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THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

Dorin-Teodor MOISA
moisa@ifin.nipne.ro

ABSTRACT
The basic function of the brain (human or animal) is presented in the form of a symbolic model. There are presented also the differences between human and animal brain and some design deficiencies of the brain. They are analyzed: functional structure of the brain, thinking system, the paranormal activities and the normal and pathological brain.


FUNDAMENTAL TERMS
Image-model (or analog-model), symbolic-model, simulation on model (or developing a model), truth, reality, input-reality, external-reality, image, statement, symbol, general communication language (GCL), logical and mathematical language, information, logic, harmony.

DEFINITIONS

This theory is a symbolic-model. Any symbolic model has a list of fundamental terms, which must be defined. For a fundamental theory, the fundamental terms have to be introduced by description. Also, there are a number of fundamental relations between the fundamental terms.
Once the simbolic model is given, all the others terms are defined based on it. It is not allowed to define a term by using undefined terms.
The fundamental terms of this theory are: image-model, symbolic-model, truth, simulation on model, reality, input reality.
There are some terms, which are used without a precise enough definition; they are "harmony" and "information".
The terms "image-model", "symbolic-model", "truth", "simulation on model" are used here with their already accepted definitions in the positive sciences. The term "image-model" is used here instead of "analog-model". In any situation, there is a perfect interchange between "image-model" and "analog-model".
As the term "truth" is considered as any result of simulation on a symbolic-model, this theory extends the definition, in the same form, at image-models.
The term "reality" is defined by this theory as the assembly of all the information, which are or could be generated by a model.
The term "input-reality" means that information which is obtained by a model from outside of it, to correct itself.
This theory considers the "external-reality" as a supposition of our brain. The brain has access only to reality, as it was already defined. The external-reality is treated as a source of information but it is not a source of information. That is, a source of information contains information inside. The external reality is an invention of our brain; it is not a source of information but it is treated by the brain as a source of information.

These could be understood in the following logical structure:
1. There is a model M.
2. M obtains some information from outside of it ( from external-reality or from anothers models).
3. M-model predicts, by simulation, something.
4. M requests some more specific information from outside to verify the prediction. This can be done by active or passive methods. An active method means to make an action model to be used to change something in the external reality. A passive method means just to observe the external reality or to take some information from anothers models of the brain. That information is called "input-reality" and it is used to correct the model.
5. The process restart from point 2.
The aim of this activity is to have more and more precise description/prediction on the external-reality.
This process is active all the time for some models of the brain, in the limits of some unspecified technological limitations.
The term "harmony" is used here without a precise definition. The musicians, for instance, are able to recognize and to explain what is the harmony but they have no symbolic definition on it. This term is used in this theory in connection with the image-models. So, the process of simulation on image-models is based on the laws of harmony. An image-model evolves to become harmonic as a symbolic-model evolves to become logic. Because some external-realities could be described by the both types of models, there is some kind of equivalence between harmony and logic.
Another term to be defined is "information". There are some descriptions, based on symbolic models, which could be considered as definition for the term "information". Unfortunately, there is no similar term for image-models. To understand it, the analogy with the definition on the symbolic-models can be used.
The term "statement" has a rather precise definition in the symbolic-model environment. This term is used here, also, for image-models. The term has to be understood by analogy with the definition into the symbolic-model environment.
The term "external-reality" is necessary to be introduced because it is the only term that connects the functions of the brain to something which (we suppose) exists even if the brain disappears. As the theory said, the "reality" is a product of our active models; if the being disappears, the reality disappears also. On the other side, the power of our models is so big than we "know" that something exists even we disappear. This prediction is a speculation but we "know" that our models are so powerful than they can "guarantee" that the external reality is "really" just what we believe that it is.

Once the theory is given, it can generate an unlimited number of internal definitions. In the same time, the words of the common language have already some external definitions (as they are found in dictionaries, for instance).
We shall give some internal definitions as they are generating by this theory, for some common words.

W1. To be correct: All predictions of a model, which are already done, meet the input-reality. Also, all the others models of the brain support the prediction or are not in contradiction with them.
Warning: "to be correct" don't say anything about the external-reality. A "correct" statement in "correct" only in relation with the models of the brain, not in relation with the external-reality

W2. To know: There is a correct model and also, all related models are correct. Any truth generated by such a model is associated with the expression "I know".

W3. As I know: There is a correct model but the related models are not good enough to support the main model.

W4. To believe: There is a model but there are some problems to have a harmonic/logic model. If an artificial element/relation is added, the model could become harmonic/logic. Because an artificial element/relation was added, it has to be used the word "to believe" in front of any truth generated by that artificially corrected model. So, when this term is used, it is necessary to specify the artificial element/relation so that the expression to have a meaning.

W4. To understand: There is a model, which is not good enough. An information received as input-reality is well integrated in model and so, the model is better now. "To understand" is used when the model is improved in this way.

W5. To think: This is the main word associated with the process of simulation on a symbolic model.

