HERBS and OTHER PLANTS)


ORRIS ROOT
OXALIS
PENNY ROYAL
POKEWEED
ROSEMARY

ORRISROOT (Iris florentina)

Also known as SPANISH IRIS, roots can be dried and burned for fragrance. Lovely pale blue flowers on slender stalks about 18 inches tall. Used to set fragrance in perfumes, potpourris and cosmetics, as well as dental preparations. One of the specie of this iris is Iris X germanica and there are several varieties. Most potpourri recipes call for orris root to set the fragrance.

I don't think I have any of these among the ones I have swapped with friends, but I have bearded iris of different colors that are quite lovely, and I am told that any bearded iris's roots will do the job. It is sad that such a beautiful plant does not bloom all year, but they are such a joy in the spring that they are every bit worth the space they take. Besides, their erect foliage add a good contrast to the other plants.

All iris are grown from 'rhizomes' and can be divided in the spring when they are in bloom. That way, you can be sure you are getting the ones with the color you want. They can be divided in the late fall, but nearly everyone I know does it in the spring when they get a good dose of spring fever. (I think most books say to do this is late fall.) ;) They do like good organic soil with good drainage, probably a raised bed would be best. Both of my iris beds are on banks so they have naturally good drainage. If they don't, they rot!

They need more feeding after they bloom and again when they put out new leaves in the fall. Since I use very little commercial fertilizer, I put compost around them as often as I have material available. When I feel that my plants really need a boost, I break down and give them some of a nationally advertised blue fertilizer! My big problem is that I want everything to grow naturally and It is really hard for me to go commercial.

I try to get time to pull the leaves that are turning brown and pinch the spent blooms off. I don't like to break the leaves or cut them back as some gardeners do. I know it usually looks better, but I don't like to give bugs an open door to get into the plant by opening a surface. I wish some one who knows more about this would advise me. ????????

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OXALIS (perriwinkles?)Wood Sorrell

Scan of OXALIS
A neighbor, Mary, gave me a start of oxalis years ago. I loved it so much that I decided I needed more to make a border in a rather shady, blank area. Since I had just a small clump, I went to the nursery to try to buy more. I was warned that 'that stuff just takes over the yard and we don't carry it. My mom's yard is full of it!' Well.. I guess some varieties of it does. I haven't been so lucky! I finally went to the little clump that was at least 5 years old and still measured only about 18 inches across in sandy fill dirt..and got up the nerve to dig up some of the little bulbs. I was really concerned that I would kill the little thing. I moved the diggings to frame an area and they have done quite well and HAVE NOT TAKEN OVER ANYTHING! One of my relatives has some and after about 40 years, it has come up in quite a few places in her yard, But aren't they pretty?!

Oxalis is a member of the sorrel family. Most of the sorrels have a high oxalic acid content, that, if eaten immoderately, could possibly be fatal. Oxalic acid, from what I understand, in- hibits the absorption of calcium. It can also cause a bad, blistering rash inside or out and inside could really be bad news. I have never eaten from this plant, which is a cultivar called Ruby Wood Sorrel or Oxalis rubra but the leaves are edible in salads, in moderation. I have eaten the wild yellow wood sorrel occasionally since I was a child in the apple orchard watching the cars go by down on the highway. It has a fairly pleasant sour lemon taste and is high in vitamin C. I told the boys it was snake grass! My uncle, who was an herbalist said that he saw a black snake and a copperhead fighting one day when he was out collecting. The black snake had been bitten by the copperhead. The black snake ate the 'snake grass and was ok. He had crushed the copperhead to death with his strong coils.

I have read somewhere that during the great famine when so many were starving to death in Ireland, if someone found a clump of sorrel, people flocked to it for a feast. It is good in moderation in salads or added to other greens. Eat only small amounts per meal and not over 3 times a week. The ruby wood sorrel is much larger than the delicate yellow wood sorrel and the leaves a darker green. Occasionally a few show themselves on my hill. I don't bother them, hoping that they will propagate a bit more. perhaps, though, I can get a small sample for a scan....I'll try.

