Dassault Mirage IIICJ (Shahak)

When Israel used the Mirage to good effect in the opening strikes of the 1967 Six Days War, Dassault could not have asked for a more effective advertisement. Dassault's Mirage managed to corner a major share of the world wide market for first-generation mach 2 fighters, obtaining the kind of export success eluded by the British Electric Lighting or the Lockheed Starfighter. The name "Mirage" had become synonymous with "advanced fighter" and nation after nation placed orders for the type.
With the Mirage, Dassault adopted a whole new configuration, a 60° tailless delta designed to promote climb and altitude performance in a fighter. Both the original non-afterburning MD. 550 Mirage (first flown in June 25th 1955) and the subsequent unbuilt Mirage II were austere twin engined designs, developed with the lessons of the Korean war in mind. Their design assumed that the formula of a radar gun sight, an IFF (Identification Friend/Foe) system and a radio would be sufficient for supersonic combat. This concept however, was soon abandoned for a better equipped and heavier aircraft.
The Mirage III prototype, a private venture design powered by a single afterburning Atar engine, first took to the air on November 18th 1956, demonstrating a speed of Mach 1.6 within ten weeks. This led to a French Air Force order for the Mirage IIIA preproduction fighter which evolved into the Mirage IIIC production aircraft, the first delivered in October 1960. Numerous nations around the world have since operated the type, including Australia, Pakistan, South Africa and Argentina, which lost a pair of Mirages during the 1982 Falklands War.

"Bat" squadron Mirage IIIB and three IIICs

The IAF had closely followed the development of the Mirage III. As a private company eager to promote its products, Dassault had invited IAF personnel to visit its plant and fly the new aircraft. With the advent of the MiG-21 in Arab inventories, Israel finally placed its first order for the Mirage in 1959. While French Mirages were designed to intercept high flying bombers, the Israeli requirement was for a tactical fighter interceptor. Israeli Mirages therefore contained more fuel tanks instead of the takeoff rocket installed in French Mirages, and also contained two DEFA cannons. The initial order for 24 aircraft was widened in 1961 to encompass 72 Mirages. The first IAF Mirages arrived in Hazor AFB on April 7th 1962 and entered service with the 101st "first fighter" squadron. In June 1962 the 117th "first jet" squadron at Ramat-David became the second IAF squadron to operate the Mirage and in March 1964 the 119th "Atalef" (Bat) squadron at Tel-Nof begun receiving its aircraft. The three squadrons also operated the double seated variant of the Mirage, the IIIB, which differed from the IIICs by having its interception radar removed. The first IIIBs arrived in Israel in 1966. Israel also received two photo reconnaissance (PR) Mirage IIICJ(R)s which entered service with the "Atalef" squadron. As Israel begun fabricating its own PR installations as interchangeable camera noses, 4 or more IIICJs were modified to supplement the IIICJ(R)s
The "Shahak" (firmament), as the Mirage was known in Israel, was the first IAF fighter equipped with air-to-air missiles. It could carry both the French Matra 530 and the Israeli Shafrir I, but these were so unreliable that IAF pilots preferred using the twin DEFA cannons instead. While the first months in service were dedicated to extensive training, like all IAF fighters the Mirages were soon involved in combat. During the 1960s Israel had engaged Syria in what has become known as the "War for the Water", attacking Syrian attempts to divert Israel's water sources. On August 19th 1963 fighting once again broke out after two Israeli soldiers were killed in a Syrian ambush. In the Mirage's first engagement, a pair of 117th squadron fighters encountered 8 MiG-17s and managed to hit one, although it returned safely to base. On November 13th 1964 the first ground attack mission was conducted against Syrian artillery on the Golan Heights. Another first took place the following day when a pair of Mirages encountered Syrian MiG-21s. For the first time both the Mirages and MiGs launched air-to-air missiles, although no aircraft was downed. The IAF went into action again during July 1966 after Israeli troops were killed by a Syrian land mine. On July 14th Mirages were flying top cover for other IAF jets striking Syrian positions when 4 Syrian MiG-21s were detected approaching the battle zone. 4 101st squadron Mirages were directed towards the MiGs and the formation's no 4., Captain Yoram Agmon, managed to down one of the MiGs using his cannons. This was the first worldwide kill for the Mirage, as well as the first Israeli downing of a MiG-21 (kill marking on the right). Another MiG was downed over the Sea of Galilee on August 15th, after attempting to strike at an Israeli ship run aground.
On November 11th 1966 three Israeli soldiers were killed by a land mine near the Jordanian border. During the subsequent retaliatory strikes, one Jordanian Hawker Hunter was downed by the "Atalef" squadron's commander. Two Egyptians MiG-19s fell prey to a single Mirage on November 29th after infiltrating Israeli airspace. One of the MiGs was downed using the Matra 530 air-to-air missile, the first IAF missile victory.
April 7th 1967 is considered the day the countdown to the Six Days War begun. An incident that begun with Syrian shelling of Israeli tractors in an agricultural area escalated into shelling of Israeli settlements along the joint border. At noon 5 IAF squadrons, including the 117th Mirage squadron, were ordered to conduct strikes against Syrian positions on the Golan Heights. The attack was broken off before being completed after Syrian MiG-21s were detected in the vicinity and the attacking aircraft retreated to make room for Mirages from the 101st "first fighter" squadron to engage the MiGs. In the ensuing dogfight, two MiGs were downed over Damascus. At the same time, more MiGs were detected over the southern Sea of Galilee but managed to elude interception by Mirages from the 117th squadron. When Syrian shelling of Israeli settlements resumed at 14:45, the IAF once again went into action. As before, Syrian MiGs attempted to disrupt the attack and once again had a MiG-21 downed, this time by a 119th Mirage. At 16:30 6 Mirages on patrol over northern Israel encountered 4 more MiG-21s and managed to shoot down 3 of them, bringing the day's total to 6 aircraft.

