paris; Bizet;s opera"Les Pecheurs de perles" is performed in Paris; the open-hearth steel furnace developed by the Martin brothers and is based on Siemens process; Grand Prix de Paris is first run at Longchamp; a limited liability law is established for corporate organization; engineer Alphonse Beau de Roches perfects the theory of a 4-stroke combustion engine.

01/17: a treaty of commerce with Italy is signed.

02/26: a revolt in Annam is suppressed.

02/27: a convention regarding the French and Spanish frontiers is concluded.

04/01: the resignation of M. Magne (the "speaking minister") is presented in the Assembly.

05: Persigny issues arbitrary injunctions to electors.

05/31-06/15: Thiers, Ollivier, Favre, and other opposition candidates are elected in Paris by receiving 2 million votes and seat 35 deputies to the chamber (17 of which are Republicans);

06: the Mexican Government ois verthrown and Archduke Ferdinand Joseph Maximilian (b.1832) is installed as emperor (he married to Charlotte, daughter of the King of Holland); a commercial treaty is signed with Italy.

06/23: there are changes in the Ministry with the resignation of Persigny, Walewski, and Rouland.

07/16: the first international postal congress is held at Paris; Credit Lyonnais is founded as a deposit bank.

08/11: France forms a protectorate over Cambodia.

08/13: Eugene Delacroix dies.

08: M. Thiers forms a party opposed to Napoleon III.

10/13: Billault (b.1805) dies.

10/18: M. Magne (the "speaking minister" in the legislative assembly) is succeeded by Rouher as "minister of state."; photographer A. F. Nadar takes the first aerial photographs from the balloon "Le Geant" but he breaks his leg in a mishap near Hanover.

11/04: the Emperor Napoleon proposes the convocation of a European congress and invites the soverigns or their deputies by letter.

11/09: Thiers, and his friends, meet to form a new opposition party.

11/23: Thiers forms the Third Party to oppose Napoleon III.

11/25: the invitation to the European congress is declined by England.

1864: Jules de Goncourt publishes "Renee Mauperin"; Offenbach's operetta "La Belle Helene" is performed in Paris; Louis Pasteur invents pasteurization (for wine); Napoleon III approves the modification of the Combination Act of ’64 giving workers the right to strike; engineer Pierre Martin perfects William Siemen's furnace (the open-hearth process).

01/11: Thiers denounce the Emperor's extravagance in Mexico;

05/16: a convention between France, Brazil, Italy, Portugal and Haiti is established for building a telegraphic line between Europe and America.

05/22: Marshall Pelissier, Duke of Malakoff, Governor of Algeria dies (b.1794).

06/20: a convention with Japan is signed by Japanese ambassadors at Paris.

06/30: a convention of commerce, etc, with Switzerland is signed.

07/16: Prince Napoleon Victor, son of Prince Napoleon Jerome and Princes Clotilde is born.

09/15: Napoleon’s convention agrees to withdraw French troops from Rome within two years if Italy will not attack papal territory but the French Catholics and clergy are outraged and the Pope attacks Napoleon with an encyclical (which Napoleon refuses to allow printed in France),.

09: a French fleet, together with British and Dutch fleets, attacks Japan.

12/07: Garnier-Pages and 12 others (who had met at his house for election purposes) are convicted as members of a society "of more than twenty members."

12/09: the Emperor’s private secretary and old friend, Mocquard, dies.

1865: 01/05: the prohibition against the clergy reading the Pope’s encyclical letter of 12/08/'64 in churches causes much excitement while the Archbishop of Besancon, and other prelates, disobey.

01/19: Proudhon (b.1829) dies, it was he said "la propriete c’est le vol"

01: the Prince Napoleon Jerome is appointed Vice-President of the Privy Council

02/01: a decree for an international exhibition of the products of agriculture and industry and of the fine arts at Paris is set for May 1, 1867.

02/14: a treaty with Sweden is signed.

03/08: the Minister Duray’s plan of compulsory education is rejected by the Assembly.

03/10: the duc de Morny dies, it is said he was the half-brother of the Emperor.

03/31: "Loi des suspects" (or of public safety) is suffered to expire.

05/03-27: the Emperor Eugenie visits Algeria.

05/15: the inauguration of the statue of Napoleon I at Ajaccio is marred with an imprudent speech by Prince Napoleon Jerome.

05/23: Prince Napoleon Jerome is censured by the Emperor for his speech of 05/15;

06/09: the Prince Napoleon resigns his office.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.C. Europe, #51:30 N, 12:30 E.

(MISCELLANEOUS: the "middle states are Saxony, Bavarian Palatinate,Wurttemberg, Hanover, Hessia-Darmstadt, Baden; other states are Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, Nassau, Thuringia; population ’50 35,400,000; emigration to the United States from 1851-’60 is ca 671,000; Hermann Brehmer [b.1826] opens the first Tuberculosis sanatorium at Gorbersdorf, Silesia;)

1856: botanist Nathaniel Pringsheim (1823-1894) observes sperm entering ovum in plants; a Neanderthal skull is found in Feldhofer Cave near Dusseldorf; physicist Hermann von Helmhatz publishes "Handbook of Physiological Optics";

02/17: the foremost lyric poet Heinrich Heine dies.

07/29: musical romanticist Robert Schumann dies of syphilis in an asylum near Bonn at 46 and leaves his wife, a great pianist in her own right.

1857: 01/15: a conference is held at Nuremberg relative to a general code of commerce; the poet Joseph von Eichendorff (b.1788) dies.

06/14: the monetary convention of Vienna (Austria) introduces the silver standard in Austria and the Zollverein (German Union) countries.

1858: Peter von Cornelius opera "Der Barbier von Bagdad" is performed in Weimar; E. M. Arndt publishes his "Wanderungen mit Frh. von Stein"; physicist Julius Plucker discovers cathode rays.

09/01: the first European oil well is drilled at Wietze (Hanover).

1859: Alexander von Humboldt (b.1769--astronomer and explorer) dies; composer Louis Spohr (b.1784) dies; the Italian war divides German opinion and acts as a catalyst for liberalism and nationalism; Richard Wagner completes his opera "Tristan and Isolde";

05 & 06: there is great excitement in Germany at the French successes in Lombardy so there are warlike preparations in Bavaria, etc.

07/17: meetings of the new liberal party are held.

08/14: the German National Association (in Eisenach, Saxe Weimar) meets to try to unite Germany under Prussia; seven resolutions are put forth recommending that the imperfect federal constitution be changed, that the German Diet be replaced by a strong central government; that a national assembly be summoned, and that Prussia be invited to take the initiative

09/04: The Austrian Minister (Rechberg) severely censures the Duke of Saxe-Gotha (for his liberal speech) and accuses the Prussian Government of favoring the liberals and Rechberg meets with cutting retorts.

09/15-16: the assembly of the German National Association (at Frankfort) is founded by Bennigren to promote German unity.

09: the proposed unification of the Germans is not accepted by Prussia, and warmly opposed by Hanover.

12/24: Kirchoff and Bunsen discover spectrum analysis.

1860: Friedrich Spielhagen publishes his novel "Problematische Naturen"; ustav Theodor Fechner [b.1801] introduces psychophysics with publication of "Elemente der Psychophysik".

01/29: Ernst Moritz Arndt, German patriot and poet, dies.

03/24: the Federal Diet maintains the Hesse-Cassel constitution of 1852 against Prussia.

09/05: a meeting is held at Coburg in favor of German unity against French aggression.

09/21: Arthur Schopenhauer (b.1788), influential philosopher, dies at age 72.

11: a dispute with Denmark respecting the rights of Holstein and Slesvig.

1861: jurist Friedrich Karl von Savign (b.1779) dies; opera composer Heinrich Marschner (b.1795) dies; an Archaeopteryx, skeleton linking reptiles and birds is discovered at Solnhofen; Semmelweis publishes"Childbed Fever"; Krupp begins arms production in Essen;

03/11: the German Commercial Law Code is promulgated.

06: the German Progressive Party is founded.

06/01: the states of Hamburg and Bremen, by an order, forbid naval vessels or privateers of the American belligerents to carry prizes into any of their ports or territorial waters, similar orders are issued by Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, Prussia, Holland, Portugal, France, and Hawaiian Islands.

08/23: a meeting of the German National Association is held at Heidelberg and decides to form a fleet.

09 & 10: subscriptions are received for the German National Association fleet.

10/26: professor of physics Johan Philipp Reiss presents a telephone to the Society of Physics.

1862: Freidrich Hebbel publishes his dramatic trilogy Die Nibelungen; the poet Ludwig Uhland (b.1787) dies; Berlioz opera "Beatrice et Benedict" is performed at Baden-Baden; Ludwig Kochel publishes his "Catalogue of Mozart’s Works"; Johann von Lamont discovers earth currents; botanist Julius Sachs (b.1832) demonstrates that starch is produced by photosynthesis;

02/07: a treaty of commerce is signed with Siam.

03/13: the national association meets at Berlin and they recommend the formation of a united federal Government with a central executive and under the leadership of Prussia.

07/08-08/10: meetings of plenipotentiaries from the German States are held concerning federal reform.

09/28, 29: deputies from the German States meet at Weimer and declare that Germany wants formation into one federal State.

1863: writer and philologist Jakob Grimm (b.1785) dies; dramatist Freidrich Hebbel (b.1813 dies; Billroth publishes his"Die allgemeine chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie";

07/31: the Emperor of Austria invites the German sovereigns to a congress at Frankfort.

07: Ferdinand Lassalle (ex-Marx co-worker) founds the General German Workers Association and Bismarck (Prussia) discusses social and political reforms with him.

08/04: the King of Prussia declines the invitation of the Emperor of Austria.

08/16,17-09/01: nearly all the sovereigns meet at Frankfort to reform the Confederation.

08/17: the Emperor of Austria proposes a reform of the Confederation.

08/21: the Congress of deputies from the German States declare in favor of unity.

09/01: the Diet approves the Austrian plan of federal reform of the Confederation.

09/22: a reform of the Confederation is rejected by Prussia.

10/01: the Diet determines to have recourse to federal execution in Holstein if Denmark doesn’t fulfill her obligation, Hanover and Saxony are ordered to furnish troops to aid Holstein.

11/13: the Diet votes for federal action against Denmark.

11/15: Frederick VII of Denmark dies.

12: Austria supports the Confederation in its dispute with Denmark respecting the duchies.