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PENNYROYAL

Another great strewer! When you walk on this, you can certainly tell! Some think the scent is a little overpowering, but I suppose my sensors are a little rusty, 'cause, for the most part, I like it!

Some people recommend pennyroyal as a tea. I believe most of the books I've read that it may be a bit toxic. Perhaps a tiny bit, just enough to give a hint of flavor, with other herbs would be safe if used in moderation.

I use the leaves mainly, to rub on my exposed limbs as it keeps the mosquitoes at bay. It doesn't effect buffalo knats..don't think anything phases them! It does help keep OTHER knats away. The Native Americans used it long before the white man hit the shores of the Americas, especially as a decongestant, aiding in getting the phlegm from the lungs. It was also used to sweat away a fever. It was an official drug in the U.S. as late as the early 20th century. If I remember right, around 1915 or 16. But the Native Americans weren't the only ones blessed with this knowledge. Pliney, was using it for the same reasons in Europe around 1 AD.

Pennyroyal likes full sun. It gets leggy in the shade..real leggy! It makes a nice ground cover along the edge of a path where it can be tramped on a bit.

Pokeweed

POKEWEED

Pokeberries or Pokeweed is a very toxic plant. The roots, berries and seed are very poisonous and should be handled with gloved hands. Most people don't but no telling what it is doing to you if you don't!!! While it does make a tasty table green, it can be dangerous. A lot of my southern friends enjoy it occasionally and reminisce about Mom's "polk salad" and point out that "I've eaten a ton of it and never bothered me!" BUT.. many who have eaten it aren't here to brag about it! Every book that has been written by people who have really researched the plant give it a thumbs down. The way I look at it is ...why bother with it when there are so many other known safe greens?

I have eaten it a couple of times, when it was young and tender in the spring or new growth in late fall, but the more I read about it, ...why bother? Even the young tender leaves CAN be toxic . Beware of the berries ...NEVER eat the berries, and when streaks of red are apparent in the stems and leaves, it can be quite toxic. DO NOT EAT! Most books that I have read say , especially in the south where it is abundant , that a number of people die from improper preparation nearly every year. Especially children who are tempted to eat of the pretty little berries. In by-gone days this was much more prevalent as fresh produce, canned spinach and other greens were not abundant or available.

If you feel that you MUST try this green , do what I did when I decided to try it. It is the "traditional" way to prepare it:

I picked the young tender leaves, rinsed well, chopped them into smaller pieces, covered with water in a stewer and brought to a boil, poured that water off and rinsed, brought to a boil again then simmered until tender. They really need a bit of salt and I like to put a dash of what we call pepper sauce (vinegar water in which jalepino peppers or other peppers have been marinated ) and a bit of butter or margarine. Most died in the wool southern cooks would use bacon fat for seasoning, but I can't take pork fat so...margarine or olive oil. SOOOooooo...you see.....except for the par boiling (pre boiling) it is treated just like spinach or other green. AND.. many folk swear by it and wouldn't think of having the season go by without their beloved polk salad! I SAY WHY BOTHER. Knowing what I think I know about it now, why take chances with the health of my family?

(2 June 2000 update: Since I wrote this page, I have become a 'Poke Salit' eater when ever possible... usually mix it in with Lamsquarter. : )..Now I bother! I have even been known to save a little dab of pork sausage drippings to add a tinnyweeny bit, like a tablespoon of it to a mess..)

Traditionally, Native Americans used it to prepare a salve for medication of boils and other skin problems and for rheumatism. Probably the reason it cured the infected wound, is because it is so toxic. If you will recall, fire has also been used to kill infection of badly infected wounds, a very hot iron searing the infected area. It works, but better things are now available and it gives me cold chills to think about being seared! It is a mess making this salve stuff now-a-days, so folks just go to the drug store and get something already prepared.

BEFORE YOU GIVE UP ON POKE WEED,
READ E-MAIL FROM S. C. DIXON:
"Subject: poke weed
Date: Fri, 28 May 1999 10:09:52 -0500
From: S. C. DIXON" Hi:

Just read your article on poke weed and it left me, uh, incredulous. During the interviews with folks which resulted in the highly acclaimed FOXFIRE series in the 1970's, many of the VERY old folks, when asked what contributed to their longevity, said "Poke weed".

