THE ORIGIN OF THE ALBANIANS:
UNASSIMILATED ASIATIC DARDANIANS
MIX WITH ILLYRIAN SURVIVORS IN
NORTHERN & CENTRAL ALBANIA
The
Albanian language and culture, including the shqipetar, dardan & dalmat
ethnonyms are not European, nor are they Illyrian in origin either, as we shall
see below. Although the Dardanians were not originally Illyrians, they ARE the
ancestors of many living Albanians & the culture-bearing population that
brought Albanian culture, Albanian language & Albanian ethno-tribal
identity to the Balkans.
The Dardanians were an Asiatic, Anatolian tribe from the Southern Caucasus. They migrated to the Thraco-Illyrian border sometime around 1300 BC. In Dardania, Thracians lived in the East & Illyrians in the West. Dardanians were always ruled by an Illyrian ruling class. Another branch of the Dardanians eventually entered Central Dalmatia & were quickly assimilated by the surrounding Illyrians. In Central Dardania, they maintained their distinct Anatolian culture even after they were defeated by Alexander the Great in 335 BC. Later, in 168 BC, in retaliation for supporting the Macedonian Greeks, the Romans massacred 150 000 Illyrians in Central Albania (Illyris) & Epirus. What was left of the Asiatic Dardanians then gradually moved into Central Albania after 168 BC. There, they mixed with the small surviving Illyrian population.
This
work has been divided into 5 parts:
Part 1: Illyrians & Albanians: 2 skeletally & linguistically
different populations
(UPDATED!!!)
Part 2: Dardanians, Albanians & the Caucasus: occipital
flattening & ‘cradling practice’ proves the continuity of modern Albanians
with Anatolian Dardanians from Asia Minor & the South Caucasus
(UPDATED!!!)
Part 3: Dardanians, Albanians & Anatolians: Western
historians & anthropologists locate the Dardanians in Anatolia before 1300
BC
(NEW!!! NEW !!!)
Part 4: Illyrians & Dardanians: Dardanians are
considered as a separate onomastic province from Illyrians in linguistics
Part 5: Dardanians in Illyris: Dardanians migrate to
Central Albania (Illyris province) after 168 BC & assimilate very few
Illyrian survivors
skeletally & linguistically different populations
Work
done in Yugoslavia and Albania in the late 1980s and early 1990s and compiled
by John Wilkes helped to bring an end to Illyrian-Albanian myth…
In the matter of physical character, skeletal evidence
from prehistoric cemeteries suggests no more than average height (male 1.65 m;
female 1.53). Not much reliance should perhaps be placed on attempts to
define an Illyrian anthropological type as short and dark-skinned similar to
modern Albanians.
John Wilkes
The Peoples of Europe: The
Illyrians
Page: 219
1992
Blackwell Publishers
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_wilkes_219.jpg
In other words, Illyrians & Albanians are morphologically different people - so they cannot represent an evolutionary continuity from one to the other. The basis on which continuity is claimed for these two different ethnic groups is purely linguistic:
The evidence for (llyrian origin) is primarily linguistic; its
significance has become clear only with the development of the (modern) science
of historical linguistics.
Noel Malcolm
Myth of Albanian National Identity:
Some Key Elements
Quoted from:
Albanian Identities: Myth and History
Edited by: Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers & Bernd
J. Fischer
Page: 74
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_74.jpg
The
linguistic associations between Illyrian & Albanian rest on the few
associations between Illyrian toponyms & Albanian vocabulary.
But Albanian & Illyrian languages belong to two different linguistic branches of Indo-European: Illyrian - centum; Albanian - satem, making them mutually exclusive of one another. Wilkes elaborates:
In the case of Illyrian, the problems appear to be
multiplying: if Illyrian belongs not to the satem group but to the centum,
the common etymology of Gentius and gens must be discarded. There is no
evidence in fact that Illyrian belongs to the satem group but the
argument that it does is crucial to the case that modern Albanian is descended
from Illyrian.