12/23-24: German (Saxon & Hanoverian) troops enter Holstein for "federal execution."

1864: Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellschaft is founded at Weimar; Wilhelm Raabe publishes his novel,"Der Hungerpastor"; architect Leo von Klenze( b.1784) dies; Bruckner's Symphony No. 0, "Die Nullte" is performed; composer Giacomo Meyerbeer (b.1791) dies; socialist leader Ferdinand Lasalle (b.1825) dies.

01/21: German troops (under Marshal Wrangel) enter Holstein.

02/06: Marshal Wrangel defeats the Danes at Overson.

02/23: the allies agree to the English suggestion for a conference at London.

03/10: Maximilian II (of Bavaria) dies.

05/09: the allies reach agreement to a one month armistice.

06/26: hostilities are resumed.

07/18: an armistice with Denmark is agreed to.

07/26: conference for peace at Vienna (Austria) is held between the allies and Denmark.

10/30: the treaty of peace is signed at Vienna (Austria) wherein Denmark cedes the duchies of Slesvig and Holstein to the disposal of the allies and to pay war reperations.

1865: 04/06: Prussia retains the duchies igniting a discussion between Austria and Prussia but the Diet adopts a resolution provided by Bavaria and Saxony requesting Austria and Prussia to give up Holstein to the Duke of Augustenburg but it is rejected;

05/30: a commercial treaty is signed between Great Britain and the German Zollverein.

(GEOGRAPHY: peninsula S. Spain, strongly fortified rock, #36:8 N, 5:25 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: [aka "Jebel Teril"=Arabic]under Great Britain since 1704, pseudonym "Pillars of Hercules")

(GEOGRAPHY: largest island of Europe, #54 N, 2 W)

(LEADERS: Queen Victoria (06/20/1837-1901), Alexandrina Victoria, only daugjter of Edward. Duke of Kent (fourth son of King George III, b. 03/24/1819) succeeded to the throne on the decease of her uncle, William IV; crowned at Westminster on 06/28/1838; married 02/10/1840 to her cousin; died 01/22/1901; her Consort: Francis-Albert-Austustus-Charles-Emmanuel, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; born 08/26/1819, naturalized 01/24/1840 (ordered to be styled Prince Consort, 06/25/1857); died 12/14/1861)

(MISCELLANEOUS: population in 1850 ca 20,800,000; age composition as % of the population in ’51: 0-14 35.5%, 15-64 59.9%, 65+ 4.6%; British Isles emigration to the United States during 1851-’60 ca 1,313,000; city of London

1856: "Big Ben," (named after Sir Benjamin Hall, Director of Public Works) a 13.5 ton bell cast at Whitechapel Bell Foundry, is installed at the British Houses of Parliament; England is the source of 10,200,000 tons of tin; Ralph W. Emerson publishes English Traits; Fronde publishes his History of England.

02/13: England annexes Oudh (India).

03/30: the Treaty of Peace is concluded at Paris to end the Crimean War; British losses are killed in action and died of wounds about 3,500; died of cholera 4,244; of other diseases, nearly 16,000; total loss nearly 24,000 (including 270 officers); 2,873 disabled; the war added to the national debt L41,041,000.

04/15: Great Britain, France and Austria guarantee integrity of the Turkish Empire by the Treaty of Peace.

05/07: establishes Natal as a Crown Colony; Tasmania is made a self-governing colony.

07/17: English law is passed on limited liability companies.

10: Anglo(French)-Chinese war ("The Arrow War") begins.

11/01: Persia occupies Heart against her treaty with England causing a rupture.

11/03-04: a British fleet bombards Canton (China).

11/25: England declare war on Persia.

12/12: David Livingstone arrives in England after an absence of 16 years of explorations.

12: a commercial treaty with Mexico is signed.

1857: Thomas Hughes publishes "Tom Brown’s Schooldays"; William M. Thackeray publishes "The Virginians";Charles Dickens publishes "Little Dorrel"; the "Museum of Ornamental Art" is opened in London (til 1899); the Cambridge University Bill passes; Anthony Trollope (a Postal administrator) publishes "Barchester Towers"; Thomas Hughes publishes the novel "Tom Brown's Schooldays"; David Livingstone (at Cambridge) raises funds for more exploratory missions to Africa.

01/29: the Order of the Victoria Cross is instituted by the Queen to reward all ranks in the army and navy.

02/08: Gen. Outram defeats the Persians at Kooshab.

02/28: Great Britain and France leave Pireus (held same since 05/1854).

03/03: declares war on China ("The Arrow War") giving the abuse of the ship "Arrow" as excuse.

03/26: Gen. Outram defeats the Persians at Mohammerah.

03: a mutiny occurs in India.

04/14: the Peace of Paris ends the Anglo-Persian war, the peace is ratified at Teheran.

04/30/57-04/23/59: the Fifth Parliament of Victoria.

05/25-06/01: a Chinese fleet is destroyed in the "Arrow War"

06/25: Prince Albert is created Prince Consort.

07/04: Sir Henry Lawrence dies of a fatal wound at Lucknow.

08/28: the Matrimonial Causes Act enables civil divorce.

10/12: a serious financial crisis begins.

11/12: a commercial panic is relieved by suspension of Bank Charter Act of 1844.

12/29: the island of Perim is annexed.

1858: the Treaty of Tien-tsin ends the Angl-Chinese war; Thomas Carlyle publishes "Frederick the Great"; Charles Barry designs the third Covent Garden Opera House in London; William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) invents the mirror galvanometer; the first meeting of the General Medical Council in London; social reformer Robert Owen (b.1771) dies; Alfred Tennyson publishes "Idylls of the King"; Reuters gets its first newspaper client (the London Morning Advertiser) after serving banks and business since 1851.

01/25: the marriage of Victoria (eldest daughter of the Queen) to Frederick, Crown Prince of Prussia.

02/20: the vote defeats the Foreign Conspiracy Bill trying to make conspiracy to murder a felony.

02/22: the resignation of the Palmerston Ministry after the vote on the Foreign Conspiracy Bill.

02/25: institution of the Second Ministry of the Earl of Derby: First Lord of the Treasury, Earl of Derby; Lord Chancellor, Lord Chelmsford (previously Sir F. Thesiger); Chancellor of the Exchequer, Benjamin Disraeli; Secrataries—Foreign, Earl of Malmesbury; Home, Spencer H. Walpole (resigned 3/1859), T. Sotheron Estcourt; Colonies, Lord Stanley; in June ’58, Sir E. Bulwer Lytton; War, Colonel Jonathan Peel; Presidents—of the Council, Marquis of Salisbury; of Board of Control (India), 1, Earl of Ellenborough (resigned May ’58; he had sent a letter, on his own authroity censuring the proclamation of Lord Canning to the Oude insurgents; the Government hardly escaped a vote of censure); 2, in June’58, Lord Stanley; Board of Trade, Mrs. Joseph W. Henley (resigned March’59); Earl of Donoughmore; Board of Works, Lord John Manners; Lord of the Privy Seal, Earl of Hardwicke; First Lord of the Admiralty, Sir John S. Pakington; Postmaster, Lord Colchester; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Duke of Montrose; Palmerston returned in this Derby-Disraeli Ministry.

02: Dr. Livingstone is appointed Consul at Quilimane (Quelimane) and commander of the expedition to explore east and central Africa from the Zambesi to the interior.

03/10: the Livingstone expedition sails from England.

06/15: a Parliamentary act abolishes the property qualification for its own members.

07/23: a Jewish Disabilities Act passes Parliament which ends disabilities in England.

07/26: Baron Lionel de Rothschild becomes the first Jew admitted to Parliament.

08/02: the India Bill passes with the government of India being assumed by the Crown and ending the rule of the British East India Company and peace proclaimed in India.

08/05: the Atlantic cable is completed.

08/26: a commercial treaty is signed with Japan.

09/04: the Atlantic cable ceases to work.

1859: Charles Dickens publishes "A Tale of Two Cities"; Edward Fitzgerald publishes the "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam"; author Leigh Hunt (b.1784) dies; author Thomas de Quincey (b.1785) dies; Alfred Tennyson publishes "Idylls of the King"; Charles Darwin publishes "On the Origin of Species bymeans of Natural Selection"; Karl Marx publishes "Critique of Political Economy"; John Stuart Mill publishes "Essay on Liberty"; Ranke publishes his "History of England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries"; Samuel Smiles publishes his book of social improvement "Self-Help"; psychologist Alexander Bain (b.1818) publishes "The Emotions and the Will"; George Eliot (aka Mary Ann Evans) publishes "Adam Bede"; Matthew Arnold publishes "Tristam and Iseult"; William Morris publishes "Defence of Guenevere"; a "medieval" fashion craze with William Morris and Rossetti decorating the Oxford Union debating Hall with Arthurian murals.

01/15: the National Portrait Gallery in London is opened to the public.

03/31: the vote defeats the Ministry on Reform Bill, introduced by Mr. Disraeli.

03/31/59-07/06/65: the Sixth Parliament of Victoria.

03: Spencer H. Walpole (Home Secretary) resigns.

06/11: the resignation of the Derby Ministry wherein Lord "Pam" Palmerston (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister (with Gladstone), Conservatives (under Derby and Disraeli) and the Liberals (in alliance with the Radicals).

06/18: the Second Palmerston (Liberal) Ministry assumes office: First Lord of the Treasury, Henry Viscount Palmerston; Lord High Chancellor, John Lord Campbell (died 06/23/61); succeeded by Sir Richard Bethell, made Lord Westbury, who resigned 07/04/65; succeeded by Lord Cranworth; Lord President of the Council, Earl Granville; Lord of Privy Seal, Duke of Argyll; Secretaries—Foreign Affairs, Lord John (afterwards Earl) Russell; Colonies, Duke of Newcastle; succeeded by Edward Cardwell, 04/08/64; Home, Sir G. Cornewall Lewis; succeeded by Sir George Grey; War, Sidney (afterwards Lord) Herbert; succeeded by Sir G. C. Lewis (died 04/13/63), & by Earl de Grey (05/01/63); India, Sir Charles Wood; Chancellor of the Exchequer, William Ewart Gladstone; First Lord of the Admiralty, Duke of Somerset; President of the Board of Trade, Thomas Milner Gibson (this office was offered to Mr. R. Cobden, and declined by him); Secretary of State for Ireland, Edward Cardwell; succeeded by Sir R. Peel (not in the cabinet); Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Sir George Grey, Bart.; succeeded by Edward Cardwell; and by Earl Clarendon, 04/08/64; Postmaster-General Earl of Elgin (proceded to China in 04/60); succeeded by Lord Stanley of Alderley, appointed 09/60; Poor-law Board, T. Milner-Gibson; succeeded by Charles P. Villiers (07/09/60).

