Blackwork Embroidery or Spanish Work, as it has also been known, has been in existence since at least the 8th century. Early in the period the patterns were linear, geometric and arabesque. As this type of embroidery spread across Europe from the Iberian peninsula, the designs incorporated natural elements such as grapevines and roses as well as heraldic beasts. Gradually, there came to be Gothic and Renaissance motifs added as well. Frequently this type of embroidery was done with black silk thread on white fabric, often linen. Blackwork became very popular in Britain as early as the 14th century. While the Broderer's Guild, formed in 1561, was professional and limited to males, women of noble birth were expected to master the skills as well.
Drawn or Pulled Work was done on linen. It is a process involving the cutting of individual threads in the fabric to form holes of various shapes and patterns.
Or Nue work was done with gold thread, couched to the ground fabric with silk thread to form patterns or designs.
Opus Anglicum, also known as English Embroidery, was done from 1250-1350. Metal thread and geometric designs were common as were brick, lozenge and chevron patterns as well as angels, heraldic shields, compass stars and flower, vine and plant patterns.
Assisi Embroidery is Italian embroidery. It is worked in colors on a linen background, the design is left bare and worked in a dark color against a background of cross stitch in a light shade. It is named Assisi because the churches of Assisi, Italy preserved many of these embroideries from the 13th and 14th centuries.
Reticella is an Italian form of lacemaking which begins with a solid piece of fabric from which threads are cut and withdrawn. The remaining threads form a framework upon which additional threads were stitched and woven to form intricate patterns.
Beading is the process of utilizing beads as decoration. It may involve sewing a single bead into an embroidered, woven other type of decoration or sewing/weaving many beads together to form an image. In woven textiles it is possible to actually thread the beads on to one of the working threads and simply drop them into place as the item is woven or knot. Beads themselves can be woven together on a loom. As embellishment the beads are often sewn into place individually on already existing fabric. Beads may be carved from wood, rock or precious stones. They can be molded from glass or metal
Bobbin Lace is a process of weaving a pattern using many small bobbins. This technique first appeared in the later Middle Ages and reached it's height in the 1700-1800's.
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