W6. To image: This is the main word associated with the process of simulation on an image-model.

W7. To dream: This is another word associated with the process of simulation on an image-model. The word is used also for the result of this process. The word is used in many situations in connection with a model, which is not well connected to external reality.

W8. To love: Somebody/something (a person, an animal, an object, an idea,..) is a component of the protection structure (PSM) of a human being. This definition can be extended to animals, too. The Protection and Surviving Model (PSM) will be described later.

Such internal definitions are about the same in relation with the activity of animal brain. The only exceptions are the words, which are related with symbolic-models. The animals are not able in any way to make symbolic-models.


THE BASIC FUNCTION OF ANY BRAIN

The basic function of any brain (human or animal) is to make image-models and to simulate the possible evolution of them. This function of the hardware is active all the time. There are many such functions, which are active in a brain (in the same time and in time-sharing).
For the human brain only, there is the possibility to make symbolic-models in the general frame of the image-models. The capacity to make symbolic-models seems to be also a hardware facility. The most important symbolic-model to define a brain, as a human brain, is the symbolic-model called General Communication Language (GCL).
The aim of any model is to become harmonic/logic (harmonic for image-models and logic for symbolic models). That is, any result of any simulation of the evolution of the model has to confirm the previously data of the model. To do this, the model has to correct itself, on an on, to met the harmonic/logic condition of the model, using or not external information. In fact, this hardware feature assures the stability of a model (a model evolves to become stable). As the model becomes stable, it is integrated in the structure of other models so that, the whole structure of models becomes stable.
A harmonic/logic model is harmonic/logic within itself. The fact that a model is harmonic/logic does not means, just due to this fact, that the model describe, in a good way, the associated external-reality.


THE FIRST BASIC WAY OF INTERR.

We start with some basics considerations. Face with a photographic-type image, the brain (human or animal) makes an image-model of that image. All the information generated by such model is called reality.
The brain simulates some possible evolution of that model and the result is a truth of that model. Than, that truth is compared with the input-reality. In this process, the model is modified on and on up to the moment when the (almost) all the predictions of the model will meet the input-reality (the model becomes more and more harmonic). In this mode, the reality generated by a model is continuously improved.
By the way, there is a very old question: "why the world is harmonic/logic?" or "why there are some laws of the nature?" It is evident from this theory that the thinking activity is based on the construction of symbolic models and they must be logic to be stable. Because we think based on reality (which is generated by our symbolic models), the reality is logic. When the reality is no more logic, we make another symbolic-model to find another reality, which, in turn, is also logic. So, the external-reality cannot be described in any way as harmonic/logic. Only the reality, as it is generated by our brain, can be harmonic/logic.

The theory will explain now, the processes, which are happened in a normal, mature human brain, in inter with a photographic-type image (as it is generated by eye). Such an image could be called as external-reality.

An "image" is received "as it is", by some specialized models of the brain (the models connected in a direct way at eyes, for instance). Such models generate some information associated with that image. The information could be photographic-type but this theory treated sound-patterns or smell-patterns or anything of this types also as images. Such an image has to be integrated by the brain, as a new image-model or as a component of a model, which already exists in the brain.
To do this, any element of the image has to be associated with an image-model.
In the case of photographic-type image, to discover the elements of the image, there are some facilities as the stereo-vision or the relative movement of some elements.
So, once an element is discovered, the model tries to associate it with some models, which are supposed to exist in that brain. If the brain don't contain such a model, it looks for a concept model. If no such a situation is meet, the brain looks for some similar models that could understand, somehow, that element. Anyway, the brain has to discover as much elements as it is possible and to make a suitable model for every element.
If an element of the image is associated with a model, then that element of the external-reality exists only as a model, into the brain. All the models (associated with different elements of the image) are assembled into a harmonic way so that a general image-model is generated. This model is, in this way, associated with that photographic-type image.
Now what is seen is what that model says that it is seen. This is the reality associated with that image.
Face with the same photographic-type image, any brain generate its own image-model and so, its own reality.
Such models can understand and predict the evolution of the external reality. To do this, the brain simulates on that model some possible evolution. The input-reality is used to verify/correct the model, on and on. In every moment, there will be a reality associated with that image (external-reality).
As the model is developed, some others models could be activated, in time, so that the new model to be integrated in the structure of the models of the brain.
This procedure doesn't guarantee that the model is correct in an "absolute" way; it just says that the model gives good predictions on the external reality.
As the new model is integrated in the structure of models, it could be slightly modified to be compatible with that structure.
In this theory, the main design aim of the brain is to predict the evolution of the external reality.
This procedure is, basically, the same for human and animal brains.
For an external-reality, which has to be integrated in a symbolic model (human only), the procedure is different. The difference is the fact that the input-reality is not image-type but symbolic ones. That is, there is already a symbolic definition or even a symbolic-model associated with every element, which is obtained by the brain from external reality. The elements have not to be discovered because they are already identified, in an explicit way (the words of a text, for instance). Even more, there is also a model to integrate that elements (a language which integrates the words, for instance).
In a real interaction with the external reality, in a symbolic-model environment, it is possible that the above conditions to be not true in some situations. Than, the brain can use its qualities in the field of image-models to understand the situation. Once an image-model is done, it can be translated to a symbolic form, to be integrated by a symbolic-model.
So, the hardware is based on a single basic device. It considers that there is a source of primary information (external-reality or another model), there is a facility to obtain information from this source (it generates Input-reality) and a model which have to reproduce in a specific way that source of information. Once the device reproduced somehow that source of information, it predict the possible evolution of it. The input-reality is used to "see" if the prediction meet the input-reality. If not, the model is changed on and on up to the moment when that source of informatin is reproduced in a good way.
The whole brain is made around this basic device. There are many such devices which are active in any brain, depending of the technological implementation.
The aim of the activity of such structure is to generate the reality, as it was already defined.


