Chronology is the science of dating that arranges time into periods or divisions and places, events in the proper places within the arrangement, chronologists employ two main types of dating: Relative Dating : Places a period, event or object in relation to an established sequence, showing that it is earlier than certain periods and later than other although its actual date in years is unknown. Chronometric Dating : Places and event either on a time line (10750 BC for instance) or in a time bracket (12,000 to 10,000 BC). Some authors use the term absolute dating, but the term absolute dating, is increasingly rejected because it makes, no distinction between placing an event on the line or in the bracket. The attainment of chronometric correctness is the goal of those who would make history an exact science, but for most periods the goal is nowhere in sight. Nevertheless, several modern techniques make it possible to fix the approximate dates of ancient materials. Radio Carbon Dating : Which measures the amout of organism at a fixed rate after its death in materials that were once alive. Obsidian Dating : in which the hydration layer left on the obsidian by the absorption of water from its surroundings is measured. "Thermo-Remanent Mangnetism" : in which the remanent magnetism caused in by heat (usually in an ancient health or kiln) is compared with the ever changing direction and intensity of the earth's magnetic field. Although all these techniques are being improved and refined constantly none yields precise dates. Only "Dendra Chronology" which allows the scientist to date the wooden materials by comparing their growth rings with the known pattern of growth rings in trees dating back to about 3000 years is exact. Divisions of the year into four Seasons was based in observations of the stars or constellations. MAN'S EARLY EXISTENCE: It is not possible to state exactly where and when the first early men lived. There are no records of the early periods. Estimates vary from 5,00,000 to one million years regarding man's early existence. It has taken many thousand of years for the primitive man to change himself into the MODERN MAN. Anthropologists believe that early men lived at places like Sohan (Indus Valley in India) and regions of china, Malaysia etc. On the basis of tools and weapons used by early people, the story of their early life has been divided into 1)PALEOLITHIC 2) MESOLITHIC 3) NEOLITHIC. 1. PALE LITHIC AGE: This age is know as old stone age and is old as 3.5. million years. The paleolithic culture of India developed in the ICE Age, which is geological period. In India the first human occupation, as suggested by stone tools is not earlier than about 5,00,000 years ago. Earliest Paleolithic phase man lived on hunting and food gathering. The nature of the stone tools used by the people changed according to the nature of change in climate. Caves and rock shelters used by human beings in the upper paleolithic phase has been discovered at Bhimbetka near Bhopal. 2. MESOLITHIC AGE: From 8000 B.C. began an intermediate stage in stone age culture which is also called the "Late Stone Age" It continued unto about 4000 BC. Tools used in this age are misoliths. The sites are found in good numbers in Chotanagpur, Central India and also south of the river Krishna. 3. NEOLITHIC AGE : It is also known as NEW STONE AGE. Neolithic settlements in the Indian sub-centre are not order than 6000 B.C. Some settlements found in South India and Eastern Indian are as late as 1000 B.C. The people of this age used tools and implements of polished stone. The neolithic settlers were agriculturists and they produced grains. Handmade pottery is also found in the early stage. Age of Metals Towards the end of the neolithic period began the use of metals. Iron Age In southern India use of Iron came after the use of stone. If any case there were periods of overlapping in the use of stone, copper, brance, and iron. INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION Proto-historic period is the age nearest to the historical period. In 1924 scholars in history were roused by the announcement of Sir John Marshal that his Indian aides particularly R.D. Banerfee, discovered (1922-23) at Mohenjodara in the Larkana district of Sind now in Pakistan, the remains of a Civilisation one of the oldest of the World. A few hundred miles towards the work of