ABRAHAM LINCOLN:
Discoveries and Inventions

Abraham Lincoln's favorite speech of the 1860 presidential campaign, sets forth the basic philosophical principles of the American System of political economy.

Abraham Lincoln once described this speech as his favorite stump speech of the 1860 presidential campaign. Lincoln uses the Bible to demonstrate that by use of inventions and discoveries, man has made successive advancements in his culture. More importantly, he locates the fundamental distinction between man and beast in man's continuing ability to change his mode of labor through such discoveries and inventions. We reprint it From The Civil War and the American System, America's Battle with Britain, 1860-1876, by Allen Salisbury, Campaigner Publications, New York, 1978. The book is now out of print; this particular speech has been omitted from all widely available collections of Lincoln's works.

All creation is a mine, and every man a miner.

The whole earth, and all within it, upon it, and round about it, including himself, in his physical, moral, and intellectual nature, and his susceptibilities, are the infinitely various ``leads'' from which, man, from the first, was to dig out his destiny.

In the beginning, the mine was unopened, and the miner stood naked, and knowledgeless, upon it.

Fishes, birds, beasts, and creeping things, are not miners, but feeders and lodgers merely. Beavers build houses; but they build them in nowise differently, or better now, than they did, five thousand years ago. Ants and honey bees provide food for winter; but just in the same way they did, when Solomon referred the sluggard to them as patterns of prudence.

Man is not the only animal who labors; but he is the only one who improves his workmanship. This improvement he effects by Discoveries and Inventions. His first important discovery was the fact that he was naked; and his first invention was the fig-leaf apron. This simple article, the apron, made of leaves, seems to have been the origin of clothing--the one thing for which nearly half of the toil and care of the human race has ever since been expended. The most important improvement he ever made in connection with clothing, was the invention of spinning and weaving. The spinning jenny, and power loom, invented in modern times, though great improvements, do not, as inventions, rank with the ancient arts of spinning and weaving. Spinning and weaving brought into the department of clothing such abundance and variety of material. Wool, the hair of several species of animals, hemp, flax, cotton, silk, and perhaps other articles, were all suited to it, affording garments not only adapted to wet and dry, heat and cold, but also susceptible of high degrees of ornamental finish. Exactly when, or where, spinning and weaving originated is not known. At the first interview of the Almighty with Adam and Eve, after the fall, He made ``coats of skins, and clothed them'' (Genesis iii: 21).

The Bible makes no other allusion to clothing, before the flood. Soon after the deluge Noah's two sons covered him with a garment; but of what material the garment was made is not mentioned (Genesis ix: 23).

Abraham mentions ``thread'' in such connection as to indicate that spinning and weaving were in use in his day (Genesis xiv: 23), and soon after, reference to the art is frequently made. ``Linen breeches'' are mentioned (Exodus xxxviii: 42), and it is said ``all the women that were wise-hearted did spin with their hands'' (Exodus xxxv: 25), and, ``all the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom spun goats' hair'' (Exodus xxxv: 26). The work of the ``weaver'' is mentioned (Exodus xxxv: 35). In the book of Job, a very old book, date not exactly known, the ``weaver's shuttle'' is mentioned.

The above mention of ``thread'' by Abraham is the oldest recorded allusion to spinning and weaving; and it was made about two thousand years after the creation of man, and now, near four thousand years ago. Profane authors think these arts originated in Egypt; and this is not contradicted, or made improbable, by anything in the Bible; for the allusion of Abraham, mentioned, was not made until after he had sojourned in Egypt.

The discovery of the properties of iron, and the making of iron tools, must have been among the earliest of important discoveries and inventions. We can scarcely conceive the possibility of making much of anything else, without the use of iron tools. Indeed, an iron hammer must have been very much needed to make the first iron hammer with. A stone probably served as a substitute. How could the ``gopher wood'' for the Ark have been gotten without an axe? It seems to me an axe, or a miracle, was indispensable. Corresponding with the prime necessity for iron, we find at least one very early notice of it. Tubal-Cain was ``an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron'' (Genesis iv: 22). Tubal-Cain was the seventh in descent from Adam; and his birth was about one thousand years before the flood. After the flood, frequent mention is made of iron, and instruments made of iron. Thus ``instrument of iron'' at Numbers xxxv: 16; ``bedstead of iron'' at Deuteronomy iii: 11; ``the iron furnace'' at Deuteronomy iv: 20, and ``iron tool'' at Deuteronomy xxvii: 5. At Deuteronomy xix: 5, a very distinct mention of ``the ax to cut down the tree'' is made; and also at Deuteronomy viii: 9, the promised land is described as ``a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.'' From the somewhat frequent mention of brass in connection with iron, it is not improbable that brass--perhaps what we now call copper--was used by the ancients for some of the same purposes as iron.

Transportation--the removal of persons and goods from place to place--would be an early object, if not a necessity, with man. By his natural powers of locomotion, and without much assistance from discovery and invention, he could move himself about with considerable facility; and even, could carry small burthens with him. But very soon he would wish to lessen the labor, while he might, at the same time, extend, and expedite the business. For this object, wheel-carriages, and water-crafts--wagons and boats--are the most important inventions. The use of the wheel and axle has been so long known, that it is difficult, without reflection, to estimate it at its true value. The oldest recorded allusion to the wheel and axle is the mention of a ``chariot'' (Genesis xli: 43). This was in Egypt, upon the occasion of Joseph being made governor by Pharaoh. It was about twenty-five hundred years after the creation of Adam. That the chariot then mentioned was a wheel-carriage drawn by animals is sufficiently evidenced by the mention of chariot wheels (Exodus xiv: 25), and the mention of chariots in connection with horses in the same chapter, verses 9 and 23. So much, at present, for land transportation.