I'm 47 years old and eat boiled poke greens and fried poke stalks every spring until warmer weather makes them too bitter. My grandmother, who lived into her late 80's, always claimed that if a person could eat poke once a week they would live forever. Unfortunately for her, she had been relegated to a "retirement" home which did not allow her to have her beloved poke.

My father, pushing 90, eats poke on a regular basis.

I've served the dish to folks from all over the U.S. and from several foreign countries and all have enjoyed it immensely and NO ONE has ever gotten "sick" from eating it any more than one might get sick from eating spinach or okra.

I recall that, in the past, conventional knowledge warned for many years that tomatoes were poisonous, so were cucumbers, for that matter.

We skin the poke stalks, cut them into bits, roll them in flour, salt and pepper and fry them. It tastes remarkably like okra.

We parboil the greens, add fresh water and salt pork or ham, serve with salt and pepper and a dash of vinegar.

Young shoots, stalks and leaves together, are steamed and served with butter like asparagus, which the taste is reminiscent of.

We do avoid the berries and the root, but be advised that competent herbalists use both in tinctures and poultices.

Sorry, but my personal, life-long experience with poke paints quite a different picture than does your web page."

I appreciate the info and have had many similar remarks from my neighbors and other Southerners, but non with such tasty sounding recipe. So, I asked permission to print this post and S. C. DIXON graciously consented. Thanks.

08/16/2000 update: I finally came across the FOXFIRE books Dixon noted and they are really interesting. Hard to stop reading when one starts. They were researched and written by highschool students and they did a great job. I have only gotten to Vol 2 so far, but look forward to reading all that I have been able to acquire.

BUT THAT AIN'T ALL..!!! ..another really good green that is good early to mid summer is the lowly

!!!!! Lamb's Quarter !!!!!

The reason I say early to mid summer is because the heat will get to it in my area, [zone 7/8 USA ] and the new leaves after being pruned , are smaller than the first growth. I was sure I had written an article about it, but can't find it in these pages anywhere...guess I'm a bubble off center ..again.! I will look for it...and add it here if I find it or point to it.. OK? There is a picture of the lamb's quarter in the graphic on the top of my Native American page. It is the center of the design I made for a flag . The design has a scan of the leaf with the seed fronds around them. SOOOOoooo...anyway..........try the young fresh leaves of the polk this spring ..if you dare... and get some of the Japanese spinach and try the lambs quarter and that will give you some nice greens this year of 1997!

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ROSEMARY (Rosemarinus officinalis)

The blooms above are magnified to show better detail.

Herbs are said to have special qualities. Rosemary was used to ward away evil spirits. To simply scent a room, try setting out bowls of rosemary. Fragrant, green or dried, it sweetens the air and helps eliminate noxious odors so, of course, it is another good strewing herb. Maybe the bad smells of medieval castles were the 'evil spirits' that were being driven out!! !'m not just being ugly; history says that the dogs were fed from food thrown on the floor, there was no running water, it seems to have been a long way from the tower to an outside privy..............tussie mussies were used by refined gentlemen and used to sniff when the smells became overpowering...so I imagine there were quite a few 'evil spirits'! 8=}

I read somewhere that a presentation of rosemary also meant "please remember me".

Rosemary is a good culinary herb. Use it sparingly in nearly any vegetable or meat dish. Some like it in bread dressing (stuffing). I like my major stuffing herb to be sage, but do add a tiny bit of the rosemary. I have handled a lot of rosemary and it always reminds me of pine! It gets sticky to handle and I think of pine resin. Anyone know if there is any reason for this or just my vivid imagination?

It is a good companion in any garden or greenhouse as are the mints as they attract many beneficial insects. In order for the beneficials to come to your garden, they have to have some plants as supplements to their diet of bad guys they terminate for you. Small price to pay for the work they do. There are a lot of good insects that can protect your garden if you don't poison them. Remember, when you put insecticides out, it doesn't know the difference between beneficials and the devastaters.

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 Last updated 4/17/08
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© 1996 by Leona Halley Henderson

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