The Origin of Rapture Theology
Before we look at the available information concerning
the origin of rapture theology, I would like to point out that many, both
pro-rapture and anti-rapture, attempt to base the legitimacy of this doctine
on when it first appeared and who originated it. In reality,
origin is a minor issue. The real issue is
how this doctrine aligns with the word of God.
Let's remember that as we look at the question of origin.
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Since originally writing this study, I have discovered
more information concerning the origin of rapture theology. At first, I
was under the mistaken impression that a young Scottish woman named Margaret
MacDonald had initially promoted this doctrine. While many today attribute
the origin of "rapture" theology to Margaret, it appears that there is
documented proof that pre-dates her 1830 revelation of the rapture and
in fact, if anything, she had a very minimal role in the desemination of
rapture theology. Rapture proponents have been quick to point out that
there were "men of God" who wrote of a pre-tribulation rapture previous
to Margaret's alleged revelation. Therefore, let's look at the references
promoted by pro-rapture proponents as the source of their doctrine.
In 1585, a Spanish Catholic priest named Francisco de
Ribera wrote a commentary on Revelation, which consisted of notes in the
Vulgate Bible. Apparently, this commentary made reference to a pre-tribulation
rapture. In 1838, Samuel Roffey Maitland, who was the Librarian and Keeper
of Manuscripts at Lambeth Palace, London, where the Church of England library
was kept, discovered Ribera's manuscript and published it for the
sake of public interest.
The earliest published reference to a pre-tribulation
rapture occurred in 1788. Around 1740, a young Baptist named Morgan Edwards
wrote an essay for eschatology class on his views of Bible prophecy. This
essay was later published in Philadelphia (1788) under the following title:
Two Academical Exercises on Subjects Bearing the following Titles; Millennium,
Last-Novelties. In the article, Edwards made statements which expounded
his views concerning a pre-tribulation gathering of the Church. As far
as can be determined, Edwards views concerning a pre-trib rapture gained
no notoriety nor was this doctrine given any credence in the Church.
Another published reference to a pre-tribulation rapture occurred in Spain in 1812. This publication was entitled "The Coming of Messiah in Glory and Majesty," written by Emmanuel Lacunza, a Jesuit Catholic priest from Chile, who wrote under the pseudonym of Rabbi Juan Josafat Ben-Ezra, who was supposedly a converted Jew. This book was later translated into English by Rev. Edward Irving and published in London England, in 1827.
The Rev. Edward Irving was the founder of the Catholic Apostolic Church, whose followers are referred to as Irvingites. Irving and his Irvingites began teaching the principle of the pre-tribulation rapture around 1830, no doubt influenced by Lacunza's book because the same scriptural references were used. In the same time frame John Darby, who was a Plymouth Brethren leader, began preaching the pre-tribulation rapture also. Darby claimed that he came to the revelation of the pre-tribulation rapture in 1827 which, interestingly enough, is the year that Irving published the English version of Lacunza's book. Another English Pastor who played a role in spreading the pre-tribulation rapture doctrine was a man named Robert Norton. These three men all knew each other and attended many of the same prophetic conferences that took place in the 1830's throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland. In these meetings, they shared and promoted the pre-tribulation rapture doctrine. Initially, it was not well received within denominational circles and caused quite a division in some churches. Over a period of approximately 60 years, the rapture theology became accepted into some mainstream denominational churches as doctrine. At the beginning of this century when the Pentecostal movement began, Pentecostals taught the rapture doctrine as they learned it from the denominational churches they came out of. Likewise the Charismatic and Word of Faith movements that followed continued teaching the same as they were taught in the churches they came out of, and so it continues today.