THE SECOND BASIC WAY OF INTERR.

We just described the first basic way of inter between a brain (human or animal) and the external-reality. It assures the generation of the reality.
The second basic way of inter is to act on the external reality. To do this, a model will generate a collection of truths. Such truths are used to make an action model. The action model interact with external reality. The input reality, generated in such interaction, is used by the main model to improve itself, in an active way. The basic hardware device is the same as before but it is used in a reverse mode. Now, instead the source of information is placed a action model and in the position of the model is the external reality. So, the external reality has to be modified on and on to meet the specification of the action model.
This basic facility is also common to human and animal beings.
The animals, usually, use some action models, which already exists when the animal is born. The animals have a limited capacity to make, on their own, a specific action model. For human brain to make an action-model and to act based on it, it is very common.



ANIMAL BRAIN VERSUS HUMAN BRAIN (INTRODUCTION)

It is evident that there are some similarities between some of the function of the human brain and some function of the animal brain. These similarities put the problem of a possible common origin and also the problem of a possible evolution from animal brain toward human brain.
For any kind of external-reality, the brain makes a model. It is possible that many models to be similar (for instance, the models into the brain of a dog that are associated with some other dogs of the external-reality). The first level of evolution is to make a concept-model (a model which fits to a number of others similar models).
Example: a dog have to make a specific model for every others dogs meet by it. Instead to make a specific model for every dog, it is possible to make a concept model. Then, for any specific dog, some specific characteristics could be added in the frame of that concept-model. Human brains reach also this level, of course.
The next step of evolution is to label a model. The label becomes, in this mode, a symbol because the associated model is, in fact, its definition. This step is reached also by some animals.
When an animal receive that symbol, the associated model can be activated. In this mode, the animals can communicate in a primitive way. For many animals these symbols are smell-patterns or sound-patterns.
It is important to see that a specific, let's say, smell-pattern could be associated by a specific dog to a specific model. From this thing does not result that all the dogs have the same smell-pattern associated with the same model.
The next step, reached only by human brain, is to use such symbols without the associated models (the symbols don't activate the associated model but some of its truths). Even more, it is possible that a symbol to have no model associated with it.
All the symbols of this type could be the elements of a new kind of models: the symbolic models.
The first symbolic model created by the human brains is, of course, the general common language (GCL).
In fact, the evolution is based on the efficient utilization of the information. An image-model needs usually a huge quantity of information. The concept-models reduce the quantity of information and the symbolic-models reduce even more the quantity of information, which is requested to be processed by the brain.
The presence of a common-language (a symbolic model) into a brain can be used to define a brain as a human brain.
We must not to forget that the common language is a symbolic-model but very many elements of the model (mainly the nouns) can be or continue to be associated with some image-models. As I saids, some symbols could activates just some truths of the model but the full image model could continues to exists even it is not activated in any situation.
Examples of elements of a symbolic model:
"this apple" is a pure image model,
"apple" is a concept model,
"energy" is associated with some symbolic definition.
"quark" (from quantum mechanics) can be associated only with some mathemathical formulas.
After GCL, the next step of the evolution of the human brain is the creation of new languages, of higher precision (e.g. law-language or diplomatic-language). In such languages there are used, on larger scale, some logical relations and also, some elements, which are no more associated with image-models.
Now, the same external reality can be described by an image model or by a symbolic ones. The laws of harmony from image-models can be extended to the relations between the elements of the symbolic models. This extension created the laws of logic, as a natural process of evolution from image-models to symbolic models.
The evolution continues with another class of language: the logical and mathematical language. All the elements of this language are no more based on image-models. For instance, in the symbolic model called The Mechanics of Newton (a positive science), the fundamental elements are mass, space and time. None of these elements could be associated with image-models. Even so, as a design deficiency of the brain, some persons try to associate them, somehow, with some image-models.
The last step (up to this moment) of the evolution of the brain is the creation of the pure symbolic-models. The elements of these models have absolutely no connection with any kind of image-models. The Quantum Mechanics is one example of this type.
Example: in connection with the Quantum Mechanics, in common life, there is a "classical" problem generated in the frame of the positive sciences: the nature of the light. The students learn at school that the light has a "dual nature": wave and particle. There are experiments, which prove that the light is a wave and there are experiments, which prove that the light is made of particle. Even the biggest physicists propagate this aberration (the dual nature of the light). The thinking activity seems to be blocked because the logic seems to fail.
My theory gives a very good answer to this problem. The problem is not a problem of physics but a problem of the thinking process: the nature of the light is already well explained by the physicists in the frame of Quantum Mechanics. The problem occurs in the moment when they try to explain us what's happening, because in that moment they try to use image-models. The translation from a pure symbolic-model to an image-model is no more possible (by definition). The terms as "wave" and "particle" are associated in the common language with some image-models. On the other side, in Quantum Mechanics, the same terms are defined in the frame of a pure symbolic-model. There is no connection between the two fields (worlds). If someone forces such a translation than, it is no wonder that such aberration could occur. So, the physicists must stay in the Quantum Mechanics model when they want to communicate.




