Links a siti dedicati a varie forme di duello verbale in tutto il mondo:
BRAZILIAN DESAFIO
Desafio lyrics http://isc.temple.edu/evanson/brazilhistory/PDFFiles/REPENTISTAS.pdf
This is a webpage of the duel between two repentistas, or performers of the Brazilian desafio (verbal duel which is insulting in nature).
This webpage is on Haroldo de Campos, who was inspired by the cantadores, troubadour song duelers, and talks about this tradition.
Stokowscki's Brazilian Adventure brazzil.com/musfeb00.htm - 67k -
This details a recording expedition of Brazilian music and mentions an encounter with the desafio genre.
O Velho Carnaval http://www.ovelhocarnaval.com/authors/authors.htm
This website is dedicated to the artists of danca, which is so similar to desafio that these poets often perform both genres.
Grupo de Trabalho www.desafio.ufba.br/gt2-005.html - 78k -
I could not access this website, but from the address, it would seem to be pertinent.
Mapa ethno-musical http://www.juliopereira.pt/MAPA/E-MI-concertina.htm
This is a small definition from an online Portuguese musical dictionary of the desafio.
Cantigas Satirico http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/manifesto/satirica.html
This is a webpage in Portuguese that gives a detailed history of the desafio.
ABC de Mourao www.abcdemourao.hpg.ig.com.br/cantador.html - 8k
Portuguese webpage discussing desafio.
Festival de Cantores ao Desafio www.abcdemourao.hpg.ig.com.br/cantador.html - 8k
Portuguese webpage of a festival dedicated to the desafio song duels.
Jangada, Brasil www.abcdemourao.hpg.ig.com.br/cantador.html - 8k
Portuguese webpage showing lyrics of a desafio.
TRINIADIAN EXTEMPO CALYPSO
Caribbean Comedy review http://www.sweetsoca.com/spokenword/wordmasters2.htm#Review
This is a review of the cd "World Masters Live II: Caribbean Comedy" which tells a little about the art form and also has links to the biographies of the artists on the cd.
biographies of artists http://www.sweetsoca.com/comedy_ent/comedy_biographies.htm
This is the page of the artist biographies mentioned above.
Calypso extempo competition http://www.visittnt.com/Carnival1997/calypso/extempo.html
This is a report on a calypso verbal duel that took place at a competition.
Origins of Extempo http://www.visittnt.com/codn2k5/content.asp?s=5&p=5
This the Carnival 2005 website. This page gives a history of extempo.
The sounds of carnival http://www.visittnt.com/codn2k5/content.asp?s=5&p=5
Brief paragraphs on the different kinds of music presented at carnival, extempo being one.
ALDRIC FARRELL - LORD PRETENDER http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Biography/bio_ALDRICFARRELL_Pretender.htm
This is a report on a calypso artist, renowned also for his extempo singing.
Soca time http://members.aol.com/salybia/SocaPage/laf9.htm
This webpage is on different types of Trinidadian music, and has a short piece on extempo.
Calypso Dreams 2000 film series http://www.tuco.co.tt/news/newsitem.asp?id=43
This webpage is a review on a film featuring an interview with Chalkdust, a calypso champion.
obituary of calypso artist http://www.tuco.co.tt/news/newsitem.asp?id=43
Obituary of Aldric Farrell.
Oasis--carnival http://www.flyingcameraco.demon.co.uk/oasis/journal/calypso_pan.html
Gives a synopsis of extempo.
Calypso http://www.globalvillageidiot.net/calypso2.htm
A very comprehensive outline of calypso--its artists and history.
review of Lord Superior's show http://shop.pan-jumbie.com/geoffreydunn.htm
A review of a performance of a calypso artist.
Tobago and Trinidad panorama http://www.tobagowi.com/culture/calypso.htm
Outline in bulleted form of some of these island's artforms, incl. extempo.
the Mighty Lingo extemp extraordinaire http://www.torresfoundation.org/showcase/joseph.htm
Brief bio of a blind calypso artist.
carnival http://www.bestcaribbeanholidays.com/index.pl/article?id=521422
Overview of the carnival holiday, with brief synopsis of music, incl. extempo.
Creativity and Control in Trinidad Carnival Competitions http://perso.wanadoo.fr/lameca/dossiers/ethnomusicologie/dudley_eng.html
Excellent! Long article by ethnomusicologist, a contribution to an ethno. seminar, discussing the elements of the calypso art form, also analyzing extempo.
Lord Pretender http://www.trinicenter.com/Terryj/2002/Jan/24.htm
Comprehensive obituary for Lord Pretender. Bio info.
Calypso reaches the limit http://www.trinicenter.com/Terryj/2003/July/252003.htm
Article on how the calypso is not as popular as it used to be and why.
Calypso history http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/documents/publications/1486.pdf
Also excellent. A long history of the carnival music, taking it as far back as the griots of Africa.
calypsooverviewhttp://hamptonroads.atevo.com/misc/print_article/0,3869,4504172,00.html
This has two pertinent features: where it talks about picong, another improvisational form of calypso, and the history back to West Africa.
