Unit Readings:

    Chapters 23

    Chapters 23-25, 27

Respond to each of the following questions with a concise, single-paragraph response.  Be sure to include the accompanying terms in your answers. 

1. Why did Russia and the Ottoman Empire go to war in 1853?
2. Why did the French and British intervene in the Crimean War on the side of the Ottoman Empire?
3. What were the results of the Crimean War? What concessions did the Russians make and what was the long-term impact of the war on Europe?

1. What had hampered the efforts of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini to unite Italy in the 1830’s-1850’s?
2. How did Camillo Cavour’s plan of Italian unification differ from that of Mazzini and Garibaldi?
3. Explain how Cavour used France under Napoleon III to further his goals of Italian unification.
4. Explain how Garibaldi and his "Red Shirts" contributed to the unification of Italy. How did Garibaldi have to compromise his principles in order to achieve this dream?
5. Describe at least three problems faced by the new Italian state.

1. Explain the political objectives of Otto von Bismarck that led him to seek the unification of Germany.
2. How did Bismarck use a war with Denmark to eliminate the Austrians from German affairs?
3. Why did Bismarck seek a war with France? How did the overthrow of the Spanish queen provide him with an opportunity for such a war?
4. What were the results, peace terms and long term impact of the Franco-Prussian War?

1. How did the rule of Napoleon III after 1860 differ from the first 10 years of his reign?
2. Explain the brief history of the Paris Commune. Does your text regard it as a true Marxist revolution? Why or why not?
3. "The National Assembly backed into a republican form of government indirectly and much against its will." Explain.
4. Explain the "Dreyfus Affair." What divisions in French society did this episode reveal?