THE DESIGN DEFICIENCIES OF THE HUMAN BRAIN

XD1. The tendency to associate image-models to any kind of external realities.

XD2. There is no hardware protection facility to prevent the uncontrolled jump from a model to another. This deficiency could be corrected by software, i.e. to control in every moment the model where we are.

XD3. This deficiency is a basic deficiency (it cannot be corrected without to change the principle of work of the brain). It has to be described, based on an example. So, the brain interacts with an external reality and finds, for instance, three elements. The brain makes a harmonic model with these three elements. If the external reality has, in fact, four elements, the missing element cannot be discovered based on the model with three elements. Even more, the model with three elements is harmonic made and could give many good predictions on the evolution of the external reality. The mistake could be discovered, eventually, because the predictions of the model fails in some situations.
If the external-reality is very complex (it has, for instance, several tens of elements), the mistake will be very difficult to be discovered. Even more, if a model with, let's say, 100 elements is proven to be wrong because there is a 101'th element which was missing, to correct the model could be very hard to be done, sometimes it could be a technical impossibility for the brain.

XD4. This deficiency is a basic deficiency of any image-model. The image-models have no possibility to find the importance of any element or property of an element. So, when the prediction of an image-model is wrong, the model can be corrected in many ways, just by changing the importance of some properties of some elements. One of the consequences of this deficiency is the fact that, face with the same external reality, about any person has its own "correct" image-model. As I said, this is due to the fact that there is no refference of the importance of some elements or proprieties of the elements, on any image-model. Even worst, any such model is harmonic and gives sometimes good predictions of the evolution of that external reality.
The symbolic-models have no such deficiency.


THE FUNCTIONAL FACILITIES OF THE BRAIN

These facilities are normally activate about all the time. Even if, in some situations, they stops to work, they reactivates by theirself, in an automatic way.


Basic Facilities

BL1. The creation of the image-models, based or not on external- reality.
Any information received by the brain has to be integrated into an already existing model. If no model can integrate that information than, the PSM is activated. The PSM try to solve somehow the situation, by using its facilities but then, it makes a new model. There are, also, situations when the brain records that information in the form of a story-type model. This is happened, for instance, when the quantity of information exceeds the normal capability of recording based on construction of normal models.
Another situation when the brain make a new model is when a Main-Active-Model (MAM) has to develop an element as a model. The definition of a Main Active Model (MAM) will be given later. Here the term MAM can be understood as any model based on direct interr with external-reality.

BL2. The simulation of the evolution of an image-model.
A model can evolve on its own, regardless of the status of the model (it can be activated or not by a MAM).
There is a MAM, which activates, in time, some specific models to meet its aims. Any specific model, which controls in a direct way the inter with the external reality, is called "control processor" (CP). If necessary, the MAM can switch very fast from a CP to another so that, in time-sharing, many activities to be performed in the same time.
Because the creation of models and the simulation of the possible evolution of them are a hardware facilities, any other active type model can run, into background. This explains, for instance, why we have ideas even if an unsolved problem seems to be forgotten for a while.

BL3. The comparison between the reality and the input-reality to develop and/or to update a model. The theory considers that any model is able to develop itself (that is, to take information from outside). How, exactly, the process is happen depends on the technological implementation of the principle of work. In fact, because this is a general theory, it cannot say too much about how exactly a brain works. A general theory, as any general theory, creates a frame of basic terms and basic functions.

BL4. The tendency of a model to become harmonic/logic. The harmony/logic parameter just indicates the level of stability of a model. A model evolves up to the moment when it becomes harmonic/logic i.e. stable. That is, any result of any simulation process meets the specifications of the model. This status has no connection with the correctness of a model. A perfect harmonic/logic model could be totally correct or totally wrong or any intermediate status, in inter with external reality.
For a normal, mature human brain, a model cannot be separated by the whole structure. When a model is harmonic/logic, it is already integrated in a harmonic/logic way in the structure of models of the brain.