Mohenjodara four or five super-imposed cities were excavated at Harappa in the Montgomery District of the Punjab now in Pakistan. Town Planning The first thing that strikes us is the town planning and urbanisation. Mohenjodarao and Harappa were built in similar plan most of the houses had wells within them and drainage system carried the waste water to the main underground drain of the street. There were also public baths with wells. There were arrangements for street lighting. Although the Harappan practised agriculture, animals were kept on a large-scale. Oxen, Buffaloes, goats, sheep and pigs were domestical. Signs of the feet of both dogs and cats have been noticed. The remains of horse have been reported in the went of Gujarat and belong to around 2000 B.C. Religion in India in Harappa numerous terracotta figurines of women have been found. In one figurine a plant is shown growing out of the embryo of a woman. Probably the image represents the Goddess of EARTH and it was intimately connected with the origin and growth of plants. The Harappan therefore looked upon the earth as a fertility of Goddess. The male deity is represented on a seal this god has three heads and has horns. This God is surrounded by an Elephant, a tiger, and has a buffalo below his tone. The people of Indus region also worshipped trees. Animals were also worshipped in Harappan times. Dravidians it is believed that before the coming of Aryans in India, the greater part of Northern and North-Western India, the culture of the Dravidians is known as Dravidian Culture was very ,advanced. Perhaps, in India, they were first to use the rivers for the navigation as well as for irrigation they knew the technique of manufacturing ships. They were good traders and entered into extensive trade relation with foreign countries. Aryans & Vedic Age originally the Aryans seem to have lived somewhere in the east of Alps in the region known as Eurasia. On the way to India the Aryans first appeared in Iran. A little earlier than 1500 B.C. the Aryans appeared in India. The Aryans came to India in several waves. The earliest wave is represented by the RIG VEDIC people who appeared in the subcontinent in about 1500 B.C. They came into conflict with the indigenous inhabitants called "DASAS" "DASYUS" etc. The administrative machinery of the Aryans in the Rig Vedic period worked with the tribal chief in the centre. Vedic Religion the most important divinity is the Rig Veda in Indra who was called Purandra or breaker of Forts. He is considered to be the rain God. The second position is occupied by Agni. The dominant of worshipping the Gods was through the recitation of prayers and offerings of sacrifices. LATER VEDIC PHASE The later Vedic Age extends from 1000 B.C. To 600 B.C. When the three later Vedas, Yajur, Sama and Atharva. The parpanas (Brahmanas) and few early upanishads were composed. The two outstanding Rig Vedic Gods Indira and Agni lost their former importance. On the other hand Prajapati, the creator came to occupy the supreme position in the later Vedic Pantheon. Rudra the god of animals became important and VISHNU came to be conceived as the preserver and protector of the people. Prayers continued to be recited the priests who officiated at sacrifices were rewarded generously and given "Dakshinas" or gifts. The vast literature of the Aryans divided into two parts, "SURUTI" and "SMRITI". The word VEDA has been derived from the sanskrit word "VED" which means spiritual knowledge. The Vedas are four in number 1. Rig Veda 2. Sama Veda 3. Yajur Veda and 4. Atharva Veda. The Vedic literature was divided into three periods. 1. The Mantra period when the Samhitas were composed. 2. Brahman period, when the Brahmans, Upanishads and Aranyakas were composed. and 3. The Sutra period. Manu Smriti according to Brahmanas "Manu Smriti", there the parpanas called our Dravidians as "SUTRAS" and treated as , low cost people. They the Parpanas, termed them as born from Brahamas" forehead, and Sudras as born in lower part. Smritiliterature Itihasa : A legendary or Semi-legendary works specially the Ramayana and Mahabharata and often extended to "PURANAS". "Purana" being a fairly late reduction of ancient legenda is thus, rather heavily coloured with Superstition. The Puranas represent the most Corrupt form of HINDUISM. Epics - Ramayana it is said to have been composed by the sage Valmiki. The