Lecture notes for 9/8/99

Key words
	-Syphilis		-Conquistador
	-Tenochtitlan		-Cortéz
	-de Coronado		-de Soto
	-Oñate			-sea dogs
	-armada			-cabot
	-Labrador		-Gilbert
	-Raleigh
	


Lecture II (cont'd)

Columbian Exchange
	-Exchange in metals
	-Europeans brought:
		-Items made of iron
			-New to the natives
		-Armor, for man and horse
	-New World had:
		-silver, gold, copper (precious metals)
	-Had a bad reflux on the Spanish economy
	-Disease exchange
		-Europeans brought:
			-Smallpox
			-Measles
			-Influenza
			-Malaria
			-Typhus
	-After the encounter with Europeans, 90-95% of the Native Americans
	     died mostly becuse of disease
	-In 1519, there were 30 million Native Americans; by 1568, only
	     about 3 million Native Americans were left
	-Syphilis was spreading throughout the land, but very slowly through
	     sexual contact
	-A mild European form met a dangerous American disease and mutated
	     into an even deadlier form of syphilis
	-A major outbreak in Italy occurred in 1494
	-About 10 million people had died in Europe from 1492 to 1502



*Essay Question*

-How does life change when the two cultures collide?  (exchanges in animals,
     diseases, etc.)
	


First Spanish Advances
	-First found Cuba and the Dominican Republic
	-In 1519, the Spanish assault began in Mexico
		-Led by Hernando Cortéz (34 yrs. old at the time)
		-Had about 500 soldiers
		-Within two years, captured Tenochtitlan and the Aztec empire
		-Cortéz defeated the Aztecs quickly
			-Had abundance technology
				-Horses
				-Weapons
			-Aztecs had made a lot of enemies
				-Cortéz found tribes who were happy to fight
				     the Aztecs
			-Native Americans started to die due to disease
	-Pursuing the 3 G's (conquistadors)
		-God
		-Gold
		-Glory
	-King and Queen wanted conquistadors to convert Native Americans
	-Native Americans were forced to work in mines
	-Given a choice to either convert or die
	-Mexican population was exploited by the Spanish
	-1540: Coronado and de Soto
		-Explored the American Southwest
	-1565: St. Augustine became the first Spanish settlement
	-1598: Oñate explored New Mexico
		-1610: Founded Santa Fe



Lecture III

England rises to power
	-Elizabeth I
	        -First daughter of Henry 8th
                -Commercial and military expansion
                        -Built up strong military and naval forces
                        -England had to have strong navy to challenge Spain
                        -Sea Dogs: attack & plunder Spanish ships
        	-Challenge to Spain	
                        -1588: Phillip II (King of Spain) sends Spanish Armada ("the invincible armada")
                            against England's piracy, 132 warships and 3000 cannons 
                        -Bad luck, planning, bad weather causes smaller English navy to defeat the Armada
                        -Spain never fully recovers so English can now go and explore the New World

Early exploration and colonization
	-John Cabot
	        -English's 1st claim 1497
	        -Claimed Newfoundland of Canada
	        -2 voyages
	        -No permanent settlements
	        -Northwest Passage: thought that there was still a passage to the Orient
                -Colonies were important because:
                        -Source of raw materials
                        -Outlet for manufactured goods
                        -Relief for large surplus population in Europe
        -Sir Humphrey Gilbert
                -1578: landed in New Finland, unsuccessful
                -Disappears on return, no permanent settlements
        -Sir Walter Raleigh
                -Gilbert's half-brother
                -takes over colonization in Roanoke Island, North Carolina
                -1st attempt fails, colonists go home
                -2nd attempt, governor gets stuck in England by Spanish and returns 3 yrs. later,
                    no sign of settlement when he returns..."The Lost Colony"
                        -Absorbed into natives
                        -Hostile natives
                        -Disease
                        -Moved
                -Financial disaster for Raleigh because he invested his personal fortune and failed
        -Joint Stock Company
                -Englishmen thought invested personal fortune into something was too risky
                -Started the Joint Stock Company where a group of individuals each invested money in a venture
                -1606: two joint stock companies formed:
                        -Plymouth Company
                        -Popham Company
                -Queen stipulated that any Englishmen who establish colonies has all the rights and
                    liberties in England carried over to the New World
                        -i.e. right to trial by jury, warrant issued before house is searched, etc.

-1603: Elizabeth I dies
        -Her nephew James I succeeds her, 1603-1625