So there we have an abreviated version of how the pre-tribulation rapture doctrine made it's way into the Church. In looking at the question of doctrinal origin, it is obvious that it did not get widespread attention in the Church until the 1830's time frame, inspite of the efforts of pre-trib rapture proponents to provide pre-dated references. One amusing aspect of this whole origin issue is that rapture proponents at times go out their way to point out that Pseudo-Ephraem, Ribera, and Lacunza wrote of a pre-tribulation rapture because they want to establish the earliest date of origin that they can, but at the same time, they make an obvious effort to distance themselves from these men because of their association with the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Why is this? The whole protestant movement began when Martin Luther nailed the "95 Thesis" to the door of a Catholic church and fled for his life. Luther's thesis documented 95 points of Catholic doctrine that are contrary to the word of God. The Catholic Church has historically persecuted those of Protestant faith and to this day their doctrine states that non-Catholics are not saved. For rapture proponents to embrace doctrine originating from the Catholic/Orthodox church would put them in a difficult situation. As a born again Christian, I am amazed and appalled that other born again Christians would embrace as their own or even associate themselves with doctrine originating from within the Catholic/Orthodox church. The bottom line is that neither the apostles nor the early church "fathers" ever mentioned a coming of the Lord other than his well documented second coming.
THE COMING OF THE LORD AND OUR
GATHERING TOGETHER UNTO HIM
One of the buzzwords that rapture proponents use is called
"Consistant Literal Interpretation". They say that they interpret the Bible
literally, yet the most glaring problem with rapture theology is that it
is very weak in scriptural support and very strong in speculation, conjecture,
and hyperbole. 2Corinthians 13:1 says, "In the mouth of two or three
witnesses shall every word be established (Mt.18:16, Dt.19:15). In other
words, for something to be established as Biblical doctrine it must be
supported by multiple scriptures and those scriptures must be used in context.
Nowhere in the Bible does it speak of a secret coming of the Lord. In particular,
Jesus never said or implied that he would come again in the air, on the
earth, or under the earth, before his prophetically well documented second
coming. To prove or disprove the Biblical reality of rapture theology we
must search the scriptures to see if these things be so (Acts 17:11).
Whenever we deal with something that is suspected to be
counterfeit, we compare it with the genuine article. For instance, government
treasury agents are not taught what counterfeit money looks like, they
are taught what real money looks like so that they will recognize the counterfeit
when they see it. In the same sense, when we deal with the Word of God,
we must know what is real so that we recognize that which is counterfeit.
Therefore, let us go to the word and learn what it says concerning the
Lord's coming and our gathering together unto him.
In Matthew 24, Jesus brought forth the great Olivet prophecy
in answer to the disciple's questions as to when shall these things be?
and what shall be the sign of thy coming? and of the end of the world (age)?
In answering the questions, Jesus laid out the order of events that would
lead to his return and the gathering of the saints to himself:
What Jesus said is that he will not come in the clouds, with the sound of the trumpet, to gather the saints until after great tribulation. Everything that is described in 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17 and 1 Corinthians 15:51, which are the foundational rapture scriptures, supports what Jesus described as occurring at his second coming. In these two scriptures, Paul has built upon and clarified what will happen at the Lord's return to this earth. For instance, in 1Th.4:17 when it says that we shall meet the Lord in the air, the word 'meet' has a special connotation. It is used in the papyri of a newly arriving magistrate. "It seems that the special idea of the word was the official welcome of a newly arrived dignitary" (Moulton, Greek Test. Gram. Vol. I, p.14; Vines Expos. Dict. of Biblical Words). So, when those who are alive are caught up to meet the Lord in the air, it will not be to return to heaven but to greet and welcome Jesus as the newly arriving dignitary, Kings of Kings and Lord of Lords, coming to the earth. This occurs at his second coming. At the same time, we shall be glorified so that, when we see him, we shall see him as he is and we shall be like him (1Jn.3:2).
Rapture Theology
"And as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall
also bear the image of the
heavenly. Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and
blood cannot inherit the kingdom of
God; neither doth corruption inherit incorruption.
Behold, I shew you a mystery; We
shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed,
In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye,
at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and
the dead shall be raised incorruptible,
and we shall be changed. For this corruptible must
put on incorruption, and this mortal
must put on immortality. So when this corruptible
shall have put on incorruption, and
this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall
be brought to pass the saying that
is written, Death is swallowed up in victory." - I
Corinthians 15:49-51
In Acts 1:9-11, Jesus was taken up and a cloud received him. As the disciples continued to look up, two men in white apparel tell them that as Jesus was taken up into heaven, he shall come in like manner (in the clouds). When the two men spoke they were standing on the earth, not in the air. When they said that Jesus would come back in like manner that he left, they meant when he came back to earth.