incident is stated, as related in it proceeds the Mahabharata. The epic was given a Brahmanical character. The central theme of their epic is the conflict between RAMA, representative of the ARYAN civilisation and RAVANA, a representative of the Non-Aryan civilisation. Evidence places the oldest part of the Ramayana to before 350 B.C. and may have acquired its final shape by about AD 250, that it took approximately 600 years. Maharabharata it is the bulkies of epic consisting of 1,00,000 (i.e. One lakh slogas) This book is usually assigned to Rishi Vedvyas, but shcolors have expressed doubts if such a great work could have been accomplished by one single person. It is a TALE about conflict between Aryans-Kawarava & Pandava. The rest is episodical comprising ethics, mythology, fairy Tales of which the best known is the BHAGVAD GITA. Manusmriti - The Vedic Literature Going by its latest translation by Wendy Doniger and Brian K. Smith in their Book, "The laws of Manu" published by Penguin classics 1991 we can find misdeeds of Manu, in which he has exposed well. It was analysed by P. Radhakrishnan in the "The Hindu" dated 8.11.1992. According to him, in "The Hindu" it has been characterised by extreme forms of caste and gender prejudices, injustices, and indignities. Manusmrity starts with a pompous account of its origin from Brahma as revealed to Manu, and by Manu to the sages. It describes the duties of the four chief castes (Varnas) then passes to an encomium of Brahmanas and the sacred law of Manu. Its story of Brahma delivered the Parpanas. 1. Brahmanas through his mouth 2. Kahatriya through his arms 3. Vaisyas through his thighs, 4. Sudras thro' Brahmans' feet respectively. 1. Teaching and studying the Veda ordained for Brahmanas. 2. Protecting the people ordained by Kshasthriyas. 3. Tending Cattle, cultivating ordained by Vaisyas. 4. Serving meekly - these to above three castes ordained by Sudras. For this Sudra slave can have No Property. 5. Though there was no FIFTH-CASTE (not fifth column) the most desired are "CHANDALAS" the untouchables born from Union of above first three. Lastly, the author of their analysis, Mr. P. Radhakrishnan asserts, due to these cruel misdeeds suffered for millennium, the attack rose from at the heat of self-respect movement headed by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy. Finally, Mr. Radhakrishna concludes with a para, Hindutwa is a new set up by Manu's new Avatars; the "Advanis and the Malkanis" and from their on going attempts at resurrecting Manu and reestablishing the old order of his Vision through their violent and vociferous claim for a Rama Temple at Ayothya for which say demolished totally Babri Masjid and claiming Krishna Temple at Mathva so as to demoish worlds seventh wonder of Tajmahal and so on. Bhagavat Gita Bhagwat Gita is the another side other coin "Mahabarata" Our General Secretary Thiru K. Veeramani has well analysed about this Epic Mahabaratha, whether it was the story which happened truly, in his new book "Gita's another page"- It is said in Rig Veda a small hint about a tiny war between Gourawas the Bharatha thro' their kind "Suras" and ten Small Kingdoms on the bank of Bhaarushni River. In 5th century B.C., there was no hints about pandavas. There was no big "Guru Kshetra" according to T.T. Kosambi's book "Ancient India". There is a little reference upto 5th Century B.C. about a little leader for Guru dynasty. Then it was gained at its earliest. So the epic Mahabarata, was exaggerated. According it GuguKshetre, there were 21870 Ratha force: 21870 Elephant regime; 65610 Horse Force; 109,350 Battalions; whether there can be a big gigantic Force in those ancient days before 5th Century of B.C.? certainly unbelievable. The epic Ramayana was said to be happened in Thrathayuga that is 12,96,000 years ago. Whether in that Saga, Ravana can have 50 lakhs of years rule? For four "Yugas" (i.e.) 1. Kretha Yug 2. Thretha Yug 3. Duvabara Hugam 4. Kali Yuga, it is said only for 43,320,000 years. It is our late leader and Great Rationalist Thanthai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy who gave a thunder attack. According to Anthropologists and Evolution of civilisation it was a great "Blunder" about such war in "Yugas" when Human evolution was barbaric without dress (i.e. naked), cloth by leaves, no quality of speech, no civilisation. You are Visitor Number