John Wilkes
The Peoples of Europe: The
Illyrians
Page: 73
1992
Blackwell Publishers
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_wilkes_73.jpg
Below,
Colin Renfrew shows that Albanian and Illyrian belong to two linguistic
branches of the Indo-European family:
Centum (western
branch) | Satem (eastern branch)
|
Germanic |
Baltic |
|
Venetic |
Slavic |
|
Illyrian |
Albanian |
|
Celtic |
Thracian |
|
Italic |
Phrygian |
|
Greek |
Armenian |
|
Tocharian |
Iranian |
|
|
Indian |
Table XIII The centum/satem subdivision
A centum language
cannot evolve into a satem language anymore than Swedish can evolve into
Sanskrit. Illyrian could not possibly evolve into Albanian on the exact same
grounds. Albanian is a satem language, transplanted to the Balkans at
approximately 1300 BC, when the culture bearers of Albanian ethno-tribal
identity & language settled along the Thracian-Illyrian border.
John
Wilkes concludes his book with a caustic condemnation of the state of Albanian
Archaeology, accusing Albanian scholars of deliberately distorting the facts:
On the other hand, it is hoped that the
unfortunate distortions which have marred outstanding progress in Albanian
Archaeology will soon be corrected. As new guidebooks are
demonstrating, the Albanian culture, as fascinating and varied as any in that
quarter of Europe, is an inheritance from several languages, religions
and ethnic groups known to have inhabited the region since prehistoric times, among
whom were the Illyrians.
John Wilkes
The Illyrians
Chapter: Prehistoric Illyrians
Page: 280
Blackwell Publishers
1992
In
Part 2, we will reconcile these facts in order to arrive at a non-contradictory
theory of Albanian ethnogenesis.
Part 2: Dardanians, Albanians & the Caucasus:
Occipital Flattening & ‘cradling practice’
proves the continuity of modern
Albanians with the Asiatic Dardanians & the South
Caucasus
Occipital
flattening is a phenomenon that occurs in human morphology when the rear of the
head is flattened. It is characteristic exclusively of Albanian Dinarics and tribes
in Asia Minor & on the Caucasus side of the Iranian Caspian shore and is
caused by a peculiar cradle used by Albanians, and Anatolians alike.
It
shows a continuity between Albanians & Anatolians that is too peculiar and
strange to be coincidental and implies that this archaic custom could only have
been transmitted through the Anatolian Dardanians, the only Bronze Age Balkan
population that can be traced directly to Anatolia.
There has been much discussion upon the subject of occipital flattening, both in Albania and in Asia Minor; there are two definite schools, one which believes that it is natural and racially determined, the other that it is a form of artificial deformation caused by cradling.
Carleton Stevens Coon
Races of Europe
(Chapter XII, section XIII)
Albania and the Dinaric Race
Macmillam Press
1939
We
know today the flattening is not genetic. It is caused by a particular cultural
practice common to Albanians, Anatolians and Caucasians, too peculiar to be
coincidental.
Coon made further remarks in his writings about the similarity between Albanians and non-Europeans. In the late 50s, Coon went to excavate Belt Cave on Iran’s Caspian shore, a region located immediately next to the Caucasus & Anatolia. His remarks are implicit:
Physically, the people
looked more European than any others I had seen in the Middle East, both in
their facial features and in their clothing. Many of them particularly
resembled northern Albanians, a people whom I had studied in 1929 and 1930 and
I soon saw one reason why.
In Albania, mothers strap babies to cradles, which they carry with them as they go to the market or go about their work. Although the infants’ heads are no bound, the immobilization of their shoulders forces them to lie on the back of their heads. As a result the heads are flattened in infancy and this condition is retained throughout life. As soon as I saw a pair of young mothers carrying their babies in such cradles, I knew why these people looked so much like Albanians.
Here was a surviving culture
closely linked to the origins of European civilization, lived in by a people of
European physical type, in the one part of Iran which has enough rainfall to
preserve the forest on which its technological aspects depended.
There could be no question of this culture having come from Europe. The whole trend of history has gone in the opposite direction.
The Seven Caves
Carleton Stevens Coon
Chapter 4: Belt Cave and the
Caspian Shore
Page: 135
Knopf, New York, 1957
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/coon_135.jpg
After noting that Caspian Iranians share a common physical
type, material culture and the unique cradling practice with European
Albanians, Coon nullifies any possibility that this Caspian coastal population
could have come from Europe or anywhere from the west.