Revelation 1:7 tells us that he will come in the clouds and every eye shall see him (no secret coming there).
Joel 2:1-2 tells us that the day of the Lord shall be, among other things, a day of clouds. We can verify that this is talking about the second coming that Jesus referred to in Mt.24 because further down in Joel 2:10 it says the sun, moon, and the stars shall be dark. This is just as Jesus describes.
Zeph.1:14-15 says the great day of the Lord is ...a day of clouds.
In 1Th.4:15-17, Paul tells us that at the coming of the Lord, those who are alive shall be caught up in the clouds with the Lord and those who have previously died. I already discussed what the term "to meet" the Lord meant. This scripture is totally in synch with the events that Jesus described would occur at his second coming. My question to rapture proponents is: what in this scripture sets it apart from other scriptures concerning the coming of the Lord and, other than conjecture, where does it say anything of a secret coming or that they will return to heaven? I will give you a hint, it says nothing of the sort.
The Trump of God:
Jesus also said that at his return, there would be the
great sound of a trumpet (Mt.24:31).
In Joel 2:1, the command goes forth to blow the trumpet in the day of the Lord.
Zeph.1:14-15 says the great day of the Lord is ...a day of the trumpet
1Th.4:16 says the Lord shall descend from heaven with the trump of God.
1Cor.15:52 states that at the last trump, both
the dead and the living shall be raised. Many try to define the "last trump",
but it doesn't take a rocket scientist figure it out. The "last trump"
is literally the last trumpet sounded before Jesus returns to earth and
at the same time gathers his church. When does this "last trump" sound?
It blows as Jesus is leaving heaven to return to earth.
As you can see, the two foundational scriptures for the
"rapture" fit hand in hand with the descriptions that Jesus spoke concerning
clouds and trumpets at his second coming. This prompts me to again ask,
what is contained in these two scriptures that sets them apart from the
others that describe the return of Jesus Christ to earth and the establishment
of his millennial kingdom? And again I say, nothing!
The Gathering of the Saints:
Jesus said that when he returned in the clouds with power
and great glory, that he would send his angels with a great sound of a
trumpet to gather the elect from the four winds, from the uttermost part
of the earth to the uttermost part of heaven (Mt.24:30-31, Mk.13:26-27).
The gathering of the saints is simply the fulfillment
of that portion of the Doctrine of Christ (Heb.6:12) concerning the Resurrection
of the Dead. There are two distinct parts to the resurrection, one is the
resurrection of the righteous unto everlasting life and the other is the
resurrection of the unrighteous unto everlasting damnation (Jn.5:24-29,
Dan.12:2, Acts 24:15, Lk.14:14, Rev.20:4-6, 11-15).
There is a set order of occurrence for the resurrection.
Paul tells us in 1Corinthians 15:23-24 that every man will be resurrected
in his own order (or company): Christ, the firstfruits; afterward they
that are Christ's at his coming (the righteous), and then (one thousand
years later) cometh the end when the unrighteous will be resurrected. [Also
read, Daniel 13:13 "in thy lot". Daniel is told that he will stand in his
"lot" at the end of the days, meaning the last days. The word "lot" means
portion or destiny. This is referring to his partaking of the resurrection
of the righteous.]
We already know that Jesus Christ the firstfruits has
been resurrected, so that order has been fulfilled. The next order is those
that are Christ's at his coming. A big problem exists if there is a so
called rapture of the saints prior to the tribulation and the second coming
of Jesus. If the rapture takes place as taught, then the part of the church
will be resurrected and receive their glorified bodies. Those members of
the church who are saved subsequent to the rapture, during the tribulation,
will not have partaken of the resurrection of the righteous and not received
their glorified body. Therein lies the problem. Hebrews 11:35-40 tells
us that faithful women received their dead raised to life again: and others
were tortured, not accepting deliverance; that they might receive a better
resurrection. (Notice that the context from here to the end
of the chapter deals with the resurrection) Believers were scourged, stoned,
persecuted, afflicted, and endured torments. And these all, having obtained
a good report through faith, received not the promise (of resurrection);
God having provided some better thing for us, that
they without us should not be made perfect (to bring to an end
by completing or perfecting). In other words, those who have died in the
Lord, cannot obtain the resurrection of the righteous before those who
are alive. 1Th.4:15 tells us that "we which are alive and remain unto the
coming of the Lord shall not precede
(prevent) them which are dead (asleep). That means those who are alive
cannot obtain the resurrection before those who have died. Therefore, if
there is a pre-trib or mid-trib rapture, the word of God is false because
the word says that ALL saints will obtain the resurrection of their body
at the same time. If there is a pre-trib or mid-trib rapture the saints
who are saved during the tribulation and remain until the second coming
of the Lord will not have partaken of the fullness of the resurrection.