Now, as to transportation by water, I have concluded, without sufficient authority perhaps, to use the term ``boat'' as a general name for all water-craft. The boat is indispensable to navigation. It is not probable that the philosophical principle upon which the use of the boat primarily depends--to wit, the principle, that anything will float, which cannot sink without displacing more than its own weight of water--was known, or even thought of, before the first boats were made. The sight of a crow standing on a piece of drift-wood floating down the swollen current of a creek or river, might well enough suggest the specific idea to a savage, that he could himself get upon a log, or on two logs tied together, and somehow work his way to the opposite shore of the same stream. Such a suggestion, so taken, would be the birth of navigation; and such, not improbable, it really was. The leading idea was thus caught; and whatever came afterwards, were but improvements upon, and auxiliaries to, it.

As man is a land animal, it might be expected he would learn to travel by land somewhat earlier than he would by water. Still the crossing of streams, somewhat too deep for wading, would be an early necessity with him. If we pass by the Ark, which may be regarded as belonging rather to the miraculous than to human invention, the first notice we have of water-craft is the mention of ``ships'' by Jacob (Genesis xlix: 13). It is not till we reach the book of Isaiah that we meet with the mention of ``oars'' and ``sails.''

As man's food--his first necessity was to be derived from the vegetation of the earth, it was natural that his first care should be directed to the assistance of that vegetation. And accordingly we find that, even before the fall, the man was put into the garden of Eden ``to dress it, and to keep it.'' And when afterwards, in consequence of the first transgression, labor was imposed on the race, as a penalty--a curse--we find the first born man--the first heir of the curse--was ``a tiller of the ground.'' This was the beginning of agriculture; and although, both in point of time, and of importance, it stands at the head of all branches of human industry, it has derived less direct advantage from Discovery and Invention, than almost any other. The plow, of very early origin; and reaping, and threshing, machines, or modern invention are, at this day, the principal improvements in agriculture. And even the oldest of these, the plow, could not have been conceived of, until a precedent conception had been caught, and put into practice--I mean the conception, or idea, of substituting other forces in nature, for man's own muscular power. These other forces, as now used, are principally, the strength of animals, and the power of the wind, of running streams, and of steam.

Climbing upon the back of an animal, and making it carry us, might not occur very readily. I think the back of the camel would never have suggested it. It was, however, a matter of vast importance. The earliest instance of it mentioned, is when ``Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass'' (Genesis xxii: 3), preparatory to sacrificing Isaac as a burnt-offering; but the allusion to the saddle indicates that riding had been in use some time; for it is quite probable they rode bare-backed awhile, at least, before they invented saddles.

The idea, being once conceived, of riding one species of animals, would soon be extended to others. Accordingly we find that when the servant of Abraham went in search of a wife for Isaac, he took ten camels with him; and, on his return trip, ``Rebekah arose, and her damsels, and they rode upon the camels, and followed the man'' (Genesis xxiv: 61).

The horse, too, as a riding animal, is mentioned early. The Red Sea being safely passed, Moses and the children of Israel said to the Lord ``the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea'' (Exodus xv: I).

Seeing that animals could bear man upon their backs, it would soon occur that they could also bear other burthens. Accordingly we find that Joseph's brethren, on their first visit to Egypt, ``laded their asses with the corn, and departed thence'' (Genesis xlii: 26).

Also it would occur that animals could be made to draw burthens after them, as well as to bear them upon their backs; and hence plows and chariots came into use early enough to be often mentioned in the books of Moses (Deuteronomy xxii: 10; Genesis xli: 43; xlvi: 29; Exodus xiv: 25).

Of all the forces of nature, I should think the wind contains the largest amount of motive power--that is, power to move things. Take any given space of the earth's surface--for instance, Illinois; and all the power exerted by all the men, and beasts, and running-water, and steam, over and upon it, shall not equal the one hundredth part of what is exerted by the blowing of the wind over and upon the same space. And yet it has not, so far in the world's history, become proportionably valuable as a motive power. It is applied extensively, and advantageously, to sail-vessels in navigation. Add to this a few wind-mills, and pumps, and you have about all. That, as yet, no very successful mode of controlling, and directing the wind, has been discovered; and that, naturally, it moves by fits and starts--now so gently as to scarcely stir a leaf, and now so roughly as to level a forest--doubtless have been the insurmountable difficulties. As yet, the wind is an untamed, and unharnessed force; and quite possibly one of the greatest discoveries hereafter to be made, will be the taming, and harnessing of it. That the difficulties of controlling this power are very great is quite evident by the fact that they have already been perceived, and struggled with more than three thousand years; for that power was applied to sail-vessels, at least as early as the time of the prophet Isaiah.

In speaking of running streams, as a motive power, I mean its application to mills and other machinery by means of the ``water wheel''--a thing now well known, and extensively used; but, of which, no mention is made in the Bible, though it is thought to have been in use among the romans. (Am. Ency.-Mill), the language of the Saviour ``Two women shall be grinding at the mill, etc.'' indicates that, even in the populous city of Jerusalem, at that day, mills were operated by hand--having, as yet had no other than human power applied to them.

The advantageous use of Steam-power is, unquestionably, a modern discovery. And yet, as much as two thousand years ago the power of steam was not only observed, but an ingenious toy was actually made and put in motion by it, at Alexandria in Egypt. What appears strange is, that neither the inventor of the toy, nor any one else, for so long a time afterwards, should perceive that steam would move useful machinery as well as a toy.