Lyme Disease Hall of Shame

Michael A. Gerber, MD

Lyme disease is a serious bacterial infection caused by a tick bite and affects humans and animals.

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This page contains citations and abstracts for medical and scientific articles from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Library of Medicine (NLM) MEDLINE database about Lyme disease by Michael A. Gerber, MD.

Table of Contents

General information about Michael A. Gerber, MD
MEDLINE search link for Lyme disease citations and abstracts with Gerber as author
Summaries of all MEDLINE citations on Lyme disease for Michael A. Gerber, MD
Complete text of all MEDLINE citations on Lyme disease for Michael A. Gerber, MD

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General information about Michael A. Gerber, MD

Michael A. Gerber, MD
------------------------------------
University of Connecticut Health Center
263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030
(860) 679-2000

The following link was used to find all MEDLINE citations and abstracts pertaining to Lyme disease with Gerber as one of the authors:

MEDLINE - Gerber AND Lyme disease - 22 citations found on 2 Feb 00

Summaries of all MEDLINE citations on Lyme disease for Michael A. Gerber, MD

[Note: Items 2, 6, 7, 18, and 22 were by a different Gerber.]

1 - TITLE: Lyme disease vaccine. [No abstract available.]

3 - "...the prognosis for children with Lyme arthritis who are treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy is excellent."

4 - TITLE: Lyme disease and facial nerve palsy [editorial] [No abstract available.]

5 - "The prognosis is excellent for those with early Lyme disease who are treated promptly with conventional courses of antimicrobial agents."

8 - "Lyme disease is an important health problem in school-aged children living in southeastern Connecticut." COMMENT: And this "brillant" fact was determined in 1995, 20 years after Lyme disease was discoverd in southeastern Connecticut - in children - who were misdiagnosed as having juvenile rheumatoid arthritis - by rheumatiods.

9 - TITLE: Appropriateness of serologic tests and parenteral antibiotic therapy for patients with presumed Lyme disease. [No abstract available.]

10 - "The IgM rOspC ELISA is a convenient, readily automated, easily standardized serologic test that is significantly more sensitive for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease than either WC ELISA or immunoblot assay."

11 - "The risk of acquiring either Lyme disease or babesiosis from a blood transfusion in Connecticut is very low."

12 - "We conclude that congenital neuroborreliosis is either not occurring or is occurring at an extremely low rate in areas endemic for Lyme disease." COMMENT: Well, which is it?

13 - "A telephone interview program 1 to 6 years after the initial episode of Lyme disease revealed that none of the patients had evidence of carditis, arthritis, or neurologic complications attributable to Lyme disease." COMMENT: Another one of those "scientific" phone surveys.

14 - "The existence of a form of early Lyme disease characterized by a flu-like illness without erythema migrans is controversial. ...The existence of a flu-like illness without erythema migrans of early Lyme disease has been clearly established." COMMENT: The existence of persisting or relapsing Lyme disease seems to be controversial for some researchers. ........

15 - "Even in an area in which Lyme disease is endemic, the risk of infection with B. burgdorferi after a recognized deer-tick bite is so low that prophylactic antimicrobial treatment is not routinely indicated." COMMENT: Lots of controversey on this paper evidenced by the number of comments to it. See all comments at:
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis after Tick Bites, NEJM 1993; 328: 1418-1420
For more on prophylactic antibiotic treatment of tick bites, see:
Antibiotic Prophylaxis After Tick Bite For Prevention Of Lyme Disease - An Annotated Bibliography

16 - "To determine if antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi persist after antibiotic treatment, we recalled 32 patients with Lyme disease from a primary care practice a mean of 16 months after treatment and analyzed initial and follow-up serum samples by ELISA and immunoblot assays. ...Nine of the 32 patients had persistent or recurrent symptoms, and ELISA and immunoblot were not helpful for identifying these nine patients." COMMENT: But, do these researchers believe the patients still have Lyme disease?

17 - TITLE: Diagnosis of Lyme disease in children. [No abstract available.]

19 - TITLE: False positive serologic tests for Lyme disease after varicella infection [letter] [No abstract available.]

20 - "There is a considerable risk of babesial infection among residents of the Connecticut mainland who are seropositive for Lyme disease, a risk that appears to have remained constant over the past 5 years." [Note: Gerber M assumed to be Gerber MA.]

21 - TITLE: Lyme disease and pregnancy. [No abstract available.]

Complete text of all MEDLINE citations on Lyme disease for Michael A. Gerber, MD

1
TITLE:
Lyme disease vaccine.
AUTHORS: Gerber MA
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10493347 NLM CIT. ID: 99421090
SOURCE: Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999 Sep;18(9):825-6
[No abstract available.]

