• 1850  Zachary Taylor died, Millard Fillmore,
     US President
     Taiping rebellion in China
     Elizabeth Barrett Browning: "Sonnets from
     the Portuguese"
     Nathaniel Hawthorne: "The Scarlet Letter"
     Jenny Lind toured US
     R.W. Bunsen created gas burner
  • 1851  Nathaniel Hawthorne: "The House of the
     Seven Gables"
     Herman Melville: "Moby Dick"
     Verdi: "Rigoletto"
     1st double-decker bus introduced
     gold found in Victoria, New South Wales, Australia
  • 1852  Harriet Beecher Stowe: "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
     David Livingstone explored Zambezi
     Wells Fargo and Co. founded
  • 1853  Franklin Pierce, 14th US President
     peace between Britain and Burma
     Samuel Colt revolutionized manufacturing of
     small arms
     hypodermic syringes used for injections
     telegraph established in India
  • 1854  Alfred Tennyson: "The Charge of the Light
     Brigade"
     US Republican party founded
  • 1855  Alexander II, Czar of Russia
     Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: "The Song of
     Hiawatha"
     Walt Whitman: "Leaves of Grass"
     Livingstone discovered Victoria Falls
     Florence Nightingale introduced hygenic standards
     Ferdinand de Lesseps to build Suez Canal
  • 1856  French/Spanish frontier decided
     Gustave Flaubert: "Madame Bovary"
     Neanderthal skull found near Dusseldorf, Germany
  • 1857  James Buchanan, 15th US President
     Indian mutiny against British rule, Delhi captured
     Royal Navy destroyed Chinese fleet
  • 1858  Treaty of Tientsin ended Anglo/Chinese war
     British proclaim peace in India
     Suez Canal Company formed
     National Association of Baseball formed
     Ottawa became Canadian capital
  • 1859  Charles XV, king of Sweden
     Charles Dickens: "A Tale of Two Cities"
     Edward Fitzgerald; "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam"
     Charles Darwin: "On the Origin of Species by
     Natural Selection"
     Karl Marx: "Critique of Political Economy"
     steamroller invented
  • 1860  second Maori War began
     1st horse drawn tram
  • 1861  Washington Peace Convention tried to preserve
     US union
     Congress of Montgomery formed Conferate States
     of America
      - South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi,
     Florida & Louisiana ceceded
     Abraham Lincoln, 16th US President
     Confederate Army took Fort Sumter - outbreak
     of US Civil War
     Charles Dickens: "Great Expectations"
     George Eliot: "Silas Marner"
     Oliver Wendell Holmes: "Elsie Venner"
     Pasteur developed theory of germ fermentation
     US began passport system
  • 1862  Emancipation Proclamation - all US slaves
     declared free
     Sarah Bernhardt's acting debut
     Victor Hugo: "Les Misérables"
  • 1863  Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" at dedication of
     military cemetary after battle
     Ismail, Khedive of Egypt
     George I, king of Denmark
     Edward Everett Hale: "Man Without a Country"
     Ebenezer Butterick develops 1st paper dress
     pattern
     1st stolen base in baseball by Eddie Cuthbert
     National Academy of Sciences founded,
     Washington D.C.
  • 1864  Maximillian of Austria, Emperor of Mexico
     General Ulysses S. Grant commander of
     Union forces
     General Sherman marched Union forces from
     Chattanooga through Georgia
     massacre of Cheyenne & Arapahoe Indians at
     Sand Creek, Colorado
     Charles Dickens: "Our Mutual Friend"
     Henrik Ibsen: "The Crown Pretenders"
     Tolstoi: "War and Peace"
     Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization for wine
     Geneva Convention established "neutral zones"
     for battlefield hospitals
     "In God We Trust" 1st appeared on US coins
  • 1865  Confederate States of America formally
     surrendered at Appomattox
     Abraham Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes
     Booth
     Andrew Johnson, 17th US President
     Leopold II, king of Belgium
     Lewis Carroll: "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"
     Mary Mapes Dodge: "Hans Brinker" or "The Silver
     Skates"
     Mark Twain: "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
     Calaveras County"
     Joseph Lister initiated antiseptic surgery using
     carbolic acid
     Thaddeus Lowe invented ice machine
     M.I.T. founded
     introduction of carpet sweeper
     George Pullman designed 1st sleeping railroad cars
     1st train holdup
  • 1866  Monet painted "Camille"
     Alfred Nobel invented dynamite
     Robert Whitehead invented underwater torpedo
  • 1867  Napoleon III withdrew support from Mexican
     Emperor Maximillian, Maximillian executed
     US purchased Alaska from Russia
     Ibsen: "Peer Gynt"
     Mark Twain: "The Jumping Frog"
     Karl Marx: "Das Kapital"
     Johann Strauss: "The Blue Danube" (waltz)
     Livingstone explored Congo
     gold discovered in Wyoming
     Diamonds discovered in S. Africa
  • 1868  US President Johnson impeached
     Louisa May Alcott: "Little Women"
     Renoir: "The Skaters"
     Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 1
     badmitton created
     Boston Red Stockings founded, 1st US pro
     baseball team
  • 1869  Red River Rebellion in Canada
     Suez Canal opened
     R.D.Blackmore: "Lorna Doone"
     famous ship "Cutty Shark" launched
  • 1870  Manitoba became Canadian province
     revolt in Paris, Third Republic
     Italians proclaimed Rome their capital city
     Jules Verne: "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under
     the Sea"
     Heinrich Schliemann began Troy excavations
     Tchaikovsky: overture of Romeo & Juliet
     Robert E.Lee died
     Standard Oil Company founded by John D.
     Rockefeller
  • 1871  Rasputin born
     Lewis Carroll: "Through the Looking Glass"
     Charles Darwin: "The Descent of Man"
     Jehovah's Witnesses founded
     Verdi: "Aida"
     P.T.Barnum opened "The Greatest Show on Earth"
     Great Chicago fire
     Stanley met Livingstone at Ujiji
     S.S.Oceanic, 1st of large modern luxury liners
     is launched
  • 1872  civil war in Spain
     Jules Verne: "Around the World in 80 Days"
     Whistler: "The Artist's Mother"
     Thomas Edison perfected the duplex telegraph
     George Westinghouse perfected automatic rail
     air brake
     1st international soccer game, England vs Scotland
  • 1873  republic declared in Spain
     famine in Bengal
     Tolstoi: "Anna Karenina"
     Cézanne: "The Straw Hat"
     color photographs 1st developed
     E.Remington and Sons produced 1st typewriters
     American football clubs adopted uniform rules
  • 1874  Britian annexed Fiji Islands
     Renoir: "La Loge"
     H. Solomon introduced pressure cooking methods
     for canning foods




  • Herman Melville is widely regarded as one of America's greatest and most influential novelists.

    Walt Whitman is one of the greatest of 19th-century American poets.

    Florence Nightingale is considered to be the founder of modern nursing and a pioneer in sanitation and hygiene.

    Charles Darwin revolutionized biology with his theory of evolution through the process of natural selection.

    Abraham Lincoln is considered by many historians to have been the greatest American president.

    Louis Pasteur is considered the founder of microbiology.

    Lewis Carroll wrote children's books that are also distinguished as satire and as examples of verbal wit.

    Mark Twain achieved worldwide fame during his lifetime as an author, lecturer, satirist, and humorist.

    Louisa May Alcott is best known for Little Women.

    Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky was an eminent Russian composer.

    Jules Verne almost single-handedly invented science fiction.

    Thomas Alva Edison was one of the most prolific inventors of the late 19th century.




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