07: the income tax increases to provide for defense of the country.

12/28: historian Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay (b.1800) dies at 59.

1860: Dion Boucicault publishes the domestic drama "The Colleen Bawn" in London: "The Cornhill Magazine," is founded with W. M. Thackeray as editor; A. C. Swinburne publishes the drama "The Queen Mother"; the English Church Union is founded; John Stuart Mill publishes "Considerations on Representative Government" ; George Eliot (aka Mary Ann Evans) publishes "The Mill on the Floss"; Wilkie Collins publishes a new type of novel, the detective novel, "The Woman in White" during the last decade 424,000 people emigrated to the United States; the Food & Drugs Act is enacted; the British Open Golf Championship is held with the first champion being W. Park; the opening of the Nightingale Nurse Training School at St. Thomas' Hospital in London (Florence is now 40);

01/23: the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty with France is signed for mutual tariff reductions.

04/27: John H. Speke and James A. Grant leave England to explore Victoria Nyanza and prove Speke's assertion that the lake is a source of the Nile, which was not believed by Richard Burton.

04: John C. Heenan (American) and Tom Sayers (British) fight a championship bout at Farnborough in Hampshire with stakes of L200 each but the bout is ended by the crowd breaking into the ring after two hours and 20 minutes;

05/12: architect Sir Charles Barry dies at 65.

06/30: British troops are repulsed with loss by the Maoris at Taranaki (New Zealand).

07/24-10/20: the Prince of Wales visits first Canada then the United States.

08/06: the Bleach and Dye Works Act is approved setting regulations for workers.

08/28: the Regulation and Inspection of Mines Act is approved.

10/24: a Peace Treaty with China is signed.

10/31: Admiral Thomas Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, dies at 82.

1861: the British Protectorate of is Lagos proclaimed; Charles Dickens publishes "Great Expectations" in "All the Year Round"; Charles Reade publishes "The Cloister and the Hearth"; Herbert Spencer publishes "Education: Moral, Intellectual, Physical"; Arthur P. Stanley publishes "Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church"; Sandringham House is built in Norfolk as a country residence for Queen Victoria; the Royal Academy of Music is founded; Mrs. Beeton (b.1836) publishes her "Book of Household Management"; feminist Marie Rye publishes "Emigration of Educated Women" for employment in Canada and Australia; daily weather forecasts begin; the first horse-drawn trams appear in London; Queen Victoria creates the Order of the Star of India; the Japanese attack the British embassy at Yeddo; the Gross National Income per capita is $150.

03/16: the Duchess of Kent dies at 75.

04/08: the census gives the total population as 20,066,224 for England and Wales; Scotland 3,062,294; Channel Islands and the Isle of Man 143,447.

05/03,09: Lord John Russell receives the Confederate commissioners, William L. Yancey and Pierre A. Rost.

05/06: Lord John Russell announces officially, in Parliament, that the British Government has decided to recognize the Confederate States as belligerents.

05/13: Great Britain proclaims neutrality as to the American Civil War but recognizes the Confederate States as belligerents; Charles Francis Adams (Minister to England) reaches London.

06/01: a British order forbids naval vessels or privateers of the American belligerents to carry prizes into any of their ports or territorial waters, similar orders are issued by France, Spain, Belgium, Prussia, Holland, Portugal, Hamburg, Bremen and the Sandwich Islands.

06/30: Elizabeth Barrett Browning dies.

07/27: diplomatic relations with Brazil are severed because of their plunder of a British ship wrecked on the coast but the case is finally referred to arbitration.

07: a native sovereignty is proclaimed in New Zealand but there are still 5,000 British soldiers on the island.

08/06: the Lace Works Act is approved as well as the Naval Discipline Act.

09/16: the Post Office Savings Bank is opened.

11/08: the "Trent Affair" (seizure of Confederate commissioners Mason and Slidell from the British mail steamer "Trent" by Captain Charles Wilkes who took them to Boston) erupts.

12/08: Palmerston’s strident protest for Great Britain as to the seizure of Mason and Slidell is modified by Prince Albert; declared an "affront to the British flag and a violation of international law," and their release demanded, which was granted.

12/14: the Prince Consort (b. 1819) dies of typhoid.

1862: Herbert Spencer publishes"First Principles"; Albert Memorial (London,) is designed by Gilbert Scott; an English cricket team tours Australia for the first time; Minister Adams confronts Lord John Russell with the acusation that Napoleon III proposed to England that they recognize the Southern Confederacy and because Russell was evasive, Adams demanded to see the Queen, she assured him that Great Britain was a friend to the United States; being built at Liverpool is the "Banshee" designed to do 16 knots and is a 27' beam craft to make the Dublin-North Wales run; the Albert Memorial (designed by Gilbert Scott) is to be placed opposite Royal Albert Hall (now being built).

03/29: the London International (trade) Exhibition opens

04/07: a treaty with the United States signed for the suppression of the African slave trade.

04/11: the Open Air Bleachfields Act is approved.

05: a Turkish loan (L8,000,000) is taken up in London.

07/01: the marriage of the Princess Alice to Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt.

07/29: the C.S. cruiser "Alabama" is fitted out at Liverpool and is allowed to sail from the Mersey in spite of the protests of American Minister Adams.

08/07: the Mines Act is approved.

09/05: ascent in the balloon of H. T. Coxwell and James Glaisher to a height of 37,000 feet at Wolverhampton.

09/18: at this date 24 poor law unions report 140,165 persons in the cotton districts receiving outdoor relief at a cost of L7,922 a week because of the cotton famine caused by the American Civil War.

11/30: 458,000 persons in the cotton districts receiving poor-law relief.

11: Queen Victoria refuses to answer the letter for aid from Emperor Theodore of Abyssinia despite that the British consul has been put in prison.

1863: Charles Kingsley publishes "The Water Babies"; S. R. Gardiner publishes his "History of England—1603-1642"; T. H. Huxley publishes his "Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature"; A. W. Kinglake publishes "The Invasion of the Crimea"; Charles Lyall publishes "The Antiquity of Man"; J. S. Mill publishes "Ultilitarianism"; Sir Francis Galton (b.1822) published "Meteorographica or Methods of Mapping the Weather"; Thomas Graham (b.1805) invents a process for separating gases by atmolysis; Henry Clifton Scorby (b.1826) discovers the microstructure of steel leading to the development of the science of metallurgy; the Football Association is founded in London and immediately outlaws handling the ball set it apart from rugby; scientist Thomas Andrews discovers a technique to liquefy gases; scientist James Clark Maxwell claims that electric and magnetic fields are the same and calss it electromagnetism.

01/10: the first underground railway (from Paddington to Farringdon Station with five intermediate stations) is built by the Metropolitan Railway using steam locomotives and the company assures that the sulphurous fumes are healthy.

02/24: the first meeting of the Anthropological Society with Dr. James Hunt as president.

03/10: the marriage of Edward ( the Prince of Wales) to Princess Alexandra of Denmark.

07: construction begins for the first underground railway (the Metropolitan line) in London.

08/06: explorer Paul Du Chaillu sails from England for Africa.

12/24: novelist William Makepeace Thackeray (b.1811) dies at 52.

1864: the London conference tries in vain to solve Slesvig-Holstein question; Charles Dickens publishes "Our Mutual Friend"; author Walter Savage Landor (b.1775) dies; Anthony Trollope publishes "The Small House at Allington"; Cardinal John Henry Newman publishes "Apologia pro Vita Sua" defending his conversion to Roman Catholicism; poet Alfred Lord Tennyson publishes "Enoch Arden"; Octavia Hill begins her campaign for London tenement-dwelling reforms;

01/11: the Charing Cross Railway opened.

04/03-27: the visit of Giuseppi Garibaldi to England.

04/24-06/25: the International Conference (London) tries in vain to solve the Slesvig-Holstein question, but the meetings are not favorable to Denmark.

04/28: the Ionian Islands are made over to Greece (an English Protectorate since 11/05/1815).

06/05: the English abandon the Ionian Islands to Greek troops.

06/29: the Bleach and Dye Works Act is approved.

07/23: David Livingstone arrives back in England from Africa.

07/25: the Factory Extension Act provides for sanitary measures in factories.

09/28: the First International Workingmen's Association is founded in London by Karl Marx to achieve socialism (it is prompted by two French delegates who are trying to marshal support for Polish rebels) and its leading figures are exiles in London (like Mikhail Bakunin the Russian revolutionary anarchist).

09: a British fleet (with French and Dutch fleets) attacks Japan.

10/29: John Leech (b.1817), caricaturist of "Punch" dies at 47.

1865: Charles Lutwidge Dodson (lecturer in Mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford and under the name of "Lewis Carroll") publishes "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".

02/15:Roman Catholic Cardinal Wiseman dies at 63.

03/02: the first message from Calcutta to London is sent by cable.

03/24: David Livingstone is appointed British Consul of Central Africa while he is still in London.

04/02: Richard Cobden dies at 61.

06/08: Henry Edward Manning (formerly an archdeacon in the English Church) is consecrated the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster.

06/.25: a cattle plague breaks out near Barnsburg.

07/25: Dr. John Barry, a senior inspector general in the military (45 years in service), dies and is discovered to be a 70-year-old female.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.W. Germany, #52:20 N, 9:40 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS:one of the Germanic "Middle" States)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W.C. Germany, #49:35 N, 8:46 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: one of the Germanic "Middle" States, city Darmstadt)

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Denmark, #54:15 N, 9:30 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: part of Denmark to 1864, then under Austria)

(GEOGRAPHY: large island W of British Isles, #53 N, 8 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Great Britain)

1856: the Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenian Brotherhood) is founded.

05/03: the British grant a pardon to O’Brien and he shortly after returns to Ireland.

1857: 09: religious riots erupt at Belfast.

1858: 09: the progress of Cardinal Wiseman in Ireland.

11: a proclamation is issued against secret societies.

12: the government arrests members of the Phoenix Society.

1859: 01/27: a proposed demonstration of landlords (headed by the Marquis of Downshire) is given up.

02: the National Gallery is founded.

