| Pręmio Nobel de Medicina - Laureados 1901-1999 |
| www.roberto.tzo.com |
| Prize | Laureate | Motivation |
| Physiology or Medicine 1901 | -VON BEHRING, EMIL ADOLF |
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1902 | -ROSS, Sir RONALD |
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1903 | -FINSEN, NIELS RYBERG |
"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1904 | -PAVLOV, IVAN PETROVICH |
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1905 | -KOCH, ROBERT |
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1906 | -GOLGI, CAMILLO -RAMÓN Y CAJAL, SANTIAGO |
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1907 | -LAVERAN, CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE |
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1908 | -METCHNIKOFF, ELIE -EHRLICH, PAUL |
"in recognition of their work on immunity" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1909 | -KOCHER, EMIL THEODOR |
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1910 | -KOSSEL, ALBRECHT |
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1911 | -GULLSTRAND, ALLVAR |
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1912 | -CARREL, ALEXIS |
"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1913 | -RICHET, CHARLES ROBERT |
"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1914 | -BÁRÁNY, ROBERT |
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1915 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1916 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1917 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1918 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1919 | -BORDET, JULES |
"for his discoveries relating to immunity" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1920 | -KROGH, SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERG |
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1921 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1922 | -HILL, Sir ARCHIBALD VIVIAN |
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"; |
| -MEYERHOF, OTTO FRITZ |
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1923 | -BANTING, Sir FREDERICK GRANT -MACLEOD, JOHN JAMES RICHARD |
"for the discovery of insulin" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1924 | -EINTHOVEN, WILLEM |
"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1925 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1926 | -FIBIGER, JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB |
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1927 | -WAGNER-JAUREGG, JULIUS |
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1928 | -NICOLLE, CHARLES JULES HENRI |
"for his work on typhus" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1929 | -EIJKMAN, CHRISTIAAN |
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"; |
| -HOPKINS, Sir FREDERICK GOWLAND |
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1930 | -LANDSTEINER, KARL |
"for his discovery of human blood groups" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1931 | -WARBURG, OTTO HEINRICH |
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1932 | -SHERRINGTON, Sir CHARLES SCOTT -ADRIAN, Lord (EDGAR DOUGLAS) |
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1933 | -MORGAN, THOMAS HUNT |
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1934 | -WHIPPLE, GEORGE HOYT -MINOT, GEORGE RICHARDS -MURPHY, WILLIAM PARRY |
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1935 | -SPEMANN, HANS |
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1936 | -DALE, Sir HENRY HALLETT -LOEWI, OTTO |
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1937 | -VON SZENT-GYÖRGYI, ALBERT |
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1938 | -HEYMANS, CORNEILLE JEAN FRANÇOIS |
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1939 | -DOMAGK, GERHARD |
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1940 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1941 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1942 | ||
| Physiology or Medicine 1943 | -DAM, HENRIK CARL PETER |
"for his discovery of vitamin K"; |
| -DOISY, EDWARD ADELBERT |
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1944 | -ERLANGER, JOSEPH -GASSER, HERBERT SPENCER |
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1945 | -FLEMING, Sir ALEXANDER -CHAIN, Sir ERNST BORIS -FLOREY, Lord (HOWARD WALTER) |
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1946 | -MULLER, HERMANN JOSEPH |
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1947 | -CORI, CARL FERDINAND -CORI, GERTY THERESA, née RADNITZ |
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"; |
| -HOUSSAY, BERNARDO ALBERTO |
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1948 | -MÜLLER, PAUL HERMANN |
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1949 | -HESS, WALTER RUDOLF |
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"; |
| -MONIZ, ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS |
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1950 | -KENDALL, EDWARD CALVIN -REICHSTEIN, TADEUS -HENCH, PHILIP SHOWALTER |
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1951 | -THEILER, MAX |
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1952 | -WAKSMAN, SELMAN ABRAHAM |
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1953 | -KREBS, Sir HANS ADOLF |
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"; |
| -LIPMANN, FRITZ ALBERT |
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1954 | -ENDERS, JOHN FRANKLIN -WELLER, THOMAS HUCKLE -ROBBINS, FREDERICK CHAPMAN |