The men who inhabited these houses
wore round black caps, homespun jackets of wool of black sheep, white woolen
trousers bound by the ankles and rawhide buskins with the hair left on the
skin. Ruddy cheeks, thin noses, blue of gray eyes. Where were we now? We
might have been back in the Balkans in Albania, Yugoslavia or even farther
west in the Tirol.
The Seven Caves
Carleton Stevens Coon
Chapter 4: Belt Cave and the
Caspian Shore
Page: 132
Knopf, New York, 1957
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/coon_132.jpg
Coon is fairly straightforward here. The cradling
practice shared by Albanians, Anatolians, Caucasians and Iranians of the south
Caspian shores, combined with the resemblances in physical type and clothing
imply a near-Caucasian origin for the Albanians and their Dardanian ancestors.
The Dardanians migrated northward into the Caucasus, then into East Anatolia
and by 1300 BC to West Anatolia – at a time when ancient and contemporary
historians trace the Dardanians to Troy. This is entirely consistent with
Western scholars’ descriptions of the Dardanians as a wandering tribe of
vagabond warriors.
Part 3: Dardanians, Albanians & Anatolians:
Western Historians & Anthropologists
Locate the Dardanians in Anatolia before 1300 BC
The accepted version was that the Dardani were
kindred people of the Trojans who had degenerated in their new home to a state
of barbarism.
Though for a time probably subordinate to Epirus, the
Dardani maintained an independence that was later eroded by Macedonia and
finally extinguished by the Romans… After 335 BC nothing is reported of
them…
John Wilkes
The Peoples of Europe: The
Illyrians
Page: 144, 145
1992
Blackwell Publishers
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_wilkes_144.jpg
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_wilkes_145.jpg
Wilkes
elaborates:
In the Greek and Roman world…the Dardani…came
to be linked with a people of the same name who dwelt in Asia Minor and
who gave their name to the district of Dardania from which the modern name
Dardanelles is derived. Other coincidences of ethnic names supported
notions of a connection between the Balkans and Asia Minor. A current
explanation cites as a likely context the large-scale movement of peoples…(around
1200 BC) when some of the well-established powers around the eastern
Mediterranean were afflicted by attacks of the ‘sea-peoples’.
By Roman times the nature of the connection
between Balkan and Asian Dardani had become altogether a more delicate
matter. Then a movement in the opposite direction explained the movement: a
certain Dardanus who ruled over many tribes in Asia Minor was responsible for
settling Dardani west of the Thracians…
John Wilkes
The Peoples of Europe: The
Illyrians
Page: 144, 145
1992
Blackwell Publishers
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_wilkes_144.jpg
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_wilkes_145.jpg
Geoffrey
Bibby locates the Dardanians in Ascalon, Egypt in 1192 BC, where they wages war
on the Pharoah :
But business went on as
usual in the land of the Hittites and all the peripheral states of Anatolia…
Some of the privateers came
into the town of Ascalon…They called themselves Sardinians, Dardanians,
Philistines and Tekelians and they were big, brown-haired warriors with
amber-mounted hilts to their long bronze swords…the fighting men roamed the
streets with their predatory eyes on the virgins of the town…
Therefore, many of them
banded together and struck down the amber route to the Adriatic…and
across the mountains to northern Greece and Albania.
Chapter 4, section 17
The Exodus: 1300 BC – 1230
BC
Knopf, New York, 1962
Page: 298
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/bibby_289.jpg
Bibby has written extensively about the Dardanians as recent Anatolian immigrants to the Balkan peninsula. Phillistines and Sardianians are well known under the term ‘Sea Peoples’ even in the Bible. The etymological connection between Sardan & Dardan is just as obvious the connection between Dardani & the Dardanelles. Note that all independent accounts of the Dardanians show them to be extremely coarse, brutal, violent & primitive by comparison to the neighbours among whom they settled, most likely by coercion. It is evident that the Dardanians’ were Sea People, as well.
We turn to V. Gordon Childe, possibly the most eminent scholar to write about European pre-history, who calls the Dardanians Armenoid and makes several interesting remarks::
At the same time, if the Takruri who attacked Egypt
in 1192 BC be Teucrians from the Troad, they attest the presence of men of
European aspect side by side with the Armenoid Dardanians.