09: there is agitation against the Irish National School system.

1860: a great emigration to America takes place in the spring.

05,06: many Irishmen enlist in the service of the Pope.

07: many Irishmen who enlisted with the Pope return dissatisfied, the most of the remainder are taken prisoners by the Sardinians.

10/23: agrarian outrages take place; Alderman Sheehy is murdered.

11: the Irish who are Sardinian prisoners are released and return to Dublin where they receive an ovation.

12: there is an attempted revival of Repeal agitation.

1861: 04/08: a census is taken and the population reads 5,798,967.

12/13: the Irish Law Court commission is appointed.

1862: numerous agrarian-related murders take place.

04/28: Gustav Thiebault is murdered.

05/16: Francis Fitzgerald, and others, are murdered.

07/20: the Catholic university is founded.

07/30: Michael Hayes shoots Mr. John Braddell.

09/17: an Orange demostration at Belfast leads to destructive riots.

End of '62: great agricultural distress attended by many murders and outrages.

1863: continuing agriculcural distress with many murders and outrages creating a great emigration of able-bodied laborers.

1864: 01: the active appearance of the Fenians.

06/16: Smith O’Brien (a descendant of King Brian Boroimhe) dies.

1865: 01/12: the address of the "National Association" to liberate tenant capital and to recover the property of the Catholic Church, &c.

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Europe, #43 N, 13 E)

(LEADERS: King Victor Emanuel II [03/17/'61-??][of Sardinia][b.03/14/1820], declared King of Italy by Parliament, has a son Humbert [b. 03/14/1844])

(MISCELLANEOUS: Camillo Benso di Cavour [b.1810] of a Piedmontese noble family and an excellent manager of the family estates and a promoter of scientific farming, railroads and steamboats; emigration to the United States from 1851-’60 ca 5,000;)

1856: at the Paris Peace Conference Austria vetoed the Piedmontese acquisition of Parma; the foundation of the National Society (by Giuseppe Farina, Daniele Manin and Giorgio Pallaucino) to unite Italy under the King of Sardinia (with the secret encouragment of Cavour and backed by Mazzinian republicans [like Garibaldi]).

1857: 06/29: Mazzine tries in vain to get a rebellion up in Genoa (has started them in Milan and Mantua).

08/01: republican lawyer Daniele Manin founds the National Association for the unification of Italy under the King of Piedmont with Garibaldi as vice-president.

1858: 07/21: Napoleon III and Cavour secretly meet at Plombieres (in the Vosges Mountains) where the unification of Italy is planned (to be a federation of 4 states:[a] upper Italian kingdom of Piedmont, Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Modena and the Papal Legation, [b] the kingdom of central Italy of Tuscany, Umbria and the Marches, [c] Roma, with the surrounding territory, and [d] the kingdom of Naples) with Cavour to find a non-revolutionary casus belli with Austria (in the spring of ’59) and to make Austria appear the aggressor so the French would then supply 200,000 troops and receive Savoy and Nice in return for their military help, the Piedmontese would get Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Romagna and Tuscany with Umbra and the Papal Marches offered to the duchess of Parma and with the Pope getting Latinum and Ferdinand II getting Naples, they agreed that Napoleon III’s cousin would marry Victor Emanuel’s 15-year-old daughter Clothilde.

12/10: the formal treaty with France is signed.

1859: Pasquale Villari publishes his "Life of Savonarola."

01/19: Italy forms the treaty with France.

03/09: the Piedmontese reserves are called up as well as volunteers.

04/07: Austria begins mobilization;

04/23: an Austrian ultimatum is sent requiring the Piedmontese to disarm and is rejected by Sardinia.

04/26: Cavour refused the Austrian ultimatum.

04/27-29: the Austrians (under Gen. Franz Gyulai) cross the Ticino River (the Piedmontese frontier).

05/03: as the French enter Genoa there is a peaceful revolution at Florence and Parma.

05/20: the Austrians are defeated at Montebello.

05/30: the Austrians are defeated at Palestro.

05: the peaceful revolutions (engineered by the National Society) create provisional governments at Florence and Parma and the deposed sovereigns retire.

06/15: a peaceful revoluition at Modena establishes a provisional government so the deposed sovereign retires.

06/04: the Austrians are defeated at Magenta.

06/08: the Austrians are defeated at Marignano.

06/13-15: an insurrection bursts in the Papal Legations (the provinces of Ravena, Bologna, Ferrara).

06/20: a massacre of the insurgents at Perugina by Swiss troops.

06/24: the Austrians are defeated at Solferino; Prussia mobilizes on the Rhine River and Napoleon III quits the war in Italy for fear of their threat; Henri Dumont (Swis humanitarian) aids the French and Austrian wounded.

06: a commercial treaty is signed with France.

07/01: the Franco-Sardinian allies cross the Mincio River.

07/06-12:Italy negotiates [without Cavour] with the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph at Villafranca, Bettino Ricasoli (b.1809) takes over the provincial government of Tuscany while Luigi Farina (b.1812) seizes control of Modena, Romagna and Parma and unites them into Emilia; Cavour reacts by offering to resign.

07/08: an armistice is made between Austria and France (without consulting the Sardinians).

07/11: the preliminaries of peace are signed at Villafranca; Lombardy surrenders to France who immediately cede it to Sardinia.

07: Italy is dismayed at the peace for there is agitation at Milan, Florence, Modena, Parma, etc; the resignation of Count Cavour as Minister is submitted.

07/12: the Pope appeals to Europe against the King of Sardinia.

07/19: Garibaldi exhorts the Italians to arm.

07/21: Grand Duke of Tuscany abdicates.

08/11: a constitutional assemby meets at Florence.

08/16: a constitutional assembly meets at Modena.

08/20-09/10: Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and the Romagna enter into a defensive alliance and declare for annexaztion to Piedmont.

10/05: the assassination of Colonel Anruti at Parma occurs.

10/10: fiscal restrictions between the alliance and Piedmont are abolished.

10: Garibaldi appeals to the Neapolitans; subscriptions in Italy, and elsewhere, to supply arms for the Italians.

11/05: Tuscany, etc. (the alliance) choose the Prince Eugene of Carignon-Savoy as regent of central Italy.

11/14: with the King of Sardinia refusing his consent, the Prince declines the office but recommends the chevalier Buoncampagni.

11/10: the Treaty of Zurich (establishing an Italian confederacy, etc) is signed.

11/18: Garibaldi retires from Sardinian service.

12/07: a new Sardinian constitution is proclaimed.

12/31: the Pope condemns the pamphlet "Le Pape et le Congres" in which the Emperor Napoleon recommends that the Pope give up the legations.

1860: 01/08: the Pope refuses and denounces the Emperor of France.

01/16: Count Cavour returns from retirement and is charged with the formation of a ministry.

03/13: the annexation to Sardinia is voted for (by universal sufferage) in Parma, Modena and the Romagna [now known as AEmilia].

03/16: Tuscany votes (by universal sufferage) for annexation to Sardenia.

03/18-22: the annexation to Sardinia of Parma, Modena, the Romagna and Tuscany takes place and is accepted by the Sardinian King.

03/24: the Treaty of Turin is signed which cedes Savoy and Nice to France.

04/02: the first Italian Parliament convenes at Turin.

04/04: a vain insurrection against the Bourbons in Sicily.

05/02: another vain insurrection in Sicily.

05: the French troops retire from Italy.

05/11: Garibaldi and his 1,000 redshirts ("i Mille") sails from Genoa and lands at Marsala (Sicily)(Garibaldi had been preparing to sail to Nice but was diverted to Sicily by Cavour's direction.

05/14: Garibaldi assumes the office of dictator in Marsala.

05/15: Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitans at Calatifimi..

05/29: the Treaty of Turin is approved by the Sardinian parliament.

07/20: Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitans at Milazzo.

07/30: Garibaldi takes Palermo and by a convention with him the Neapolitans agree to evacuate Sicily.

08/21-22: Garibaldi crosses the straits (with the connivance of Great Britain [Lord Palmerston]) and takes Reggio and shortly after enters Naples.

09/07: King Francis retires from Naples; Cavour becomes alarmed at Garibaldi and fears French intervention for the Pope and actions by the Austrians so he sends Piedmontese troops (a move favored by Great Britain) to stop French schemes for a Muratist restoration in Naples;

09/08: an insurrection in the Papal States gave Cavour the excuse to intervene by telling Cardinal Antonelli (papal sec. of state) to disband his "adventurers" (the Zouaves-an international force of Catholics) but the demand is rejected;

09/11: the Sardinians enter the Papal States.

09/17-29: the Sardinians take Ancona.

09/18: the Sardinians virtually annihilate the papal troops at Castelfidardo and then join with Garibaldi.

10/01: Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitans at the Volturno

10/04: Victor-Emmanuel takes personal command of his army.

10/15: the Sardinians enter the Kingdom of Naples.

10/17: the Sardinians defeat the Neapolitans at Isernia.

10/21: by universal suffrage (plebiscitum), Sicily and Naples vote for annexation to Sardinia.

10/26: Garibaldi meets Victor-Emmanuel and says "King of Italy!" and the latter replies, "I thank you!"

11/02: Capua is bombarded; the Neapolitans retire.

11/03: the Neapolitans are defeated at the Garigliano; the siege of Gaeta commences but an attack by sea is prevented by the presence of the French fleet.

11/04: the Marches vote for union with Italy.

11/05: Umbria votes for union with Italy.

11/07: Victor-Emmanuel enters Naples as King.

11/09: Garibaldi resigns the dictatorship and retires to Caprera.

11: Victor-Emmanuel receives homage from the Neapolitan clergy, etc. and he gives money to encourage education; appoints a ministry (including Poerio), etc.

11/16: the King issues a decree in honor of Garibaldi’s army.

11-12: the reactionary movements are suppressed.

1861: 01: the Prince of Carignan-Savoy is appointed Lieutenant of Naples.

01/19: the French fleet retires from Gaeta and after a severe combined bombardment, Gaeta surrenders.

01: the Italian Parliament declares election for all, suffrage given to 500,000 voters.

02: monastic establishments in Naples are abolished (with compensation to the inmates) and schools are established.

02/13: Francis II retires from Gaeta to Rome.

02/18: the assembly of the first Italian parliament.

03/17: the first Italian parliament decreees Victor-Emmanuel king of Italy.

03-04: Naples remains unsettled through the reactionary intrigues of the papal party.