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1955 | -THEORELL, AXEL HUGO THEODOR |
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1956 | -COURNAND, ANDRÉ FRÉDÉRIC -FORSSMANN, WERNER -RICHARDS, DICKINSON W. |
"for their discoveries concerning heart catherization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1957 | -BOVET, DANIEL |
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1958 | -BEADLE, GEORGE WELLS -TATUM, EDWARD LAWRIE |
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"; |
| -LEDERBERG, JOSHUA |
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1959 | -OCHOA, SEVERO -KORNBERG, ARTHUR |
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1960 | -BURNET, Sir FRANK MACFARLANE -MEDAWAR, Sir PETER BRIAN |
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1961 | -VON BÉKÉSY, GEORG |
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1962 | -CRICK, FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON -WATSON, JAMES DEWEY -WILKINS, MAURICE HUGH FREDERICK |
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1963 | -ECCLES, Sir JOHN CAREW -HODGKIN, Sir ALAN LLOYD -HUXLEY, Sir ANDREW FIELDING |
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1964 | -BLOCH, KONRAD -LYNEN, FEODOR |
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1965 | -JACOB, FRANÇOIS -LWOFF, ANDRÉ -MONOD, JACQUES |
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1966 | -ROUS, PEYTON |
"for his discovery of tumor-inducing viruses"; |
| -HUGGINS, CHARLES BRENTON |
"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1967 | -GRANIT, RAGNAR -HARTLINE, HALDAN KEFFER -WALD, GEORGE |
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1968 | -HOLLEY, ROBERT W. -KHORANA, HAR GOBIND -NIRENBERG, MARSHALL W. |
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1969 | -DELBRÜCK, MAX -HERSHEY, ALFRED D. -LURIA, SALVADOR E. |
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1970 | -KATZ, Sir BERNARD -VON EULER, ULF -AXELROD, JULIUS |
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1971 | -SUTHERLAND, EARL W. Jr. |
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1972 | -EDELMAN, GERALD M. -PORTER, RODNEY R. |
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1973 | -VON FRISCH, KARL -LORENZ, KONRAD -TINBERGEN, NIKOLAAS |
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1974 | -CLAUDE, ALBERT -DE DUVE, CHRISTIAN -PALADE, GEORGE E. |
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1975 | -BALTIMORE, DAVID -DULBECCO, RENATO -TEMIN, HOWARD MARTIN |
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1976 | -BLUMBERG, BARUCH S. -GAJDUSEK, D. CARLETON |
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1977 | -GUILLEMIN, ROGER -SCHALLY, ANDREW V. |
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"; |
| -YALOW, ROSALYN |
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1978 | -ARBER, WERNER -NATHANS, DANIEL -SMITH, HAMILTON O. |
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1979 | -CORMACK, ALLAN M. -HOUNSFIELD, Sir GODFREY N. |
"for the development of computer assisted tomography" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1980 | -BENACERRAF, BARUJ -DAUSSET, JEAN -SNELL, GEORGE D. |
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1981 | -SPERRY, ROGER W. |
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" |
| -HUBEL, DAVID H. -WIESEL, TORSTEN N. |
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" | |
| Physiology or Medicine 1982 | -BERGSTRÖM, SUNE K. -SAMUELSSON, BENGT I. -VANE, Sir JOHN R. |
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1983 | -McCLINTOCK, BARBARA |
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1984 | -JERNE, NIELS K. -KÖHLER, GEORGES J.F. -MILSTEIN, CÉSAR |
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1985 | -BROWN, MICHAEL S. -GOLDSTEIN, JOSEPH L. |
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1986 | -COHEN, STANLEY -LEVI-MONTALCINI, RITA |
"for their discoveries of growth factors" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1987 | -TONEGAWA, SUSUMU |
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1988 | -BLACK, Sir JAMES W. -ELION, GERTRUDE B. -HITCHINGS, GEORGE H. |
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1989 | -BISHOP, J. MICHAEL -VARMUS, HAROLD E. |
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1990 | -MURRAY, JOSEPH E. -THOMAS, E. DONNALL |
"for their discoveries concerning Organ and Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Human Disease" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1991 | -NEHER, ERWIN -SAKMANN, BERT |
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1992 | -FISCHER, EDMOND H. -KREBS, EDWIN G. |
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1993 | -ROBERTS, RICHARD J. -SHARP, PHILLIP A. |
"for their discoveries of split genes" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1994 | -GILMAN, ALFRED G. -RODBELL, MARTIN |
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1995 | -LEWIS, EDWARD B. -NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD, CHRISTIANE -WIESCHAUS, ERIC F. |
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1996 | -DOHERTY, PETER C. -ZINKERNAGEL, ROLF M. |
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1997 | -PRUSINER, STANLEY B. |
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1998 | -FURCHGOTT, ROBERT F. -IGNARRO, LOUIS J. -MURAD, FERID |
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" |
| Physiology or Medicine 1999 | -BLOBEL, GÜNTER |
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" |