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Developmental Education in Higher Education in Kentucky
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Holistic First-Year Seminar

This is a somewhat delayed response to your earlier Listserv requests for freshman-seminar course syllabi, particularly those that have a holistic focus. Attached herewith is a file containing the syllabus for our seminar, ID 117: The Art of Being Human which has a holistic development focus. A second file is attached containing a review and synthesis of content derived from textbooks and related publications focusing on the first year seminar from which the content of our course was derived. The last attachment is a file which contains information on the teaching-learning process for the seminar, i.e., classroom pedagogy and out-of-class assignments.
I feel that a seminar with a holistic focus which extends beyond the strictly cognitive domain of study skills courses and academic first-year seminars to include social, emotional, and physical elements of personal adjustment and growth has three key advantages:

(1) Holistic development seminars may effectively address the full range of factors that contribute most to student attrition. National research has shown that the vast majority of students who depart from college do not flunk out, i.e., only about 20% are dismissed for academic reasons. Most students who attrit are in good academic standing at the time of their departure, suggesting that their withdrawal is due to non-academic reasons and that freshman seminars which focus exclusively on academic or cognitive skill development will be missing the boat with respect to addressing the key issues that underlie the brunt of student attrition.

(2) Holistic development seminars that focus on the development of the whole person are congruent with the broadening goals of liberal learning and are more likely to be perceived as an integral part of the general education curriculum, thus enhancing their perceived credibility (and credit worthiness). This union of holistic development and liberal education also can serve as a foundation for first-year seminar partnerships between student development professionals who are conversant with the holistic development concept, and college faculty who are conveyors of the formal general-education curriculum. [For a classic article articulating this marriage, see: Kuh, G., Shedd, J. & Whitt, E. (1987). Student affairs and liberal education: Unrecognized (and unappreciated) common law partners. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28(3), 252-259.]

(3) Holistic development seminars more effectively address the institutional purposes expressed in college mission statements. Research has revealed that the vast majority of college mission statements refer to intended student outcomes that are not strictly academic or cognitive in nature. See the following supporting references:

Astin, A. W. (1991). Assessment for excellence: The philosophy and practice of assessment and evaluation in higher education. New York: Macmillan.
Lenning, O. T. (1988). Use of noncognitive measures in assessment. In T. W. Banta (Ed.), Implementing outcomes assessment: Promise and perils (pp. 41-52). New Directions for Institutional Research, No. 50. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Finally, with respect to Nicole's question about impact of particular wellness content on student outcomes, research conducted at the University of South Carolina on a sexual health component/intervention delivered as part of the freshman seminar curriculum has revealed that freshmen reported more responsible sexual behaviors than did peers who were not enrolled in the course (e.g., safer sexual behaviors included increased use of condoms, increased abstinence, and fewer sexual partners). For a more complete description of the intervention and the methodology used to assess its impact, consult the following reference:
Turner, J.C., et al. (1994). Promoting responsible sexual behavior through a college freshman seminar. Aids Education and Prevention, 6(3), 266-277.
- Joe -