03/31: the unified Italy is recognized by Great Britain.

04: an order for the levy of 70,000 Italian soldiers; Cavour forms a new ministry and includes members from all parts of Italy.

04/15: the Pope protests against the Kingdom.

04/18: an open altercation in parliament between Cavour and Garibaldi.

04/25: Cavour and Garibaldi are reconciled.

05/07: Bourbonist bands near to Naples are defeated.

05/13: the Prince of Carignan resigns and San Martino is appointed Lieutenant of Naples.

06/06: Count Cavour,(b.1810) dies at 52.

06/11: Baron Bettino Ricasoli (a Tuscan patriot) forms a ministry to continue Cavour’s policy and started a national agitation for the annexation of Rome.

06/24: the Kingdom is recognized by France.

07/16: San Martino resigns the government of Naples and Gen. Cialdini is appointed his successor and takes immediate and active measures are taken against the insurgents and brigands.

09: the Italian Government (under Premier Marco Minghetti [b.1818]) guarantees the independence of Rome if France leaves within two years.

10/01: the Kingdom of Italy is recognized by Portugal and Belgium.

10/13: the Kingdom is divided into 59 prefectures, etc.

10: skirmishes in the south with brigands and foreign emissaries who still support the cause of Francis II.

11/02: Cialdini retires and La Marmora becomes Lt,-Gen. of Naples.

11/19: brigandage still prevails in the south (aided by the former King of Naples) but the insurgents are defeated and many killed.

09/15: Jose Borges (a Spaniard) lands in Calabria.

09: Jose Borges (the Spaniard) calls on the people to rise for Francis II;

12/08: Jose Borges (the Spaniared) captured and shot.

12/61: the reactionist warfare continues and the cruelties of the brigands lead to reprisals.

1862: 01-02: the reactionist warfare continues and cruelties of the brigands lead to reprisals.

03/01: the Kingdom of Italy is recognized by Prussia; Rattazzi forms an administration.

03/03: Ricasoli is compelled to resign by court influences.

03/09: the Society for the Emancipation of Italy organizes an abortive conspiracy against Austria;

03/14: the surrender of Civatella de Tronto (the last Bourbon fortress in Sicily).

03-04: the triumphant progress of Garibaldi continues through Italy, establishing rifle clubs.

04/02: J. F. Bishop (an active English Bourbonist propagandist) is captured.

04/19: a conspiracy among the Neapolitan soldiers at Milan is suppressed.

04/28: King Victor Emanuel I is received at Naples with great enthusiasm.

04: the French Gen. Guyon aids in the suppression of the Bourbonist brigands.

07/03: the Kingdom of Italy is recognized by Russia.

07/19: Garibaldi procedes to Sicily and at Marsala he calls for volunteers, giving as his watchword "Rome or death!"

07/26: Garibaldi calls on the Hungarians to rise against Austria.

08/03: the King issues a proclamation against Garibaldi's proceedings as tending to rebellion.

08/19: Garibaldi enters Catania and organizes a provisional government.

08/21: Sicily is proclaimed to be in a state of siege.

08/22: Sicily is put under Gen. Cialdini.

08/25: Garibaldi issues his last proclamation defying the Italian Government with "Rome or Death!" and embarks at Catania and he lands at Melito (in Calabria) and marches north toward Reggio.

08/26: La Marmora proclaims a state of siege of Reggio.

08/29: Garibaldi, and his followers, battle with the royalists under Pallavicini at Aspromonte, where, after a short skirmish, he is defeated.

09/01: wounded and taken prisoner, Garibaldi is removed to Vezignano (near Spezzia).

09/06: J. F. Bishop (British Bourbonist) is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.

09/10: Gen. Durando issues a diplomatic circular condeming Garibaldi’s proceedings yet asserting the necessity of the Italian government to possess Rome.

09/27: Princess Maria Pia is married by proxy to the King of Portugal.

09/28: Garibaldi issues a rhetorical appeal to the English nation and urges its intervention for the cause of liberty.

09: an inflammatory mainifesto is addressed to the people of Italy by Joseph Mazzini.

10/05: amnesty is granted by King Victor Emanuel to Garibaldi and his followers.

10/08: a sharp reply of M. Drouyn de Lhuys to Durando’s note.

10/17: an end of the state of siege in Naples and Sicily is reached.

11/01: a disorderly encounter between Italians and Austrians on the banks of the Po.

11: Father Passaglia and 10,000 (out of 80,000) Italian priests sign a declaration against the temporal authority of the Pope.

11/09: Garibaldi is removed to Pisa.

11/23: the ball is extracted from Garibaldi's foot by Zanetti..

11/18: a meeting of parliament with a determined opposition to Rattazzi;.

11/30: Rattazzi resigns.

12/09: a new ministry is formed by Farina.

12/18: the new ministry declines further negotiations with the French on the Roman question.

1863: Dante Gabriel Rossetti displays his painting "Beata Beatrix."

01/17: a commercial treaty with France is signed.

03/24: Farina resigns the ministry and Minghetti succeeds him.

06/01: the Grand Cavour canal for irrigation of the Piedmont opens.

07: an income tax bill passed; Tristany, and other bandits, are captured; several bandits are captured on board the French ship Aunisand are given up to France.

08/06: a commercial treaty with Great Britain is signed.

09/05: ex-minister Farina dies.

10: the bandits captured on board the French ship Annis in July are restored to Italy; the army of Piedmont (50,000) is consolidated by La Marmora and expanded into the "Army of Italy"(250,000)'; Mr. (after Sir) James Hudson (British Minister) greatly assisted Cavour in the unification of Italy (1852-63).

1864: Italy renounces its claims to Rome and Florence is made the capital in place of Turin; Cesare Lombroso publishes "Genius and Madness"; archaeologist Giovanni B. de Rossi publishes the results of his exploration of Roman catacombs.

04: Garibaldi visits England.

05/16: a convention between Italy, France, Brazil, Portugal and Haiti for establishing a telegraphic line between Europe and America.

09/15: a convention with France respecting her evacuation of Rome, etc. is signed (French troops to quit Rome in two years [from 02/06/65].

09/21-22: riots at Turin and in consequence many persons killed by the military.

09/24: Minghetti and his colleagues are blamed for the riots at Turin so he resigns and a ministry formed by La Marmora.

10/10: Garibaldi denounces the Franco-Italian convention.

11: the desperate state of the finances is announced by Sella (the minister) and he proposes stringent remedies.

11/04: the railway from Turin to Florence is opened.

11/19: the convention with France is approved by the Chamber of Deputies.

12/06: an able speech by Gen. Cialdini to the Chamber of Deputies.

12/09: the convention with France is approved by the Senate.

12/11: a decree for the transfer of the captial is published.

12: Prince Humbert resides at Naples; it is stated that 346 brigands have been killed, 453 taken and 132 surrendered, about 300 remain to be tracked and many pretend to be subjects of the ex-King Francis II of Naples.

1865: 01/30: a demonstration takes place against the King of Turin.

02/03: the King of Turin travels to Florence.

03: amnesty for political offenses is published but brigandage in the Neapolitan and Roman states is increasing.

04/07: fruitless negotiations by Vegezzi continue with the Pope respecting the position of bishops.

05/15: Mr. Moens (a British subject) is seized and retained by brigands.

06/12: 45 monks, and others, are arrested at Salerno on a charge of Bourbonist conspiracy.

06/18: the inauguration of a national rifle meeting at Florence where King Victor Emanuel I fires the first shot.

06/19: numerous atrocities are committed by brigands but Giardullo and eight brigands are captured.

06: the Kingdom of Italy is recognized by Spain.

(GEOGRAPHY: island S of Italy, #37:30 N, 14 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: city of Palermo, Marsala)

1859: King Ferdinand dies and is succeeded by Francis II.

1860: 04/04 et seq.: insurrections are suppressed at Palermo, Messina, and Catania.

04/21 et seq.: the rebels of Palermo, Messina & Catania retire into the interior

05/05: Garibaldi, and his followers (2,200 men), embark at Genoa.

05/11: Garibaldi lands at Marsala (on the island of Sicily).

05/14: Garibaldi abandons his ships and assumes the dictatorship of Marsala in the name of the King of Sardinia.

05/15: Garibaldi defeats the Neopolitan royal troops at Calatafimi (Sicily).

05/27: Garibaldi and his men storm Palermo (Sicily).

05/28: Palermo (Sicily) is bombarded by the Neopolitan royal fleet

05/31: an armistic is agreed to at Palermo (Sicily) between Garibaldi and the Neopolitans.

06: a provisional government is formed at Palermo (Sicily).

06/06: Palermo (Sicily) is evacuated by the Neapolitans.

07/20,21: Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitans at Melazzo (Sicily).

07/30: a convention is signed by which the Neapolitans agree to evacuate the island of Sicily (retaining the citadal at Messina).

08/03: the new Sardinian constitution is proclaimed in Sicily.

08/21: Garibaldi embarks for Calabria, Italy.

09: Professor Saffi (late of Oxford), is a short time dictator in Sicily.

10/21: the Sicilians (by universal suffrage) vote for annexation to Sardinia (432,054 against 667).

12/01: the Sardinian King Victor-Emmanuel visits Sicily.

1861: 02/28: the citadel at Messina is blockaded.

03/13: the citadel at Messina surrenders to Gen. Cialdini.

1862: 05: King Victor-Emmanuel is warmly received at Messina, Sicily.

07/19: Garibaldi makes some imprudent speeches at Marsala.

08/19: Garibaldi enters Catania and establishes a provisional government.

08/24: Garibaldi embarks for Italy.

08: Sicily is placed under blockade.

09: the blockade is removed

10: Sicily is tranquil.

(GEOGRAPHY: #47:10 N, 9:32 E)

(LEADERS: Prince Alois Joseph II [1836-'58], Prince John II ['58-1929]);

(MISCELLANEOUS: a principality formed of the Germanic Confederation from 1815 [to 1866] but politically independent, between Austria and Switzerland, in the customs union with Austria since 1852)

(GEOGRAPHY: between Germany, France and Belgium, #49:35 N, 6:12 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: part of the German Confederation from 1815 {to 1866], had political autonomy from 1839 under King William I of the Netherlands who is also Grand Duke of Luxemburg, considers 1839 as its independence year)

1865: made a Grand Duchy by the Congress of Vienna.