Saint Martin Carnival http://www.sxmcarnival.com/
History of this particular carnival, mentioning the competitions of calypso and extempo.
The evolution of Calypso http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentID=191&tabid=138
History of calypso.
Canboulay Riots http://www.answers.com/topic/canboulay-riots-temp
This webpage talks about when the chantwells sung protest songs in the 19th century carnival riots.
VENEZUELAN JOROPO
THE LAST MAMBO SHOW http://www.salsaweb.com/music/articles/rumbeando.htm
This is a report of a concert of joropo. At end of 2nd paragraph mentions how the artists turns it into a duel.
La Cultura Colombian http://www.centrodeportivo.com/eventos/culturales/la_cultura_colombiana_se_viste_de_fiesta/4/
The first paragraph of this webpage describes the joropo song duel and the perspective of an artist on how he got into the music.
Orinoco Plains of Colombia: The People and The Music http://www.centrodeportivo.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1373
This is a four page article, mostly focusing on the cattle herding style of joropo but in the third page talks about Little Rooster, the artist described above, with a more complete version of his quotation that was also used above.
Del foldor llanero http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/letra-f/folclor/trova.htm
This is in Spanish, but it talks at length about the genre, and gives an example of the lyrics of a song duel.
El contrapunteo http://www.musicallanera.net/resenas/el_contrapunteo.htm
Similar to the previous page in that it gives an example of the lyrics of a song duel and is also in Spanish but it is not as detailed a description.
La Churuata http://campus.fortunecity.com/aquinas/344/b11.htm
In Spanish, seemed to have a quote about contrapunteo at the end, but can't tell if relevant.
El brujo de la Costa fel Pauto http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/letra-c/cuentos/brujo.htm
This may also be relevant, but I can't tell. In Spanish.
Su Musica http://geocities.datacellar.net/SunsetStrip/Pavilion/3864/sumsica.htm
This is a Spanish webpage. The first paragraph is a description of the joropo.
El Remanso Miguaque http://www.la-lectura.com/novela/novela-3-18.htm
Reynaldo Armas http://www.reynaldoarmas.net/biografia.htm
Bio of contrapunteo artist.
Venezuela coplas y leyendas http://www.venezuelacoplasyleyendas.com/conozcamos/nelson_morales/
Tourne http://www.alacremona.org/Latinos/Araguaney/ALAC-Arag-Tournee.htm
With musical background
Note: If you search: contrapunteo + copleros on Google you will get lots more of these Spanish websites.
INUIT SONG DUELS
Songs and Dispute Management http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/ntru/ifamp/stories/PDFwebpages/songs.htm
Gives description, example, and bibliography for Inuit song duels and how they manage disputes and provoke laughter.
Nunatsiaq News http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut030103/news/editorial/columns.html
Very interesting commentary on oral art forms in general, but the second part of this webpage deals with song duels directly, comparing the Inuit ideas of song duels to the Celts'. There are two more parts to this webpage that I did not scan but are probably in the same vein.
Indigenous systems of social control http://casnov1.cas.muohio.edu/havighurstcenter/papers/Loukacheva.pdf
This is a long article on forms of social control but also touches on the song duels.
Essay on Pre-media Inuit culture http://iquebec.ifrance.com/inuit/pages/1a.htm
This essay touches on the verbal duels as a way of mediating conflict.
Inuit social structure http://encarta.msn.com/text_761561130___5/Inuit.html
A quick summary, mentioning the importance of song duels.
Restorative Justice http://www.broadviewpress.com/writing/PdfFiles/Burkhardt_Justice.pdf
An article on the song duels as mediating.
Inuit culture http://www.free-essays.us/dbase/d2/rsk195.shtml
A description of the Inuit with a reference to song duels.
PITYUSAN ISLANDER'S SONG DUEL
Ibiza and Formentera http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/ntru/ifamp/stories/PDFwebpages/songs.htm
This is a full-length webpage on this song duel with photographs.
Pityusan music homepage http://www.provincia.venezia.it/levi/ma/index/number9/cohen/coh_0.htm
Homepage of link above, with menu including other song genres.
SONG DUELING AS A PHENOMENON
Evolutionary explanations for song dueling http://casnov1.cas.muohio.edu/havighurstcenter/papers/Loukacheva.pdf
This is an anthropology article showing why singing was important evolutionary and starting on page 6, it talks about song dueling.
Book list http://www.wgbh.org/pages/pri/spirit/shows/069bibl.html
This is an annotated bibliography of books on musical duels. One of these is on song duels in Greenland.
THE MALTESE GHANA
The Maltese Ghana http://www.answers.com/topic/canboulay-riots-temp
This website is completely devoted to this article on the Maltese song duel.
Homepage of the Maltese ghana http://www.answers.com/topic/canboulay-riots-temp
This is the homepage of the webpage above.
MEDITERRANEAN SONG DUELS
ICTM Study Group: Anthropological Meeting http://www.provincia.venezia.it/levi/ma/ma_stg/report6.htm
This gives an overview of the presentations given on Mediterranean music and states in the paragraph afterwards that there was a surprisingly widespread number of song duels in these traditions.