Page: 134
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It looks as if, besides the Asiatic stocks,
there was another element in the ruling classes of Anatolia…This is by no means
inconsistent with the traditions connecting Moesians, Bythinians and Dardanians
to north Balkan peoples when we recall the northerly extension and Trojan
connections of the culture we call proto-Hellenic.
Page: 64
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Hence it looks as if an Asiatic population
occupied the whole of the plateau. The Anatolian culture as a whole should be
ascribed to this stock and we may recognize their descendants among the
Dardanians who resemble the Hittites in some features. But this
Anatolian culture cannot be wholly regarded as Indo-European.
Page: 133
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The Aryans
V. Gordon Childe
Chapter III, Section 2
B&N, New
York 1922
The Dardanians likely assimilated many non-Indo-European tribes as they journeyed from the Southern Caucasus northward and then westward into Anatolia. Taking this westward route, the Dardanians would have been passing through Capadoccia. In the Bronze Age, all these regions were areas of extreme linguistic & genetic diversity where Ibero-Caucasian-speaking tribes co-existed with Indo-Europeans along with languages & groups which belong to neither group, almost all of which became extinct with the coming of the Turks.
From Coon’s description of living Albanian-like people on the Caspian shores, combined with the historical record tracing Dardanians’ migration into Europe from Asia, it is safe to conclude that the Dardanians must have passed through the Caucasus as well; theoretically by 1500 BC. But to say theoretically leaves many questions unanswered:
- How long did the Dardanians stay in the Caucasus
before they migrated into Anatolia?
- How long have Albanian-like people been living on
the southern Caspian shores?
- Are traces of other branches of this Albanian-like
population discernable in the regions through which Dardanians were known to
have passed?
- How long did it take the Dardanians to migrate from one end of Anatolia to the other?
- Was a branch of the Dardo-Albanians connected to Caucasian Albania OR is the appearance of two Albania’s in Europe & the Caucasus coincidental?
The Dardo-Albanian impact on the southern Caspian shoes, the Caucasus & Anatolia can only be judged properly after further research. More toponymic data needs to be gathered to shed more light onto this matter. *
*
All that I
require to continue this research is an international directory of cities
and towns world-wide. A website offering such content (for purposes of
monitoring global weather phenomena) once existed 5 years ago under the address
http://www.calle.com. Then it disappeared 2
years ago, only to reappear under another URL a year and half ago. Then it
quickly disappeared again. I had used this on-line directory to compare
toponyms in Albania with toponyms in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia. I had found
a total of 19 identical toponyms after comparing 60% of the toponymic data of
these 4 countries over a period of 3 weeks. I didn’t check the directory for
Turkey, Dagestan or Iran. I wish I had.
If
anyone knows where the website formerly
found at http://www.calle.com is
located, please e-mail me at highduke@yahoo.com.
I’d like to be able to integrate that research into this work but I can’t
because I won’t be able to document it properly by providing a link - unless
this website is still operational. I’d like to continue my research & I’d be
highly indebted to whoever pointed me in the right direction.
Ultimately,
19 identical toponyms common to both the Caucasian states & European
Albania suggest that the bearers of Albanian tribal identity & language
spent a long time in the Caucasus because they built many settlements there
that still survive. Here is the list I compiled in 2004:
Arnauti
(originally a Turkish ethnonym for Albanians used commonly by Serbs &
Greeks, as well)
Bushati
Baboti
Baka
Balagati
Bali
(4 shared toponyms)
Bashkimi
(means victory in Albanian)
Bathore
Batar
Kish
(8 shared toponyms)
Kurata
(9 shared toponyms)
Lugini
Rusani
Sheshani
(5 variations)
Skala
Shipyaki
(Republic of Georgia; likely a corruption of Shqipetari )
Shkoder
(!)
Shekuli
(means in Albanian)
Skuri
Coincidence?
Unlikely.
Part 4: Illyians & Dardanians:
Dardanians are considered a completely
separate onomastic province from Illyrians in Linguistics
Illyrians
& Dardanians were two separate people even in antiquity.