BL5. The tendency of all the models to be harmonic/logic between them. As the brain contains a very big number of models, any particular model has to integrate in this structure, in a harmonic/logic way. This condition have to be controlled on and on by the normal activity of the brain (updating activity). The supposition is that this activity has to be done mainly during the sleep time.

BL6. The facility to switch from a MAM to another when, for instance, the external reality is changing. So, the MAM becomes that one, which give the best prediction of the evolution of the actual external- reality.

BL7. The facility of any Main Active Model to switch on or off any model of the brain and also to activate as a control processor (CP) any of its models.
The theory says that there is a single model to control the inter of the brain with the external-reality in a given moment of time. The supposition is that, in the actual technological implementation, there is a single channel to feed information from external reality to the structure of models.
So, in time sharing, the MAM can do many jobs in the same time but as we know, this possibility is not done easily and, sometimes it fails. The theory explains this by some problems to switch from a model to another.
When a model become CP, the first should be to update itself with the initial conditions of the external reality. The MAM gives to CP some predictions about the new state before the activation, based on predictions. A new activated CP could act based on updating process (this take time because it has to obtain a lot of specific information from external reality) or based on prediction (this could be wrong). The brain uses the both solutions.

BL8. The general protection/surviving facility. The aim of this facility is to protect the being in any situation, regardless of the actual MAM and to assure that the being will survive unconditionally, forever. This facility is implemented by the Protection and Surviving Model (PSM) which is the main model of any brain. This model is ready-made when a being is born. It is activated, normally, when no normal model of the brain could understand the external-reality.
Some models created during the life of a person could be integrated into PSM. The main difference between a model integrated into PSM and a normal model is the fact that once a model is in PSM, it cannot be changed by any normal activity of the brain (or the changes could be produced only in very special conditions). This means, for instance, that if an information received as input reality cannot be connected in a harmonic way with PSM, than the input reality is changed, rather that PSM !!!
The Protection and Surviving Model (PSM) monitors in every moment the overall inter between the brain and the external reality, regardless of any CP or MAM. When there is no model to understand the external reality, the PSM takes the control of the brain and uses its short range and long range models to meet its goals. Also, it blocks any model, which is on the way to interfere with its goals. As we know, a model is created forever; the PSM has no hardware or software facilities to destroy a model. This seems to be a technological feature.

BL9. The facility to add some statements or models to the brain. That is, when activated, the PSM makes a new element and defines this element by some properties/aims. Than, the PSM could activate this element to evolve as a model. That new model develops itself to reach the aim. When a new situation, as that one which has activated the PSM is met, the PSM will not activate but that specific model which was created at the previous activation. So, for a mature person, the PSM is activated only in very special situation. This situation could be associated with the word "experience".

BL 10: Any model of the brain can develop any of its elements as model. This new model can develop also any of its elements as models, basically speaking, without restriction. There is no theoretical limit of this nested structure of models.

BL11: Any CP or any MAM have full acces to any model of the brain. A MAM can activate as CP any model of the brain, regardless of the position of the model (inside or outside of the MAM). This facility will be described later.

BL12: a model can make an action model, based on some of its predictions. This action model is used to act on the external reality. This activity can be done to test, in an active mode, some of the prediction of the main model or can be used to modify the external reality to meet some specifications.

These facilities are described, mainly, for the human brain. They are, basically speaking, the same for the animals. The exceptions are the facilities in connection with the symbolic models (the animals are not able to make symbolic models by definition).


SECOND LEVEL FUNCTIONAL FEATURES

The brain can create and develop an unlimited numbers of models. The hardware try to meet two conditions of stability: any model must be harmonic/logic and the assembly of models has to be harmonic/logic.
The following second-level facilities are based on them. These second-level facilities have contributions to the so-called "personality" of a being. They are also generated by the hardware but the quality and the conditions of activation could be different from a person to other.

SL1. When there is a difference between the reality, as it is generated by a model and the input-reality, than, the MAM has some possibilities:
SL11: to change the model (knowledge)
SL12: to change the external reality (creativity)
SL13: to record the input-reality in a story-type model.

SL2. When a model is correct ( all the prediction meet the input reality) but it cannot be connected to the structure of models, there are some possibilities:
SL21: to make a shielding model (pathological zone: external-reality is considered wrong)
SL22: to update all the models that block the connection (knowledge at any cost but sometimes this is impossible from technical point of view)
SL23: to modify the model (this is close to pathological zone)
SL24: to ignore the model (It is recorded as a story-type model and wait to see more).

SL3. When the external-reality have no model to integrate it, there are three possibilities:
SL31: to throw out the information (the brain does not understand that there is a new external reality)
SL32: to ignore it (it is memorized in a story-type model)
SL33: to make a new model (the normal solution)


THE TYPES OF MODELS

Some types of models have been already explained. Here, they are explained in detail.