References Astin, A. W. (1991). Assessment for excellence: The philosophy and practice of assessment and evaluation in higher education. New York: Macmillan. Astin, A. W. (1994). The American freshman: National norms for fall 1993. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles. Baker, R. W., & Schultz, K. L. (1992). Measuring expectations about college adjustment. NACADA Journal, 12(2), 23-32. Baker, R. W., & Siryk, B. (1986). Exploratory intervention with a scale measuring adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 31-38. Baldwin, R. G., & Blackburn, R. T. (1981). The academic career as a developmental process: Implications for higher education. Journal of Higher Education, 52(6), 598-614. Barefoot, B. O. (Ed.) (1993). Exploring the evidence: Reporting outcomes of freshman seminars. (Monograph No. 11). Columbia, SC: National Resource Center for The Freshman Year Experience, University of South Carolina. Barefoot, B. O., & Fidler, P. P. (1992). Helping students climb the ladder: 1991 national survey of freshman seminar programs. (Monograph No. 10). Columbia, SC: National Resource Center for The Freshman Year Experience, University of South Carolina. Barefoot, B. O., & Fidler, P. P. (1996). The 1994 survey of freshman seminar programs: Continuing innovations in the collegiate curriculum. (Monograph No. 20). National Resource Center for The Freshman Year Experience & Students in Transition, University of South Carolina. Boyer, E. L. (1987). College: The undergraduate experience in America. New York: Harper and Row. Boyer, E. L., & Kaplan, M. (1977). Educating for survival. New Rochelle, NY: Change Magazine Press. Connolly, P. (1989). Writing and the ecology of learning. In P. Connolly & T. Vilardi (Eds.), Writing to learn mathematics and science (pp. 1-14). New York: Teachers College Press. Columbia University, New York. Cuseo, J. (1991). The freshman orientation seminar: A research-based rationale for its value, delivery, and content.(Monograph No. 4). Columbia, SC: National Resource Center for The Freshman Year Experience, University of South Carolina. Cuseo, J., Williams, M., & Wu, S. (1990). Program assessment of the freshman seminar. (Institutional research report). Marymount College, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA. Davis, B. O., Jr. (1992). Freshman seminar: A broad spectrum of effectiveness. Journal of The Freshman Year Experience, 4(1), 79-94. Davis, T. M., & Murrell, P. H. (1993). A structural model of perceived academic, personal, and vocational gains related to college student responsibility. Research in Higher Education, 34 (June), 267-289. Davis, T. M. & Murrell, P. H. (1993). Turning teaching into learning: The role of student responsibility in the collegiate experience. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 8. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development. Erickson, B. L., & Strommer, D.W. (1991). Teaching college freshmen. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. Fox, R. N. (1986). Application of a conceptual model of college withdrawal to disadvantaged students. American Educational Research Journal, 23, 415-424. Fidler, P. P., & Shanley, M. G. (1993, February). Evaluation results of University 101. Presentation made at the annual conference of The Freshman Year Experience, Columbia, South Carolina. Gardner, J. (1980). University 101: A concept for improving teaching and learning. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina. (ERIC Reproduction Service No. 192 706) Gardner, J. N. (1981). Developing faculty as facilitators and mentors. In V. A. Harren, M. N. Daniels, & J. N. Buck (Eds.), Facilitating students' career development (pp. 67-80. New Directions for Student Services, No. 14. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gardner, J. N. (1986). The freshman year experience. College and University, 61(4), 261-274. Gardner, J. N. (1990). Guidelines for evaluating the freshman year experience. National Center for the Study of the Freshman Year Experience. Columbia: The University of South Carolina. Goldman, B. A., & Gillis, J. H. (1989). Graduation and attrition rates: A closer look at influences. Journal of The Freshman Year Experience, 1(1), 65-77. Gordon, V. N. (1984). The undecided college student: An academic and career advising challenge. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas. Kramer, M. (1982). Meeting student aid needs in a period of retrenchment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kramer, M. (1993). Lengthening of time to degree. Change, 25(3), pp. 5-7. Levitz, R. (1993). Retention is dollar-wise. Recruitment and Retention Newsletter, 7(1), p. 4. Maisto, A., & Tammi, M. W. (1991). The effect of a content-based freshman seminar on academic and social integration. Journal of The Freshman Year Experience, 3(2), 29-48. Mentkowski, M., Astin, A. W., Ewell, P. T., & Moran, E. T.(1991). Catching theory up with practice: Conceptual frameworks for assessment. The AAHE Assessment Forum. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Higher Education. Noel, L., & Levitz, R., & Associates (1985). Increasing student retention: New challenges and potential. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Noel, L. & Levitz, R. (1996). A comprehensive student success program: Part 1. Recruitment & Retention in Higher Education, 10(7), pp. 4-7. Palmer, J. (1982). Sources and information. In B. L. Johnson (ed.), General education in two- year colleges (pp. 109-118). New Directions for Community Colleges, no. 40. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Palmer, J. (1989). Trends and issues; Student tracking systems at community colleges. In T. H. Bers (Ed.), Using student tracking systems effectively (pp. 95-104). New Directions for Community Colleges, No. 66. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pascarella, E. T., & Chapman, D. W. (1983). Validation of a theoretical model of college withdrawal: Interaction effects in a multi-institutional sample. Research in Higher Education, 19, 25-48. Patton, M. Q. (1978). Utilization-focused evaluation. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Rice, R. (1992). Reactions of participants to either one-week pre-college orientation or to freshman seminar courses. Journal of The Freshman Year Experience, 4(2), 85-100. Rosenberg, L. J., & Czepiel, J. Z. (1983). A marketing approach for customer retention. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 1, 45-51. Smit, D. W. (1991). Improving student writing. IDEA Paper No. 25. Center for Faculty Evaluation & Development. Kansas State University, Manhattanville, Kansas. Starke, M. C. (1993, February). Retention, bonding, and academic achievement: Effectiveness of the college seminar in promoting college success. Paper presented at the annual conference of The Freshman Year Experience, Columbia, South Carolina. Striatal, M. L. (1988). College student inventory. Coralville, Iowa: Noel/Levitz Centers. Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89-125. Titley, R., & Titley, B. (1980). Initial choice of college major: Are only the "undecided" undecided? Journal of College Student Personnel, 21(4), 293-298. “Update”(1983). Small private colleges begin to feel the effect of enrollment decline.” Change, 15, 50-51. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1994). Statistical abstract of the United States: 1994 (114th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Walkie, C., & Radiant, B. (1996). Predictors of academic success and failure of first-year college students. Journal of The Freshman Year Experience, 8(2), 17-32. Wilkie, C., & Kuckuck, S. (1989). A longitudinal study of the effects of a freshman seminar. Journal of The Freshman Year Experience, 1(1), 7-16. Willingham, W. W. (1985). Success in college: The role of personal qualities and academic ability. New York: College Entrance Examination Board. Young, R. W. (1982). Seventeen year graduation study of 1963 freshmen at the University of New Mexico. College and University, 57(3), 279-288. Zerger, S. (1993, February). Description and explanation of freshman to sophomore attrition rates. Paper presented at the annual conference of The Freshman Year Experience, Columbia, South Carolina.


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