The
excerpt below is worth reading because it sheds light on how different
Dardanians were compared to the Illyrians who surrounded them. For example: out
of 20 place names (toponyms) in Dardania: 4 are definitely
Thracian and 8 Illyrian. This means that 8 / 20 Dardanian place names
are neither Illyrian nor Thracian - nor are they Greek or Dacian. They simply
cannot be grouped into any classical Balkan language:
This makes any neat apportioning of the Dardanian
onomastic material less plausible and suggests that the Dardanians are
better regarded as a separate onomastic province. The problems
are no less in regard to the place names of the region... Out of 20
place names 4 are definitely Thracian...and 8 Illyrian. The two groups
are distributed in a pattern similar to the personal names: Thracian only in
the East and Illyrian mainly, but not entirely in the West.
As modern scholarship becomes more skeptical of
simple theories of how change occurs in the remote past, so the homogeneities
of prehistoric and historic formations have been revealed as false of illusory.
John
Wilkes
The Peoples of Europe: The
Illyrians
1992
Blackwell Publishers
Wilkes
suggests that "the Dardanians are better regarded as a separate
onomastic province". In other words, they did not speak an Illyrian
dialect, at least not originally.
There
is also the matter of personal names. Wilkes says that Dardanian rulers always
had Illyrian names. But a number of other Dardanian names have no parallel
outside the area:
The ethnic affinities of the Dardanians, from whose
name is said to derive the modern Albanian word for 'pear' (dardhe) as revealed
by the names of their territory have been examined by Papazoglu .. The recorded
names Dardanian leaders during the Macedonian and Roman wars...are all
Illyrian. Native names on Roman tombstones of the 2nd to 3rd centuries are
unevenly distributed in Dardanian territory, with several areas entirely devoid
of evidence.
In the matter of distribution, the Thracian
names are found mainly in eastern Dardania...although some Illyrian
names do occur. (They) are entirely dominant in the western areas...while
Thracian names are absent. In favor of (Illyrianization) may be the close
correspondence of Illyrian names in Dardania with those of the 'real' Illyrians
to their west including the names of the Dardanian rulers... Other Dardanian
names are linked with the central Dalmatian group...
Yet this leaves a number of
Dardanian names with no parallel outside the area:
Ambia
Blicities
Bubita
Cocaius
Mescena
Mesta
Romma
Sausa
Momonia
Nanea
Ninis
Pasadis
Pita
Utinadius
John
Wilkes
The Peoples of Europe: The
Illyrians
Page: 86
1992
Blackwell Publishers
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_86.jpg
Note
that the name Ettela could be read as Attila. A mongoloid element
could have easily been picked up by the Dardanians anywhere in the Caucasus
long before they ever migrated to the Balkans from Anatolia.
So,
not only do almost half of all Dardanian place names have no parallels
among either Thracians or Illyrians, but many Dardanian personal names have
no parallel among Thracians & Illyrians also. This is unusual because no
other Illyrian group (except for the Dardanians) has exclusive personal names
or toponyms. Venets, Pannonians, Japodians and even the 'real Illyrians' who
dwelt south of the Dardanians until 168 BC - all used similar Illyrian personal
names and their respective place names did
have parallels among other Illyrian groups. The Dardanians are an anomaly;
an aberration.
We are indebted to Strabo…for a portrayal of the
Dardanians: “they are so utterly wild that they dig caves beneath their
dung heaps and live there but still they have a taste for music and are
always playing instruments, both flutes and strings”. Though their
territory and ethnic associations remain in doubt, the Dardani were,
for several centuries, an enduring presence among the peoples of the central
Balkans, "the most stable and conservative ethnic element
in an area where everything was exposed to constant change", as
the Yugoslav scholar Fannoula Papazoglu puts it…the Dardani endured.
The Peoples of Europe: The
Illyrians
Page: 144
1992
Blackwell Publishers
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/faqe_wilkes_144.jpg
Wilkes says of the Dardanians that "their territory
and ethnic associations remain in doubt". Papazoglu says that they
were "the most stable and conservative
ethnic element in an area where everything was exposed to constant
change". Strabo calls the Dardanians "utterly wild" and then
goes on to describe their archaic living conditions. Ethnic conservatism (or
xenophobia) & stability, as well as archaic living conditions persist to
this very day among contemporary Albanians.
The
case for Dardanian / Illyrian synonymy & for Albanian / Illyrian continuity
has been adequately refuted through linguistics & anthropology. But If most
of the Dardanian personal names listed by Wilkes could be translated into
Albanian stem-words, then the case for Dardanian-Albanian continuity becomes
even stronger than it is at this stage. That will take further research.