Can you not see the importance of rightly dividing the word of truth here?
(2Ti.2:15) If all saints partake of the resurrection of their body at the
same time, then it can only occur at
the Lord's second coming.
Additionally, in 2Th.2:1-5, Paul confirms the order of
occurrence for the resurrection of the righteous in regards to the order
of Matthew 24:
Mansions in Heaven and the marriage supper of the Lamb
It certainly appears that, according to scripture, the marriage supper of the Lamb takes place after Jesus returns to the earth. In respect to rapture theology, the saints obviously can't be partaking of the marriage supper of the Lamb during the tribulation, can they? The holy scriptures indicate that they cannot.
The Coming of the Lord - parousia
vs. erchomai vs. apokalupsis
Continuing our litany of misperceptions expounded by
rapture theologians is that there are specific Greek words used in the
New Testament that differentiate between the secret coming of Jesus and
the second coming of Jesus. We can look at this and quickly put it out
of our misery. Rapture enthusiasts believe that certain scriptures using
the Greek word "parousia" are specific to the secret coming of the
Lord and that scriptures using the Greek word "erchomai" are specific
to the Lord's second coming. A third Greek word, "apokalupsis"
is also translated in some scriptures as "coming" and is not usually mentioned.
Right up front, I'd like to say that if rapture theology is true, then
all uses of the word "parousia" in scriptures dealing with the Lord's
coming must be specific to the "secret coming" and vice versa for the Greek
word "erchomai". Otherwise, it is up to view and opinion as to which
scripture pertains to the secret coming and which pertains to the second
coming. Views and opinions digress into religious dogma, of which there
is no end.
Does that mean that during the tribulation period that
saints will not undergo trial, persecution, and tribulation? No! It does
not, for followers of the Lord Jesus Christ will not only be persecuted,
but will be persecuted unto death (Rev.6:9-11, 7:13-14, 12:11,17, 13:7-10,
14:12-13). Is it God who brings this persecution and tribulation upon the
saints? No! It is Satan and the ungodly who persecute the people of God.
Did Jesus ever promise believers that they would not suffer persecution
and tribulation? No! On the contrary, he stated in Jn.15:20, "The servant
is not greater than his lord. If they have persecuted me, they will also
persecute you". In Mt.24:9 when Jesus was speaking of the end times, he
stated, "Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill
you: and you shall be hated of all nations for my name's sake". In Jn.16:33,
Jesus said, "These things have I spoken unto you, that in me ye might
have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of
good cheer; I have overcome the world". A
Christian's reaction to persecution and affliction should be a witness
to the world of Jesus Christ. For instance, in Acts 16:20-34 Paul and Silas
were unjustly brought before the magistrates, they were beaten and
thrown into prison with their feet placed into stocks. Did they moan and
complain to each other because they were mistreated? No! At the midnight
hour they prayed and sang praises to God. Then there was an earthquake.
Next we see the jailer falling down before Paul saying "what must I do
to be saved?" and his whole house getting saved. Was it the earthquake
that caused him to get saved? No! It was their witness of the Lord Jesus
Christ, even in a time of persecution and affliction. As I stated earlier,
the purpose of the Church on earth is to be a witness of the Lord Jesus
Christ, preaching the gospel to the lost and getting them saved.
Rapture theology asserts that after Revelation 4:1, the
Church is not mentioned again until Revelation 19. Their train of thought
is that when John is caught up to heaven, that this is representative of
the Church being "raptured". As we look at the scriptures, you will see
that this is nothing more than a continuation of speculation, conjecture
and hyperbole.