(GEOGRAPHY: island between Italy and Africa, #35:55 N, 14:25 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: annexed on 05/30/14 to Great Britain in violation of the treaty, city of Valletta, Gozo, Comino)

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Germany, #53:51 N, 11:28 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: one of the Germanic States, city of Schwerin)

(GEOGRAPHY: Mediterranean coast, S.E. France, #43:44 N, 7:24 E)

(LEADERS: Charles III ('61)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a Principality under the house of Grimaldi (the absolute ruler since 1419) placed under the protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia by the Treaty of Vienna, 1815 [to '60], surrounded by the French Department of Alpes Maritimes but its sovereignty is recognized by a Franco-Monegasque Treaty)

1861 or '62: Charles III cedes his rights over Mentone and Roccabruna to France and the Principality becomes an enclave of the French when the Sardinian garrison is withdrawn and the Protectorate (under Sardinia) comes to an end.

(GEOGRAPHY:S.W.C. Italy, on 22-mile long bay, #40:50N, 14:15 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: chief seaport

(LEADERS: King Ferdinand II,(aka "King Bomba" (11/08/1830- ‘59); Francis II [b.01/16/1836][ King ‘59-'60][died at Arco 12/27/1894].

1856: 05: England and France censure King Ferdinand II about his tyrannical government.

10/28: the English and French withdraw their Ambassadors.

12/08: Milano attempts to assassinate King Ferdinand.

1857: 06/27-07/02: Italian refugees (under Count Pisaccane) land in Calabria and are defeated and their Count Pisaccane is killed.

12/16: an earthquake shakes the Apennines.

1858: 12/27: amnesty is granted by the King to political offenders.

1859: 01: Poerio (and 66 companions) are released and sent to North America.

03/07: on route, Poerio and his companions seize the vessel on which the sail and travel to Cork (Ireland).

03/18 Poerio proceeds to London (England).

03/22: Ferdinand II dies.

05/22: Francis II succeeds to the throne.

06: diplomatic relations are resumed with England and France.

07/07: there is insubordination among the Swiss troops at Naples and many are shot.

07/16: the Swiss confederation sends Major Latour to Naples.

1860: 03/26: there are many political imprisonments and the foreign ambassadors, collectively, address a note to King Francis II stating the necessity for reform in his states.

04: the Count of Syracuse recognizes the need for reform and an alliance with England.

05/11: Garibaldi lands in Sicily.

05/15: Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitan army at Calatafimi.

06/15: a revolutionary committee is organized at Naples.

06/26: Francis II proclaims an amnesty and promises a liberal ministry and adopts a tricolor flag, etc.

06/28: the liberal ministry is formed but there is a widespread destruction of the commissariat of the police in twelve districts and a state of siege is proclaimed at Naples while the Queen Mother flees to Gaeta, Italy.

07/02: Francis II proclaims the reestablishment of the constitution of 1848.

07/10: in rebellion, the army proclaims Count de Trani as king.

07/20: Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitans at Melazzo, Sicily.

07/21: Garibaldi enters the city of Messina, Sicily.

07/30: the Neapolitans agree to evacuate Sicily.

07: the King of Sardinia negotiates for an alliance with Francis II, but in vain.

08/18: Garibaldi lands at Melito, Italy.

08/21: Garibaldi takes Reggio, Italy.

09/06: a mass defection in the army and navy takes place and Francis II is deposed and retires (flees) to Gaeta.

09/07: Garibaldi enters Naples without troops.

09/08: Garibaldi assumes the dictatorship of Naples.

09/11: Garibaldi gives up the Neapolitan fleet to the Sardinian Admiral Persano while expelling the Jesuits and establishing trial by jury and releasing political prisoners.

09/19: Garibaldi repulses the Neapolitans at Cajazzo, Italy.

10/01: Garibaldi defeats the Neopolitans at the Volturno River, Italy.

10/11: the King of Sardinia enters the Kingdom of Naples and takes command of his army (which combines with Garibaldi’s).

10/17: Gen. Cialdini defeats the Neapolitans at Isernia, Italy.

10/18: Gen. Cialdini defeats the Neapolitans at Venafro, Italy.

10/21: the plebiscite is held at Naples, etc and by an almost unanimous vote agree to annexation to Piedmont (a vote of 1,303,064 to 10,312).

10/26: Garibaldi meets Victor-Emmanuel and salutes him as King of Italy.(see Italy for further events)

1861: The King of Naples surrenders to Garibaldi at Gaeta, Italy.

03: Italy is proclaimed a kingdom by the new Parliament with Victor Emanuel II of Sardinia, as King Victor Emanuel II of Italy (including Neapolitan territories).

(GEOGRAPHY: N.W. Europe, bordering North Sea, Germany, Belgium, N at #52:30 N, 4:45 E, S at #51:45 N, 4:30 E)

(LEADERS: King Willem III [b.1817][1849-1890], enlightened and benevolent, serious about his job)

(MISCELLANEOUS: emigration to U.S. ‘51-’60 16,000; Jan Rudolph Thorbecke, grat statesman in '50s and '60s, city The Hague, Amsterdam N, Rotterdam S)

1859: General van den Bosch’s scheme is carried out by the society of beneficence of home colonization in east Holland for destitute persons of all sorts (started about 1815 but having failed is modified) with free and penal colonies being consolidated and is generally successful; a treaty of commerce is signed with Siam.

1860: Multatuli (E. D. Decker) publishes his novel "Max Havelaar."

03: the government undertakes another canal to connect Rotterdam with the sea.

07: a treaty defines the Dutch and Portuguese boundary on Timor Island.

1861: the Liberal majority, controlling the States-General’s funds, votes for an extensive railway system.

06/01: a Dutch order forbids naval vessels or privateers of the American belligerents to carry prizes into any of their ports or territorial waters, similar orders are issued by Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, Prussia, France, Portugal, Hamburg, Bremen and Hawaiian Islands.

1862: Thorbecke is again elected the premier (to 1866);

08/06: the States-General passes a law for the abolition of slavery in the Dutch West Indies colonies (to become effective after 07/01/63).

1863: free secondary and technical education is authorized.

05/12: a treaty for capitalizing Scheldt (E and W arms of the sea, Zeeland, S. Netherlands, 30 and 50 miles, #51:40 N, 3:45 E) dues is signed.

07/01: slavery ceases in the Dutch West Indies.

1864: a Dutch fleet (with a British and a French fleet) attacks Japan.

1865: 03/08: the commencement of the building of the canal to connect Amsterdam with the North Sea.

(GEOGRAPHY: #53:10 N, 8:12 E)

(GEOGRAPHY: #41:54 N, 12:25 E)

(LEADERS: Pope Pius IX [Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, b. 05/13/1792][06/16/48-??], his powers in France are greatly checked from ’60 through ‘65)

1860: 09/11: the invasion of the Sardinians (under Victor Emanuel) who defeat the papal troops at Castelfidardo.

1864: 12/08: a two-pronged attack on liberal and radical opinion through a papal encyclical Quanta cura with the appended Syllabus errorum censured the "errors" of pantheism, naturalism, nationalism, indifferentism, socialism, communism, liberalism, rationalism, freemasonry + and in which the pope claimed control of culture, science, the educational system, &tc.

(see ITALY and ROME for more information)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Iberian peninsula, #40 N, 8 W)

(LEADERS: King Peter V [aka Dom Pedro][b.09/16/1837-d.11/11/'61][1853-'61]: King Luis I ('61-1889), brother to Peter b.10/31/1838, married Maria Pia (b.10/16/1847) daughter of Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, on 10/06/62, a judicious reformer)

(MISCELLANEOUS: limited monarchy; 2 parties: 1) the Regenerators [conservatives] and 2) the Progressives or Historicals [liberal]; emigration to the United States from 1851-'60 ca 45,000; University of Coimbra)

1856: political power is with the Regenerators party but shifts to the Historicals with the practice of rotativism (alternating party in power, city of Lisbon)

06/05: the resignation of Saldanha Ministry.

10/26: the first Portuguese railway (from Lisbon to Santarem) is opened.

12/02: Saldanha having been dismissed, the liberal ministry is now under Loule.

1857: 11/29: the French emigrant ship for negroes, "Charles-et-Georges", is siezed; political power is with the Historicals party.

1858: political power is still with the Historicals party.

10/13: an ultimatum from the French Government is received.

10/23: anger of the French Government is evidenced by ships of war being sent to the Tagus so the "Charles-et-Georges" is restored.

1859: a treaty of commerce is signed with Siam; political power shifts from the Historicals party to the Regenerators party.

1860: a treaty with the Dutch defines the boundary in the Timor Islands; political power remains with the Regenerators party.

1861: political power is still with the Regenerators party.

07/29 (06/01): a Portuguese proclamation against privateering forbides entrance of naval vessels or privateers to enter ports or territorial waters or fitting out their vessels, similar orders are issued by Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, Prussia, Holland, France, Hamburg, Bremen and Hawaiian Islands.

12/11: King Pedro V dies of typhus and is succeeded by his brother the Duke of Oporto (as Luis I).

12/29: John, the King’s brother, dies.

1862: political power is with the Regenerators party.

01/03: the law of succession is altered in favor of the king’s sisters.

10/06: at Lisbon, the King marries Princess Maria Pia, of Savoy, by proxy.

1863: political power is with the Regenerators party.

09/28: the birth of Dom Carlos, heir to the throne, is celebrated.

1864: political power is with the Regenerators party.

04./02: the Duke of Palmella dies.

05/16: a convention between Portugal, France, Brazil, Italy & Haiti for to establish a telegraphic line between Europe and America.

06/01: free-trade measures are introduced.

09/29: a frontier treaty with Spain is concluded.

1865: political power is with the Regenerators party.

03/27: in the Tagus, the United States vessels "Niagara" and "Sacramento" are fired on through suspicion that they are sailing after the Confederate States vessel "Stonewall".

04/07: the difficulties with the United States about the "Niagara" and "Sacramento" are arranged.

05: constitutional privileges are granted to the colonies.

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Germany, #51 N, 10 E)

(LEADERS: Frederick William IV [b.’95][1840-‘61], a romanticist, poet, mystic, wanted to revive the Holy Roman Empire); William I (ruled '61-1888)

1856: 09/03: an unsuccessful rising of the Prussian royalists in Neufchatel, (Switzerland).

11/56-05/57: continuing disputes with Switzerland about the canton of Neufchatel.

1857: 06/19 (05/26): Prussia (Frederick William IV) renounces her sovereignty over Neufchatel (Switzerland).