Part 5: Dardanians enter Albania (Illyris)
Under Roman pressure
Dardanians migrate to central Albania after 168 BC
and assimilate very few Illyrian survivors
In 168 BC, in retaliation for supporting the Macedonian Greeks, the Romans massacred 150 000 Illyrians in Central Albania (Illyris) & Epirus. What was left of the Dardanians then gradually moved into Central Albania from Central Dardania after 168 BC. There, they mixed with a small, insignificant surviving Illyrian population.
Roman treatment of Illyrians south of the Drin had
reached a brutal climax following the victory over Macedonia in 168 BC. In
attacks by the Roman army on Macedonian allies in northern Epirus and
Illyris, 70 communities were destroyed, 150 000 of the population enslaved
and the countryside devastated.
A century & a half later, Strabo
records:
"...at the present time desolation prevails in
most parts, while in the areas still inhabited they survive only in the
villages and among the
ruins".
John Wilkes
The Illyrians
Chapter: Prehistoric Illyrians
Page: 208
Blackwell Publishers
1992
http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/childe_208.jpg
A depopulated northern Epirus & Illyris would have provided the perfect refuge for the pure, unassimilated Dardanians of Central Dardania to start over. It would have been especially convenient because Dardania is immediately to the north of Illyris. While in Central Albania, the Dardanian language & culture resisted complete Thracianization, Illyrianization & finally Romanization and developed into modern Albanian.
The Albanian language, a hybrid between
Illyrian, Thracian, Latin, Slavic, Turkish, and other elements, reflects the
ethnically composite origin of the Albanians.
Races of Europe
Carleton Stevens Coon
1939
http://www.snpa.nordish.net/chapter-XII13.htm
The
following excerpts from other scholars shed more light on the issue of the
Albanian - Illyrian myth. They are the words of Albanian scholars &
dissidents:
Onomastics is of no great help in settling linguistic
and ethnogenetic issues. Let's have a look at some important place names in
Albanian territories, like Dajti, Shkodra, Durresi, Vlora, Burreli, Drini,
Shkumbini, Tirana, etc. Are they Albanian? We can't say that, for there are no
Albanian words that would explain them (as we explain, for example, Kruja with
"krue" - fountain).
This might well be true, but seems pathetic in front of the fact that we can't explain through Albanian words the place names we currently use, let alone the Illyrian ones. So what?
Ardian
Vebiu
(Albanian historian & dissident)
<http://members.aol.com/Plaku/illyrian.htm>
Ardian
Vebiu says that it "seems pathetic in front of the fact that we
can't explain through Albanian words the place names we currently use".
It is not just pathetic. It is actually a debacle that very obviously nullifies
any possibility of Albanian-Illyrian continuity. The meaning of names like Dajti,
Shkodra, Durresi, Vlora, Burreli, Drini, Shkumbini, Tirana must be
found in Anatolia, the Caucasus and on the Caspian shores of Iran.
Fatos
Lubonja explains that the ethnogenesis of the Albanians was an open question
among Albanian scholars in the 1950s:
For instance, the ethnogenesis of the Albanians
was an open question among Albanian scholars in the 1950s, but when
Enver Hoxha declared that their origin was Illyrian (without denying their
Pelasgian roots), no one dared participate in any further discussion of
the question. During the Communist era, literary and artistic activity
as well as academic studies (especially historic and linguistic studies) all
adhered to this pattern. By this means a virtual world was created in which Albanians
lived within the propaganda framework of the part and of the literary, artistic
and academic works, which pervaded schools, libraries, cinemas, theaters and
exhibitions.
Fatos Lubonja
Between the Glory of a Virtual World
& the Misery of a Real World
Quoted from:
Albanian Identities: Myth and History
Edited by: Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers & Bernd
J. Fischer
Page: 96
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Further
Reading:
1.
15 Albanian & West European scholars reject Albanian-Illyrian continuity as
Albanian propaganda
<http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/perpjekja_3.html>
2.
Albanian Internet Association Skenderbeg: more Albanian scholars reject
Albanian-Illyrian continuity
<http://geocities.datacellar.net/aia_skenderbeg>
3.Miscaleneous:
<http://geocities.datacellar.net/CapitolHill/Lobby/7681/albanians1.html>
