Lecture notes for 9/3/99

Key words
	-Amerigo Vespucci	-Waldsemüller
	-Bering Strait		-Maize
	-Maya			-Aztec
	-Newfoundland		-Labrador
	-Norse			-Syphyllis
	-Conquistador
	


Lecture I (cont'd)

Christopher Columbus (cont'd)
	-Tried to get funding from:
		-King of Portugal
		-King of England
	-In the end, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella gave the money
	-Ended in October 1492 in the islands of the Caribbean
	-Columbus thought he found the Far East
		-That's why he called the people Indians
	-Made three voyages looking for China
	-Died in 1506, a wealthy but bitter man
	-Died thinking he found the Far East instead of America

-Amerigo Vespucci realized he found a new world
	-The mapmaker Waldsemüller named America after Amerigo and the
	     name stuck

Myths of Columbus
	-Myth I:  Because of these explorations, it proved the world was
	     not flat
		-Not true...people already knew the world was a sphere,
		     they just didn't know the size of the earth.
	-Myth II:  Queen Isabella gave up her jewels for financial
	     support
	-Myth III:  Only people willing to sail with Christopher
	     Columbus were prisoners
		-Records show that all but three men were experienced
		     sailors
	-Too many people think that Columbus only made one trip
		-Actually made 3 subsequent trips



*Possible Essay Question*

-The development of nation-states
-Development of capital
-Advances in technology
-Why Portugal took lead



Lecture II

-"New World" was only new to people in Europe
	-Land had been occupied for thousands of years
-Indians originally came from Asia and migrated across a temporary
     land bridge called the Bering Strait
	-People began to migrate and people came to America for a long time
	-Traveled farther and further south
-Indians grew to be people who settled down
	-Used to be hunter-gatherer
-Weapons became more advanced
	-The clovis point was created in about 10,000 BC
		-Was a weapons technological breakthrough
		-With the clovis point, they could hunt large animals
			-Took a team hunt
		-Called a clovis point because it was found in Clovis, New Mexico
		     in 1893
-Began to develop agriculture
-Once agriculture begins, surplus begins
	-Capable of growing more than they need
-Surplus frees up time
-Some people can devote time to:
	-basket-weaving
	-pottery
-Specialists begin to start up
	-Artists
-People start to ask what comes next
	-Religion
-People who lived in area when Columbus came were different from
     those on west coast
	-Some Native Americans were nomads, farmers
-In South America
	-Inca - Peru
	-Maya - Central Mexico
	-Aztec

Maya
	-Built pyramids
	-Had a complex writing system based on hieroglyphics
	-Advanced mathematicians
	-Interested in astrology
	-Calculated the exact length of a calendar year
		-Calculated to 365.2405 (computers to 365.2422)
	-Understood the concept of "0"
	-Mayan culture disappeared about 900 AD, no one knows what happened

Spain
	-Encountered the Aztecs, brought sustained contact
	-Scientists have discovered an early settlement by Norse in Newfoundland
	-Though Eric the Red found America first, Columbus brought a
	     permanent settlement
	-The contact in 1492 changed life forever
		-This impact is called the columbian exchange
		-The columbian exchange in the transfer of products
		-Life changed for the Indians and the Europeans
	-Exchanged:
		-Animal life
		-Precious metals
		-Plants
			-As a result, people are eating better
				-Longevity
				-More healthy children
		-Diseases
			-Syphilis: spread through sexual contact
			-Outbreak of Syphilis in W. Spain in 1493
	-Brought:
		-Horses, most important
			-Possession of horses was a status symbol
			-Transportation
		-Mules
		-Cows:  food, milk, leather
		-Burrows
		-Pigs: giant rats
		-Sheep, goats

Americans had:
	-Turkey
	-Bison, buffalo
	-Cougars
	-Llamas: South America
	-Armadillos
	-Iguanas
	-Condors: South America
	-Catfish
	-Rattlesnakes
	-Flying squirrels
	-Parrots and monkeys, becamse popluar pets

Europeans brought:
	-Rye
	-Wheat
	-Rice
	-Barley
	-Melons
	-Citrus fruits (oranges)
	-Bananas
	-Sugar cane
	-Olive
	-Coffee
	-Daisy
	-Dandelions, by accident

Americans had:
	-Maize (corn) and potatoes, quickly became popular
	-Beans, lima and kidney
	-Peanuts
	-Squash
	-Tomatoes
	-Pumpkins
	-Dyes to color clothes
	-Indigo (blue)
	-Brazil wood, rusty brown
	-Chichineal bug, produced red color

-Started a population explosion
	-Diet improved with introduction of new produce
-Eventually, Europe becomes crowded
	-Most people immigrate to America
-Europeans brought products made from iron (ex. swords, armor)
-Most important was the supply of silver from Mexico
	-Also gold
-Conquistadors were looking for wealth
	-3 G's: God, Gold, Glory
	-Native Americans were made to work in the mines
-Spanish presence in the U.S.
	-St. Augustine (1565)
	-New Mexico (1598), Oñate founded Santa Fe in 1610
	-De Soto and De Coronado