10/23: an illness of King Frederick William IV wherein the Prince of Prussia is appointed Regent.

1858: 01: Chevalier Bunsen is ennobled.

01/25: Prince Frederick William of Prussia marries the Princess Royal of England.

10/07: Prince William is declared permanent Regent for his brother, the insane (some said he had a stroke) King Frederick William IV.

11: the resignation of the Manteuffel Ministry which is succeeded by that of the liberal Prince Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b.1811).

11/23: the elections favor liberals in the new government.

1859: Prince Metternich (b.1773) dies; Otto von Bismark becomes the ambassador to St. Petersburg (Russia).

05-06: the Italian war wherein Prussia declares its neutrality, but arms to protect Germany from France.

07/02: Prussia mobilizes against the French borders.

12/05: the regent appoints Gen. Albert von Roon (b.1803) as minister of war to reform the army (a fear of Napoleon III on the Rhine) with Gen. Helmuth von Moltke as his chief of the general staff;

1860: 06/15-17: the Regent (and several German sovereigns) meet the Emperor of the French at Baden.

11: disclosures are revealed respecting the oppressive system of the Prussian police with Stieber (the director) prosecuted and censured but not punished; a crisis arises over the Army Bill and Gen. Albert von Roon (minister of war) proposes army reform.

1861: the Progressive Party is formed to oppose the army budget.

01/02: Emperor Frederick William IV finally dies followed by the accession of William I.

02/06: a meeting of the Chambers: on the motion for the address, M. von Vincke carries an amendment in favor of Italian Unity and "a firm alliance with England."

02/08(06): the German Progressive Party is set up to unify Germany under Prussian leadership.

06/01: a Prussian order forbids naval vessels or privateers of the American belligerents to carry prizes into any of their ports or territorial waters, similar orders are issued by Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, France, Holland, Portugal, Hamburg, Bremen and Hawaiian Islands.

07/14: an attempted assassination of the King by Becker (a Leipsic student).

09/02: a commercial treaty is signed with China.

09/23: the attempted assassin, Becker, is sentenced to twenty years imprisonment.

10/06-08: the king meets the Emperor Napoleon at Compiegne.

10/18: the King and Queen are crowned at Konigsberg where he declares that he will reign by the "Grace of God."

12: the liberals are victorious in the elections.

1862: 03/06: the Chamber of Representatives oppose the Government in regard to the length of military service and resolve on discussion of the items of the budget.

03/11: the Ministry resigns and the King dissolves the Chambers.

03/29: a commercial treaty is negotiated with France based on free-trade principles.

05: there is a liberal electoral victory.

08/02: the commercial treaty with France is signed.

09/11-16: a severe discussion takes place regarding military expenditure and the Chamber reduces, by vote, the maintenance of the army from 200,000 to 135,000 men.

09/23: Premier van der Heydt reresigns and is succeeded (Prime Minister) by the Count Bismarck Schonhausen who then informs the Chamber that the budget is deferred until '63.

09/30: Chamber protests deferment of the budget.

10/07: the Diet rejects an increase of military credits.

10/11: the Chamber of Peers passes the military credit budget without the amendments of the Chamber of Representatives which (by 237 against 2) resolves that the act is contrary to the constitution.

10/13: the King closes the session (the 65^th) saying "The budget for the year 1862, as decreed by the Chamber of Representatives, having been rejected by the Chamber of Peers on the ground of insufficiency, the Government is under the necessity of controlling the public affairs outside the constitution" and Bismarck makes his famous ‘blood and iron’ speech and governs without a budget (until 1866) while he uses the trade agreement between Austria and France to block Austrian efforts to enter the Zollverein.

11: agitation in favor of the constitution is proceeding and passive resistance is adopted while several liberal papers are suppressed.

1863: 01/14: the Chambers reassemble and hear an unconciliatory address from the king to which a bold reply comes from the deputies.

01/23: the Chambers adopt the budget.

02/08: Bismark sends Count Constantin von Alvensleben to assure the Russian Czar that Prussia is on her side against the Polish rebels and four Prussian Corps (1/2 the army) are sent to the Polish frontier and Bismarck signs a convention with Russia.

05: there is violent dissension between the deputies and the Ministry.

05/22: the Chamber of Deputies address the King on the relation with the Ministry, and the state of the country and the King replies that his ministers possess his confidence.

05/27: the king adjourns the session and resolves to govern without a Parliament.

06/01: the press is severely restricted.

06/05: the Crown Prince (in a speech) disavows participation in the recent acts of the Ministry

07/06: the Crown Prince censures the acts of the Ministry in a letter to the king.

07: Bismarck discusses social and political reform with F. Lassale, founder of the General German Worker's Association.

08/16: a congress of princess is called by Emperor Francis Joseph (Austria) to reform the Germanic Confederation but Bismark convinces King William (Prussia) to refuse his attendance.

09/08: the Crown Prince is reconciled to the King.

12/02: a motion in favor of maintaining the rights of the Duchies of Slesvig and Holstein is carried.

12: the Chamber obstinately refuses its assent to maintaining the rights of Slesvig and Holstein or to defray the expenses of war.

1864: 01/16: Prussia joins Austria in its demand that Denmark abrogate the constitution of 11/18 within 2 days and the Chambers is dissolved.

02/01: Prussian troops enter Slesvig and capture Eckenforde.

02/02: Prussian troops bomb Myssunde.

02/03: the town of Myssunde is burnt.

02/06: the duchy of Slesvig is taken and Prince Frederick is proclaimed.

02/13: the commencement of the attack on Dybbol; the Danish federal commissioners protest against the Prussian occupation of Altona.

02/18: the Prussians enter Jutland and take Kolding.

03/16,17: the Prussians bomb and capture the village of Duppel (or Dybbol).

03/20: the Prussians bomb Fredericia

04/18: the Prussians take the fortress of Dybbol by assault but with much slaughter.

05/06 et seq., Jutland is subjected to pillage for not paying a war contribution to the Prussians.

05/09: an agreement is reached for an armistice.

06/22: the King of Denmark and the Emperor of Austria meet at Carlsbad.

06/26: hostilities resume and the Prussians surprise Als;

06/27: the Prussians they take the batteries and 2,400 prisoners.

07/09: Count Moltke is to form an administration in Jutland

07/18: another armistice is agreed to.

07/26: a conference for peace is held at Vienna.

08/01: preliminaries for peace are agreed to with Denmark.

10/30: the treaty of peace is signed at Vienna wherein the King of Denmark cedes the duchies of Slesvig and Holstein to the allies and to pay war reperations (Prussia is to manage Slesvig).

1865: 01/14: the opening of the Chambers takes place.

01/16: a revival of the constitutional agitation for control over the army budget

06/17: the deputies (having rejected the budget, the bills for reorganizing the army and increasing the fleet, and meeting the expenses of the war with Denmark) the Chamber is prorogued and the Government will rule without it.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Italy, #41:54 N, 12:25 E)

(LEADERS: Pope Pius IX)

1857: 05-09: the Pope visits his nearby dominions.

1859: Verdi's opera "Un Ballo in Maschera" is performed.

06: an insurrection arises in the Romagna, at Bologna, and Ferrara.

07/12: the Pope appeals to Europe for help against the threat of Sardinia.

08/20: the Legations form a defensive alliance with Tuscany, Parma and Modena.

08/26: the Queen of Spain engages to send troops to Rome should the French retire.

09/07: the assembly at Bologna votes for annexation to Piedmont (Sardinia).

09/15: the King of Piedmont-Sardinia engages to support their cause before the great Powers.

09/26: the Pope annuls the acts of the assembly at Bologna and announces the punishment due to those who attack the Holy See.

10/01: the Pope dismisses the Sardinian charge d’affaires at Rome.

12/24: Romagna, Modena, and Parma form into one province to be called Aemilia.

1860: 01/27-03/30: the Sardinian Government annuls the Tuscan and Lombard concordats.

03/19: riots within Rome are suppressed by the police.

03/26: the Pope excommunicates all concerned in the rebellions in his states.

03: Gen. Lamoriciere takes command of the papal army which he then reorganizes.

05: the Papal army is increased by volunteers from Ireland, etc.

05/19: armed Tuscan volunteers enter the Papal States and are repulsed.

07: the Irish volunteers are severely treated for insubordination and many are dismissed.

08: the papal army is estimated at 20,000.

09/08: an insurrection in the Marches but Fossembrone is subdued by the papal troops while the people appeal to the Sardinian government.

09/11: Sardinian troops enter the Papal States.

09/12: the town of Pesaro is taken.

09/14: the town of Perugia is taken, including Gen. Schmidt and 1,600 prisoners.

09/17: the town of Ancona is besieged by sea and land.

09/18: Sardinian Gen. Cialdini defeats Papal Gen. Lamoriciere at Castelfidardo.

09/28: a severe allocution of the Pope against France and Sardinia and he again appeals to Europe for help.

09/29: Sardinian Gen. Cialdini takes the town of Ancona.

10: additional French troops are sent to Rome.

11: the Marches vote for annexation to Sardinia; subscriptions are raised for the Pope in various countries but the formal collection of these is forbidden in France and Belgium while permitted in England.

12: monastic establishments are suppressed in the Legations and the monks pensioned; educational institutions founded.

12/21: the French Emperor advises the Pope to give up his revolted provinces.

1861: 01/06: the publication of Rome et les Eneques.

02/15: publication of La France, Rome et l’Italie and there is a great excitement and strong advocacy of the Pope’s temporal government (attacked by Prince Napoleon) in the French Chambers.

03/27: Sardinian minister Cavour claims Rome as the capital of Italy.

05/10: a petition to the Emperor Napoleon to with draw French troops from Romeis made by Sardinia.

06: the Emperor of France declines a union with Austria and Spain for maintenance of the Pope’s temporal power.

06/09: the Pope declares a severe allocution against the Italians.

1862: 07/19: Garibaldi calls for volunteers and takes as his watchword "Rome or death!"

11: a railway between Rome and Naples is completed despite opposition by the papal government to its opening.

10/25: Great Britain's Earl Russell offers a residence at Malta to the Pope.

1863: 03/05: Cardinal Antonelli’s resignation of his office not accepted.

1864: Italy renounces its claims to Rome; Giovanni B. de Rossi (Italian archaeologist) publishes the results of his exploration of Roman catacombs.

09/15: a convention between France and Italy for French troops to quit Rome within two years is signed.