First, let us look at what the word says about the clothing
of the Church. This will enable us to observe one obvious method of reference
to the Church after Revelation 4:1. In Rev.3:4-5 it says, ""Thou hast a
few names even in Sardis which have not defiled their garments; and they
shall walk with me in white: for they
are worthy. He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed
in white raiment; and I will not blot out his name out of the
book of life, but I will confess his name before my Father, and before
his angels". In Rev.3:18 when Jesus speaks to the Church of Laodicea, he
says "I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou mayest
be rich; and white raiment, that thou
mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear..."
And again, look at what Rev.19:7-8 says concerning the wife of the Lamb,
which is the Church: "And to her was granted that she should be arrayed
in fine linen, clean and white: for the fine linen
is the righteousness of saints".
It is obvious from the scriptures that the Church is
clothed in white robes. This is representative of those who have been cleansed
by the blood of Jesus Christ, being made righteous in the eyes of God.
Therefore, any reference to believers in Revelation that wear or are arrayed
in white robes must be referring to members of the Church.
Now go to Rev.6:9-11, "I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held...And white robes were given unto every one of them". Isn't this describing members of the Church?
Next look at Rev.7:13-14, "And one of the elders answered, saying unto me, What are these which are arrayed in white robes? and whence came they? And I said unto him, Sir, thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they which came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb". Isn't this also describing members of the Church? Only the Church has been cleansed by the blood of the Lamb. Doesn't it also say that these saints came out of great tribulation? How can that be if the Church was raptured?
Also, check out Rev.12:11, "And they overcame
him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony;
and they loved not their lives unto the death". Is this not also referring
to the Church? Who else has overcome by the blood of the Lamb?
Next, Rev.12:17, "And the dragon was wroth with
the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep
the commandments of God, and have the testimony
of Jesus Christ". Again, this has to refer to the Church. Who
else has the testimony of Jesus Christ?
Next, Rev.13:7-, "And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them...". Many would say, how can this refer to the Church when these saints are overcome? This scripture goes hand in hand with Dan.12:7b, "and when he shall have accomplished to scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished". To scatter the power means, to scatter or disperse the strength or power. Toward the end of the tribulation, Satan and his anti-christ will think that they have won the victory over the Lord and His Church, to the point that anti-christ will sit in the temple proclaiming himself to be god. Did not Jesus say in Mt.24:22, "but for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened" and in verse 24, "for there shall arise false Christs and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect"? This shall be a time of great persecution and suffering for the Church, but at the same time, though their strength may be dispersed, they will in the end see victory.
Finally, Rev.14:12, "Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus". Who else keeps the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus except for the Church?
How can it honestly be said that after Rev.4:1, the Church isn't mentioned again until Rev.19?
Of more significant importance, how can it be said that the Church is raptured prior to the tribulation?
Conclusion
In summary, we have weighed rapture theology in the balance
of the holy scriptures and it has been found wanting (Dan.5:27). Everything
brought forth in this study has been in context and witnessed by multiple
scriptures. There are too many scriptural contradictions for rapture theology
to be considered as part of the doctrine of Christ (Heb.6:1-2). I encourage
all who read this study to search it out for your own self, because it
is you who must be convinced by the scriptures and the Holy Spirit as to
what is truth. Also, please remember this, the gathering of the saints
at the coming of the Lord is the fullness of the principle of the Resurrection
of the Dead (Heb.6:-2). The endtime gathering only deals with the resurrection
and glorifying of our bodies. The Resurrection of the Dead contains so
much more for us to apply to our lives right now, than for us to just look
at it as a future hope. Our life in Jesus Christ gives us the power to
live a new life right now, for we have been resurrected unto a new
life already (Ro.6:4, Col.2:12, Eph.2:4-7).
My hope and prayer is that all who read this and study
the resurrection, will do so looking at it's application to our whole being
(spirit, soul, and body). I encourage you to email me with your questions
and comments. Also, I am not so haughty that I think I have all the answers,
so please, if you have something that would bring further clarity to this
study and the word of God, I would value your contribution. Have a wonderful,
blessed time in the word.
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