ACTIVE-TYPE MODELS

They are generated by direct inter with the external-reality. They are integrated in the structure of models so that, they are harmonic/logic in relation with all the others active models of the brain.
The brain updates all the active-type models from time to time, including during the sleep time. In this mode, any model is controlled by the whole structure of models of the brain (there are a lot of crosschecks).
Face with a new external-reality, it will be activated that model which gives the best prediction of evolution of that new external-reality.
The Control Processor is that active-type model which control in a given moment of time, the inter of the being with the external reality.
Because the external reality around us has a structure, the structure of models of any brain will reproduce somehow this structure. For instance, a section of human life could be "Family life" or "Job" or "Hobby". Some of our models are good in any section; another models are specific for a single section. The structure of models will reproduce, as I said, this structure. So, a model, which contains mainly the models associated with the section "Job", could be one of the Main Active Models (JOB-MAM, for instance). The MAM is able to optimize the activity in its section. On the other hand, any MAM and generally speaking, any active-type model can activate and deactivate any active-type model of the brain (they can be included in that MAM or not).
A MAM is a long range model which can optimize the activity in a section of inter with the external reality. A MAM is just a complex model, which could activate and deactivate easier some models of the brain.
This facility has to be understood as a technological facility. I mean, this theory is a general theory; it tells few things about technological implementation of the functions described by it. The feeling that the MAMs exist, it is supported by observations on the current activities of the humans and animals brain.
Also, the observations show that any model has access to any other model of the brain. This access could be easier when we are in a section where some models are often used and the access to the same models is not so easy if we are in a section where that models are, usually, not used. So, the term MAM has to be understood in this way.

One of the most important activity of any active-type model is to find the starting parameters when activate. This is also a hardware function (it is activated in an automatic mode). For instance, when a person is in a place (a building, a town … ) any activated active-type model must know the position of the person in model. As any model generates a reality, the activated active-type-model must find the position of the person in reality. Without this starting point, any prediction could fail.
For any being (human or animal), when the position in model (reality) is lost, the PSM is activated automatically, trying to find it. In the first moments the PSM uses some internal models and then it make a new model to solve this problem.

STORY TYPE MODELS
There are some special active-type models which contains list-type information. This is happened when the external reality is too complex to integrate it in a specific model. They are story-type models.
They contains information which are connected in a pipe-line mode. Such models are considered as transition-models. They are not connected to the whole structure of models in a proper way (the harmonic-logic condition is not met). They are used for fast recording of the external-reality. That information will be used off-line to improve some others models in a normal way.
A person which contains too much story-type models is considered as a low quality person.
The story-type models can be also created by a model, to be used as action models.

SHIELDING MODELS

Any active-type model evolves on its own, to solve all the problems which are produced during its normal activity (it has tendency to be harmonic/logic or to regain this quality after any change generated by input-reality).
There are problems without solution (the harmony/logic cannot be met) but the model works on and on to solve it. In some situations, such activity could activate infinite loop processes, which can be dangerous for the brain.
The most important problem, which has no solution, is the death (human only). A long-range model predicts the death of any person. But, this prediction activates the PSM because one of the most important aim of the PSM is to assure that the being survives, unconditionally, forever (this is a hardware feature). Such repeated activation of the PSM could be very dangerous for the brain.
In such situation the solution is to make a "shielding model". A shielding model is made to intercept some truths that can activate the PSM. These shielding-models have to transmit to the PSM a message, which don't activate it. The most known shielding model is the religion.
A shielding model is not based on external-reality. Should it be based on the external-reality, the main active model integrates it.
The shielding models could be made in any situation, when a main active model has unsolved problems. In such situation, a shielding model masks a disharmony so that the brain gains some peace of mind. The shielding models could be dangerous or very dangerous for the human being if they are ignored in inter with the external reality. One word, which can be used in connection with the shielding models, is "illusion".
The shielding models are integrated in the structure of active-type models and so, they can be controlled in a normal way.




WOULD-BE ACTIVE MODELS

A Main Active Model predicts a possible inter with a new external-reality, which was never met up to that moment. The MAM cannot predict the result of such situation.
So, the MAM makes another model called "How to face a new external reality". Such model is, so, not based on the inter with the external reality. When that new external reality is met, the MAM uses that model.
Such WBAM is acting as shielding-model up to the last moment before the activation. When that external reality is meet, it controls the inter of the brain with that external reality, as a normal active-type model.
So, the human brain can make an active-type model based or not on the inter with the external reality. Of course, an active-type model becomes active-model only after inter with the external-reality.
The WBAMs are integrated into the normal structure of the models of the brain.