FREESTYLE RAP BATTLES
rap lyrics http://www.free.de/homes/joern/MusicLinks.html
The menu on the left has links to some rapper's lyrics.
rap forum http://www.rapdogs.com/
ongoing battle online http://dime55.proboards21.com/index.cgi?action=display&board=songs&num=1107819088&start=540
This website has people post their verses online.
definition of rap http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_rap
Definition of freestyle battles.
article online about mcs battling http://www.adn.com/life/story/4019746p-4040826c.html
freestyle rap web forum http://s3.invisionfree.com/Undaground_Legendz
online conversation http://community.sixshot.com/read.asp?id=68049
This is an online conversation about the rap battle that will take place between Game and 50 cent, two well-known rappers.
lyrics and history http://www.a-z-music-lyrics.com/freestyle-rap-battle-lyrics.html
This site gives lyrics to battle and also a short history of freestyle battles' origins.
rap battle review and video clip http://www.microcinemamagazine.com/wednesdaynightrapbattlesarticle.htm
rap forum http://www.blackinq.com/rankmaster/index.shtml
rap forum with historical commentary and lyrics http://www.song-lyrics.com/Rap_Battle_Lyrics.htm
history of battles http://www.laze.net/papers/freestyle.php
This is a very complete history of mc battles. Article called "Freestyle as a Structured Part of Hip Hop Culture"
Hip Hop Battles Take Political Shape http://www.dailylobo.com/news/2004/05/06/Culture/HipHop.Battles.Take.Political.Shape-679064.shtml
This article talks about hip hop's role in political voice.
report on an mc finals competition http://www.easports.com/events/nbalivestyle/mcfinals.jsp
schedule of contributions to a hip hop conference http://www.hiphopcongress.com/press/IU05press.doc
interview with Supernatural, a rap artist http://www.bombhiphop.com/newbomb/bombpages/articles/MC/Supernatural.htm
NZ and Australia MCs battle for supremacy http://www.nzgirl.co.nz/articles/3886
Report on a battle.
Hip Hop Film Festival http://www.hiphopfilmfestival.com/film_freestyle.php
Menu on left gives reviews of all the hip hop documentaries shown at this film festival.
Hip Hop Battles as Oral Poetry http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~acprior/
Hip hop timeline, review, congress.
bibliography of hip hop artist, KRS-One http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=14060
Ready for Rhyme Time http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_07.01.04/beat/mcs.html
This review on a battle also describes some of freestyle battle's features as an art.
how to battle http://p076.ezboard.com/fpoliticalpalacefrm57.showMessage?topicID=54.topic
Talks about the loss in hip-hop culture of the art of rhyming and words, and its denigration into violent competitions.
THAI ORAL POETRY/PROTEST POETRY
History of khaen instrument http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/history/khaen.html
This webpage gives a history of the khaen instrument, mentioning its use in mawlum and molam singing contests.
Zhangkhap performers http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/the_drama_review/v045/45.4davis.html
A very detailed webpage about the oral poetry and the effect of tourism on it.
The Collision Between Local Performing Arts and Global Communication, In Case Mawlum http://www.commarts.chula.ac.th/revisiting/pdf/35_PRAYU.PDF
This is an article on Mawlum and how it's changing in modern times.
Theme: Boundary Margin and Local Autonomy in Thai http://www.ru.ac.th/thaistudies8th/program.doc
When I tried to access this page it could not be displayed, but this is an article which mentions mawlum as a tool of critique for Isan localism.
Discourses on Thai Village Community in the Context of Southeast Asian Modernization http://erc2.soec.nagoya-u.ac.jp/DP/paper146.pdf
An article which mentions Mawlum singing, but can only be viewed (at least when I tried to access it) if you have a Japanese language support system).
Abstract of research project on Mawlum http://sut2.sut.ac.th/research/project44/abstract45/ABSTR~15.doc
Scroll down past the Thai part for the English translation.
The Role and Strategy of Media for Promoting Mawlum http://www.commarts.chula.ac.th/abstract/view.php?id=000544
Abstract of another research project on Mawlum.
Definition of Mawlum http://www.digital-daydreams.com/enc/world/show_country.php?id=35
Very brief.
Storytelling http://www.timsheppard.co.uk/story/dir/traditions/asiamiddleeast.html
This page gives an overview of storytelling traditions around the world, mentioning zhangkhap as well.
ARABIC POETRY DUELING
Arabic poetry dueling article http://www.unc.edu/~yaqub/pdfdiss/chapter1.pdf
Oral Palestinian Wedding Poetry http://www.unc.edu/~yaqub/pdfdiss/chapter2.pdf
From same author as above.
JAMAICAN DUB POETRY
history of dub poetry http://niceup.com/writers/eric/dub_poets.rtf
KAZAKH ORAL POETRY
overview of improvisation in Khazahk oral poetry http://intangiblenet.freenet.uz/en/kaz/kaz342.htm