IAF Mirages are best known for their conduct during the 1967 Six Days War. Mirages spearheaded the decisive pre-emptive strike against Arab airfields, operation "Moked", decimating Arab air forces, and completely overwhelmed the few enemy aircraft that survived to challenge the IDF. Israel entered with war with 65 airworthy examples and all but 12 participated in the strikes launched on the morning of June 5th 1967. Four by four, the entire IAF fighter inventory descended on Egyptian Air Force bases, destroying the majority of its aircraft on the ground. Mirages, the IAF primary fighter of the war, were tasked with attacking the farthest and best defended air bases: Abu-Sweir, Cairo West, Helwan and more. When operation "Moked" was turned against other Arab nations, Mirages were once again in the forefront of the fighting, attacking Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air bases as well. Having destroyed dozens of enemy aircraft during the first day's activities, 4 Mirages were also lost. More Mirages were lost during the remainder of the war, one of them in a disastrous sortie against Iraq's H3. By the end of the war, Mirages had also shot down 48 Arab fighters, some of those aircraft that had survived the initial strikes. The "Shahak" has also been credited with keeping Lebanon out of the war by downing a Lebanese Hawker Hunter near its border on the morning of June 5th.

Much as on the eve of the Six Days War, the Mirages were also involved in the prelude to the Yom-Kippur War. On September 13th 1973, four Israeli F-4 Phantoms were on a reconnaissance mission over north-western Syria when 16 MiG-21s were launched against them. In what has since been speculated as an IAF ambush, the F-4s lured the MiGs over the Mediterranean where more IAF jets were on patrol, including 8 Dassault Mirages. During the initial fighting 8 Syrian MiGs were downed, while Israel suffered a single Mirage loss. More dogfights took place during the subsequent rescue attempts, and 4 more MiG-21s were shot down.
By the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War on October 6th 1973, attrition had worn the Mirage fleet down to 40 examples. Two IAF squadrons were equipped with the Mirage during the war : the 117th "first jet" squadron and the 101st "first fighter" squadron which also operated the IAI Nesher. Operated as a dedicated air superiority fighter, the Mirage enjoyed great success during the war, scoring numerous kills. The early days of the war were spent patrolling Israeli airspace against possible attacks on Israeli cities and installations. During one such patrol a Mirage shot down an AS-5 Kelt missile launched from an Egyptian Tupolev Tu-16. On the third day of the war, Mirages managed to take off from Rephidim in the midst of an attack by 4 Egyptian Su-7s, and shot down the entire quartet. On October 24th, the last day of fighting between Israel and Egypt, a large dogfight involving 8 Mirages and 12 MiGs took place over Egypt. 7 of the MiGs were shot down, while all Mirages returned safely to base. Giora Epstein, the IAF's alltime top scoring pilot (with 17 victories), managed within a single week between October 18th and 24th to down 12 Egyptian jets while flying a Mirage. On one single sortie he managed to shoot down 4 aircraft, while on another he shot down 3. By the war's end the IAF had lost 12 Mirages.
The decreasing number of Mirages with the IAF and the arrival of newer fighters, first the F-4 Phantom and then the F-15 Eagle, made the Mirage irrelevant. The type continued to serve with the IAF until 1982 and although the remaining Mirages were prepared for possible use during operation "Peace for Galilee" in June 1982, they nonetheless did not participate in the fighting. A single airworthy example, Mirage no. 59, still resides in the IAF Museum at Hatzerim (photo above). This is the aircraft that had downed the first Syrian MiG-21 on July 14th 1966 and also the IAF's top scoring aircraft with 13 aerial victories. This achievement is shared by only two more aircraft: One is another Mirage IIICJ (no. 58) while the other is an IAI Nesher (no. 510), itself a Mirage derivative.

More about the Mirage in Israeli service:
April 7th, 1967 - Six MiGs in a Single Day - the climatic end to the War for the Water and the beginning of the Six Days War.
June 5th, 1967 - Operation "Moked" - the pre-emptive strike that launched the Six Days War.
July 30th, 1970 - Israel Vs USSR - Egyptian Migs piloted by Russian pilots attempt to intercept Israeli Mirages and Phantoms.

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