1865: 04/21-06/23: fruitless negotiations between the Pope and the King of Italy (by Vegezzi) despite a mutual concession proposal.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E.C. Italy on the N.E. slope of the Apennines, 24 square miles,, #43:56 N, 12:25 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: oldest state in Europe, founded in the 5^th century)

(LEADERS: Victor Emanuel II)

(GEOGRAPHY: Italian island W. of Italy, S of Corsica, mountain mass, 150 miles long, includes the isles of Elba, Capri, and Caprera) #40 N, 9 E)

1856: in theCrimean war against Russia causing a rupture with Austria.

04/16: an important note on Italy is sent by Count Cavour to England.

1857: 06: Count Cavour declares in favor of free trade.

1859: a Treaty of Alliance between Sardinia and France is signed.

01/30: Prince Napoleon Jerome marries Princes Clotilde, daughter of king Victor Emanuel II.

04: Austria invades by crossing the Ticino River into Italy.

07/11: the preliminaries of peace signed at Villafranca.

07/13: Count Cavour resigns.

07/19: the Ratazzi administration is formed.

10/20: Emperor Napoleon’s letter to Victor Emanuel advocates the formation of an Italian confederation and maintains his engagements with the Italians.

11: the treaty of peace is signed at Zurich (Switzerland).

11/18: Garibaldi retires into private life.

1860: 01/16: Count Cavour returns to office.

02/25: the annexation of Savoy and Nice is formally proposed by the French Government and the Sardinian Government refer it to the vote of the people.

02/29: the Sardinian Government refers the question of annexation of Tuscany, etc., to the vote of the people.

03/14: annexation to Sardinia is voted almost unanimously by AEmilia.

03/16: annexation to Sardinia is voted almost unanimously by Tuscany.

03/18-20: annexation of AEmilia and Tuscany is accepted by Victor-Emmanuel.

03/24: Savoy and Nice are ceded to France.

04/02: a new Sardinian parliament opens.

04/15: the annexation to France is voted almost unanimously for by Nice.

04/22 or 23: the annexation to France voted almost unanimously for by Savoy.

05/18: the Italian Government professes disapproval of Garibaldi’s expedition to Sicily.

05/29: the Italian Chambers ratify the treaty of cession of Savoy and Nice.

09/11: Sardinian troops enter the papal territories and defeat papal troops.

10/15: Victor Emanuel enters the Kingdom of Naples.

10/21: Naples and Sicily vote for annexation to Sardinia.

(GEOGRAPHY: S. C. Germany, #52 N, 11:30 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the people are mostly Lusatians)

(LEADERS: King John [1854-1873]

(GEOGRAPHY: seaport on Baltic, N. Germany, #54:32 N, 9:35 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Denmark until '64, then under Prussia)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Europe, #40 N, 4 W)

(LEADERS: Isabella II [b.10/10/1830][1833-1868], is the daughter of Ferdinand VII [1814-1833], declared of age 11/08/43, married her cousin Don Francis d'Assissi [b.05/13/22] 10/10/46, they had a son Alfonso, Prince of Asturios [b.11/28/'57]

(MISCELLANEOUS: Gen. Leopoldo O’Donnell [b.1809] revolted in 1854 at Moderado; emigration to the United States from 1851-’60 ca 3,000; in 1839 Spain recognized the ancient fueros of the Basques; exports quicksilver, cobalt, lead, iron, tin, silver)

1856: the Spanish-French frontier is defined; the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences is established at Madrid.

04/06: an insurrection in Valencia.

07/14; an insurrection in Madrid but Leopoldo O’Donnel and the government troops subdue the insurgents

07/15-16: the forced resignation of Baldemero Espartero (Progressive) by Queen Isabella and a new cabinet is formed to be headed by Marshall O’Donnel (a Moderato).

07/15-23: an insurrection at Barcelona and Saragossa which is quelled by O’Donnell as dictator.

09/15: the 1845 constitution is restored by O’Donnell,but it is more liberal and never promulgated.

10/12: O’Donnell is compelled to resign (because of two years of insurrections)

10/25: Narvaez becomes Minister and institutes a conservative and repressive government.

1857: the heroine Agostina ("La Saragosa") dies (she was brave in the defense of Saragosa versus the French in 1808 and has become a national heroine;

01/14: Isturitz is made minister.

07/01: O’Donnell is made minister.

02/01: Espartero resigns as senator.

06-07: an insurrection in Andalusia which is quickly suppressed but with cruel military executions (98 insurgents shot [24 at Seville].

11/28: the birth of the Prince Royal.

1858: 06: O’Donnell is back in power and organizes a government based on Moderado and Progresista support.

1859: 10/22 Spain declares war on Morocco.

11-12: the war with Morocco begins.

1860: 01/01: O’Donnell commands the army in Africa (in war with Moroccon Moors) while in the battle at Castillejos the Spanish throw a "Balaklava" like charge.

02/04: the Moors are defeated near Tetuan, Morocco.

03/23: the Moors surrender at Guad-el-ras, Morocco.

03/26: a treaty of peace is signed with the Moors obligated to pay 400,000,000 reals; Spain gains Santa Cruz de Mar Pequena, Ceuta and Melilla are made free ports.

04/19: Gen. Ortega (Gov. of the Balearic Isles) lands near Tortosa (in Valencia) with 3,000 men,and proclaims the comte de Montemolin King of Spain, as Charles VI but he is caught and shot.

04/21: the comte de Montemolin (and his brother Ferdinand) are arrested at Tortosa.

04/23: the comte de Montemolin (and his brother Ferdinand) renounce their claim to the throne.

04/26: peace is made with Morocco.

06/05: the brother (Juan) of the comte and Ferdinand asserts his right to succession.

06/28: the comte de Montemolin and Ferdinand (when at Cologne) annul their renunciation.

1861: 01/14: the comte de Montemolin (and his wife) die at Trieste.

03/18: Santo Domingo cedes her independence to Spain.

05/19: the annexation of St. Domingo to Spain ratified and is ruled temporarily as a Spanish colony but there is immediate insurrection; slavery not to be reestablished.

06/01: a Spanish order forbids naval vessels or privateers of the American belligerents to carry prizes into any of their ports or territorial waters, similar orders are issued by Great Britain, France, Belgium, Prussia, Holland, Portugal, Hamburg, Bremen and Hawaiian Islands.

06/17: Spain proclaims neutrality in the American Civil War and recognizes the Confederate States as belligerents.

12/08: intervention in Mexico to reclaim debts owed.

1862: 10/14: Jose Alhama and Manuel Matamoras (Protestant propagandists) sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment.

1863: 01/08: Don Juan de Bourbon renounces his right to the throne.

02/26 or 27: the resignation of the Premier (Marshall O’Donnell).

03/04: Marquis de Miraflores is made Minister.

09/01: continuing insurrection in St. Domingo brings on war.

1864: 04: a rupture with Peru over the Chinchu Islands because Spain had never recognized Peru's independence.

08/13: Gen. Prim is exiled for conspiracy.

09/26: the regent Queen Maria Christina returns after a ten year exile.

09/29: a frontier treaty with Portugal is concluded.

09: Narvaez forms a cabinet with himself as premier (supported by the "Moderados" and many absolutists) he reverts to Catholic and reactionary policies which cause the Liberal parties to unite in opposition with the "Progresistas" boycotting the elections

12/14-18: the English Government recognizes the insurrection at San Domingo and Premier Narvaez advises abandonment of the contest but the Queen refuses and the Ministry resigns but resumes office.

1865: 01/27: peace is made with Peru.

02/20: the Queen orders the sale of crown lands and gives up 3/4 of them to the nation.

05/05: a decree is promulgated relinquishing San Domingo.

06/10: the government suppresses a conspiracy at Valencia attempting to reunite Spain and Portugal.

06/19: Narvaez once again resigns.

06/22: O’Donnell once again forms a liberal cabinet.

(GEOGRAPHY: many of its valleys are terra icognita, W.C. Europe, #47 N, 8 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: emigration to U.S. ‘51-’60 6,000; 22 cantons)

1856: 09/03: an unsuccessful conservative Prussian royalist rebellion in Neuchatel for restoration of the Prussian king;

1857: 05/26: a serious dispute about Neufchatel and war is threatened by the King of Prussia.

06/11: great energy and determination are manifested by the Swiss concerning Neuchatel.

06/19: on the intervention of the English and French Governments, a treaty is signed by which the King of Prussia (Frederick IV) virtually renounces his claims,on Neuchatel and on receiving a pecuniary compensation (which he eventually renounced); he retires the title of Prince of Neufchatel, without any politcal rights.

1859: 03/14: a declaration of neutrality is announced for the coming Italian war.

07-08: the mutiny of the Swiss mercenary troops at Naples causes their punishment; the Confederation forbids foreign enlistment

1860: 03/15: the Swiss Government protests against the annexation of Savoy by the French.

03/30: 150 Swiss attempt to enter Savoy but are stopped by the Genevese Government.

07/30: the Government forbids any Swiss citizen to enlist in foreign service without permission.

07: a proposed European congress to preserve Swiss neutrality is put off.

1861: Edward Whymper, (British) fails in his first attempt to scale the Matterhorn.

05/03: the town of Glarus is destroyed by fire.

10/28: French troops occupy Vallee des Dappes.

11/05: the Swiss announce the violation of their territory.

1862: humanist Jean Henri Dunant (b.1828) proposes in "Souvenir de Solferino" the foundation of an international voluntary relief organization—the Red Cross;

12/08: the signing of the Treaty of France settles the question of the Vallee des Dappes by a mutual cession of territory and disallowing any military works to be constructed on the territory ceded.

1864: the Geneva Convention for the Protection of Wounded (the Red Cross and the work of Henri Dumont, a Swiss humanitarian) results in a multi-lateral agreement, which is signed and establishes the neutrality of battlefield medical facilities.

06/30: a convention of commerce, etc. with France is signed.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.C. Germany, #50:50 N, 10:20 E

(MISCELLANEOUS: one of the Germanic States, city of Weimar)

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Britain, #52:30 N, 3:30 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: Albert Edward (son of Queen Victoria) is born here 11/09/1841 and baptized with the King of Prussia as a sponsor on 01/15/1842)

1860: the first modern Welsh Eisteddfod;

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Germany, between Baden and Bayern) #48:30 N, 8:35 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: one of the Germanic "Middle" States, city of Stuttgart)