UNDERGROUND MODELS

All the types of models described up to this moment are integrated in the normal structure of models. The assembly has the tendency to become harmonic/logic.
There are models that could lose their contact with the assembly. They are generated in many ways.
One possibility is when a normal active model is too big. The model could forget some of its components due to some technological problems of the brain.
Another possibility is when a normal active-type model is not finished because its inter with the external reality did not happened since very long time. For instance, if a person have had a car accident, the PSM make a model on that specific external reality. That external reality could be never meet again.
Another possibility is when there is a problem, which have no solution and the brain makes a low quality shielding model or no shielding model (the word "obsession" could be associate with this situation).
Anyway, such models are not, or no more, components of the normal structure of models and so, such models can evolve in uncontrolled way. Any MAM and also PSM itself don't detect such models; so, they are "underground models".
The existence of such models can be revealed, for instance, during a hypnosis practice. Another clue on them is meet when some "normal" persons act in illogical way (including from their point of view), as it is happened with many criminals.
The underground models explain also the sleepwalker phenomenon; an underground model becomes a MAM. It can activate any other model, for instance "how to walk"-model.
Also, the underground models can explain about all the so-called "paranormal activities" of the brain. For instance, the "telepathy" or "clairvoyance" is explained very easy by this theory, based on underground models.

ACTION MODELS

Such models could be short range or long range. They are made to act on the external reality. The aim is to change the external reality to meet the specification of the corresponding action model. They are in close connection with the MAM which made it. They can be changed easily, by the associated MAM, to met the general specifications of the MAM.


EXPLANATIONS OF PARANORMAL PHENOMENA

The telepathy seems to be a direct transmission of information from a brain to another brain. Unfortunately, such a transmission is impossible (it put into discussion the fundaments of the laws of the nature). Such transmission means that there is a field of forces, which propagate through any kind of materials at very long distances. Such field of forces does not exist and any reasonable prediction shows that such a field cannot exist.
Ones can "jump over" this interdiction and to say that there are another method of transmission of the information without to transmit energy at distance. Such affirmation put into discussion just the fundaments of the laws of the nature.
Anyway, this theory explains the so-called "telepathy", without transmission of information at distance, based on underground models.
Indeed, a person could have a special interest for another person (they could be close relatives as a mother and a child). The mother, in this example, can make an underground model on hers child in tens of years of direct inter. On such model could be simulated a lot of situations of interaction between the child and the external reality. When, after such a process, the underground model find a bad situation, the underground model can transmit a message to the actual active model of her. The mother did not know even that the underground model exists. She has no indication on the source of such message.
Of course, it could be persons with some special abilities to make underground models and to simulate some possible evolution of them.
The "telepathic messages" are the result of a process of simulation on an underground model. There is no guarantee that such messages have any connection with the external reality. All such models are out of the normal control of the assembly of models and also, the result is only a probable or possible one.
When the subject of the underground model is a component of the external environment (a field to find water or a person to find an illness), then the whole field of clairvoyance could be, also, explained in this way.
Let's see some general characteristic to develop the "paranormal" abilities, as they are understood by my theory.
The person must obtain as much information (from the external reality) as it is possible. Because such underground models are image-type, the information has to be also image-type. The word "feeling" could be associated with this process.
Of course, the symbolic information (based on language) could be also used but it has to be translated (by a translation model) in an image-type model.
The education based on image-models is also a big advantage to develop the paranormal abilities.
Another important characteristic to develop the "paranormal" capacities is to have a reduced tendency to control the "thinking" process.



THE NORMAL BRAIN

This section should be a local theory on the subject, based on the main theory but it is, instead, only an exercise to evaluate the problem. It has to be understood as a starting point on the subject.

Based on the main theory, a brain has to meet three main criteria:

C1. The PSM must do its job of protection and to assure the surviving, unconditionally, forever, of the being.
The PSM must include some statements as the user (e.g. the society) requests them. They have to be included during childhood.
When a model generates some statements which interferes or are on the way to interfere with the PSM-statements, than, the PSM must block the bad model to become active. This function must be active in every moment for every being.
PSM must not include ordinary models.

C2. Any model must be harmonic/logic.

C3. All the models of the brain must be harmonic/logic between them.

Using these three conditions as a starting point, let's develop, a little, the subject.

The usual characteristics of a person, to be considered a normal person, are the general abilities to integrate in society. So, we have to know which are the requirements of the society.
Some of these requirements are "never to kill another person", "never to steal" and many others. It is out of the field covered by this theory to find them. The theory just say that the main requirements must be, also, components of the PSM so that the person to meet C1 criteria.
Let's now consider that a person make, for instance, a model to kill somebody but if C1 is met, that person is a normal person. This is true because when a model of the brain is on the way to interfere with the PSM, the PSM blocks the model to become active. As we know, a model is made forever; the PSM cannot destroy any model.
At C1 is specified that PSM must not contain ordinary models. This statement is necessary because paranoia-illness is explained by this theory as the result of the including in PSM of an ordinary model. So, if an ordinary model is a component of the PSM than, that model cannot be changed, regardless of the information obtained from external reality. Any attempt to change such model will interfere with the whole protection structure of that being. A paranoiac person could meet C2 and C3 but not C1.

Now we shall see some possible problems associated with a not-normal brain.
P1. Let's consider, for instance, that the brain makes a model to kill somebody. Of course, PSM blocks the model to become active. If this interdiction fails is some particular moment/situation, then, that bad model could be activated. This is produced by a technical problem of the brain and, based on this theory, it is an illness.

P2. The C3 say that all the models of the brain must be harmonic/logic between them.
Sometimes this condition is very hard to be met. Indeed, if an important model is obsolete (as it is happen when a close person die), to correct all the models is, in many situations, impossible from technical point of view. One solution is to make some new models and also, to make some shielding models. The shielding models mask a disharmony/logical-contradiction but they cannot solve the updating problem. If the number of shielding models is too big than that person cannot be normal.

P3. The updating capacity of a person is under the requested level (overflow). In such situations there are two methods to meet C3. One method is to make shielding-models. Other method is to reduce the number of models (to reduce the inter with the external reality to a minimum). If this last procedure is used too much, the number of MAMs of a person could be under the threshold that marks the illness called "schizophrenia".
So, my theory considers that the schizophrenia starts with a reduced number of MAMs. This could be happen when the person is in the "overflow" situation, as it was described above (user induced schizophrenia) or when the person has some technical problems to develop specific models or to integrate them into the normal structure of models. Anyway, C2 and/or C3 cannot be met.

The problem of the underground models was not taken into account due to the lack of data about them. As the underground models can explain a lot of illogical actions of some persons (including crimes), the detection and the condition of activation of such models are very far to be understood by me. A crime produced due to the activation of an underground model, is not explained by the criminal. After the crime, the interaction with the external reality could be controlled by PSM and also C1, C2, C3 could be met. So, some criminals could meet C1, C2 and C3, except for some short moment of time when an underground model could take control of their brain.
Let's explain now the "sleep-walker" phenomenon. Based on this theory, a long-range underground model becomes the MAM of a person. It can activate for instance the model "how to walk" (a normal model). The fact that such models are very powerful is sure; it follows, based on my theory, that the brain could make the underground models very careful. It must be a pure image-model (not based on concepts).
So, the presence of some underground models into a brain is considered by this theory as not-normal situation. If, in a brain, an underground model becomes a MAM, this situation is even more a not-normal one and so, an illness.

EVOLUTION FROM ANIMAL BRAIN TO HUMAN BRAIN ?

As the theory said, the first models made by any being are pure image-models. As the volume of interaction between the being and the external reality is increasing, the brain, human or animal, is forced to make concept models. A concept model is a big progress in comparison with the pure image-models. Indeed, for an animal, to keep in mind all the models of all the elements found by them in the external reality, is a very big effort. To make a concept model means to select only some elements/properties of an element and to make a model that fits to many similar elements.
Many animals (e.g. the mammals) are able to make such simplified models.
Let's see an example: [1]"this apple", [2]"apple", [3]"fruit", [4]"food". [1] is a pure image-model, [2] is a concept model of image-type, [3] and [4] are also concept models but they cannot be associated with an image-model. For a human brain [3] and [4] are symbolic-models, there is no problem with them. For animals, which cannot make symbolic models, the solution is a "short-cut": they just record a limited numbers of characteristics to respond at the question food/not-a-food. So, even if the animals have the capacity to make and operate concept-models, they don't depend too much on them.
By contrary, the human brain is able to make very easy an unlimited number of levels of concept-models.
By the way, there is a game for children: to guess something based on questions for which the answer can be only Yes/No. This game needs to make and operate a very complex structure of concept-models. This is done, easily, by children over 4 years old.
The basic problem is: the capacity to make symbolic-models is a natural extension of the capacity to make concept-models or the capacity to make symbolic-models is provided by a special hardware. The answer could explain if the human brain is a natural evolution of an animal-type brain or the human brain is based on a hardware improvement of an animal-type brain.

So, the theory could give some clues on the possibility of the animal brain to evolve toward the minimum level of a human brain. Basically speaking, there is no interdiction of evolution of an animal brain toward the minimum level requested by a human brain.
As the volume of the brain of some animals is comparable or even bigger then that of a human brain, the huge capacity of processing of a human brain could be explained by a hardware facility to make symbolic models. For sure, a brain of dog, for instance, has no such facility; for it, the only possibility could be a software implementation of this facility. If so, there is no possibility for an animal brain to make complex symbolic models. If the power of the human brain is based on a hardware facility to make symbolic-models then the animals have about no chance to evolve to the minimum level requested by a human brain.
The highest level attained by the human brain is to make pure symbolic-models (this means a total break with the image-models as in Quantum Mechanics). I wonder if a natural evolution could explain this huge superiority of the human brain versus the most evolved animal brain
This theory has to be treated as a tool; a tool could be useful or not useful to solve some specific problems. So, this theory has to be taken in this way and everybody could try to use it to see if it solves his/her specific problems.

Dorin-Teodor MOISA, 27 SEP 1997....9 MAR. 2002....4 APR. 2002

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