3
TITLE:
Lyme arthritis in children: clinical epidemiology and long-term outcomes.
AUTHORS: Gerber MA; Zemel LS; Shapiro ED
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 9755263 NLM CIT. ID: 98429612
SOURCE: Pediatrics 1998 Oct;102(4 Pt 1):905-8
ABSTRACT:
OBJECTIVE: Although Lyme disease has become a relatively common cause of arthritis among children in areas of the country in which the disease is endemic, little information is available about the clinical epidemiology and long-term outcomes of children with Lyme arthritis. We conducted a long-term follow-up study to determine the clinical epidemiology of Lyme arthritis in children as well as their long-term outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All children seen between 1982 and 1991 at the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at Newington Children's Hospital (Newington, CT) with an initial diagnosis of Lyme disease were identified. Medical records were reviewed and structured telephone interviews were conducted to obtain demographic, clinical, and follow- up data. RESULTS: A total of 90 children (63% boys) with a mean age of 8.3 years (range, 1.8-16 years) at the time of diagnosis of Lyme arthritis were evaluated. Lyme arthritis was preceded by early Lyme disease in 23 (26%) of the children; however, only 8 (35%) of these children had been treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy at that early stage. Ninety percent of the children had arthritis of at least one knee, while small joints were rarely involved. For the 31 children who underwent arthrocentesis, the mean white blood cell count in the synovial fluid was 38 000 cells/mm3 (range, 7000-99 000 cells/mm3) with predominantly neutrophils. For the 79 children for whom an erythrocyte sedimentation rate was determined, the highest level for 61 (77%) was >20 mm/h and for 36 (46%) was >50 mm/h. Antimicrobial therapy was initiated 2 days to 5.5 years (median, 2 months) after the onset of symptoms. However, 5 of the children were never treated with antimicrobials. Fifty-one percent of the patients had a single episode of arthritis, while 49% reported recurrent episodes of arthritis over a period of 1 week to 8 years (median, 6 months). Two children (2%) developed chronic arthritis and underwent arthroscopic synovectomy. At the time of the telephone follow-up evaluation, performed 2 to 12 years (median, 7 years) after the onset of the Lyme arthritis, 4 children had ongoing musculoskeletal complaints that resulted in mild to moderate impairment of school or sports activities, but none of the children had evidence of active arthritis. CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation suggest that the prognosis for children with Lyme arthritis who are treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy is excellent.

4
TITLE:
Lyme disease and facial nerve palsy [editorial]
AUTHORS: Shapiro ED; Gerber MA
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 9412591 NLM CIT. ID: 98074067
SOURCE: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997 Dec;151(12):1183-4
[No abstract available.]

5
TITLE:
Lyme disease in children in southeastern Connecticut. Pediatric Lyme Disease Study Group [see comments]
See complete text at:
Original Articles -- NEJM 1996; 335: 1270-1274
AUTHORS: Gerber MA; Shapiro ED; Burke GS; Parcells VJ; Bell GL
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
COMMENTS:
Comment in: N Engl J Med 1997 Apr 10;336(15):1107; discusssion 1107-8
Correspondence -- NEJM 1997; 336: 1107-1108
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 8857006 NLM CIT. ID: 96427293
SOURCE: N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 24;335(17):1270-4
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND: Although the incidence of Lyme disease is highest in children, there are few prospective data on the clinical manifestations and outcomes in children. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, longitudinal, community-based cohort study of children with newly diagnosed Lyme disease in an area of Connecticut in which the disease is highly endemic. We obtained clinical and demographic information and performed serial antibody tests and follow-up evaluations. RESULTS: Over a period of 20 months, 201 consecutive patients were enrolled; their median age was 7 years (range, 1 to 21). The initial clinical manifestations of Lyme disease were a single erythema migrans lesion in 66 percent, multiple erythema migrans lesions in 23 percent, arthritis in 6 percent, facial-nerve palsy in 3 percent, aseptic meningitis in 2 percent, and carditis in 0.5 percent. At presentation, 37 percent of the patients with a single erythema migrans lesion and 89 percent of those with multiple erythema migrans lesions had antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi. All but 3 of the 201 patients were treated for two to four weeks with conventional antimicrobial therapy, which was administered orally in 96 percent. All had prompt clinical responses. After four weeks, 94 percent were completely asymptomatic (including the two patients whose parents had refused to allow antimicrobial treatment). At follow-up a mean of 25.4 months later, none of the patients had evidence of either chronic or recurrent Lyme disease. Six patients subsequently had a new episode of erythema migrans. CONCLUSIONS: About 90 percent of children with Lyme disease present with erythema migrans, which is an early stage of the disease. The prognosis is excellent for those with early Lyme disease who are treated promptly with conventional courses of antimicrobial agents.

8
TITLE:
Prospective assessment of Lyme disease in a school-aged population in Connecticut.
AUTHORS: Feder HM Jr; Gerber MA; Cartter ML; Sikand V; Krause PJ
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-3960, USA.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 7751720 NLM CIT. ID: 95271085
SOURCE: J Infect Dis 1995 May;171(5):1371-4
ABSTRACT:
To determine the incidence and cumulative frequency of Lyme disease in a school-aged population in an area in which Lyme disease is endemic, serum specimens were obtained before and after the 1990-1992 tick seasons from 410 middle and high school students in southeastern Connecticut. Sera were tested for serologic evidence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, and students were questioned about physician- confirmed episodes of clinical Lyme disease. At enrollment, 29 (7%) students had a history of Lyme disease, and of these, 12 (41%) were seropositive for B. burgdorferi infection. Seronegative students (397) were followed prospectively over a total of 796 person years. At enrollment, 381 students (93%) had no history of Lyme disease, and of these, 1 (0.3%) was seropositive. During this period, 8 students developed clinical Lyme disease and 3 had asymptomatic infections with B. burgdorferi. The incidences of clinical Lyme disease and asymptomatic B. burgdorferi infection were 10.1 and 3.8 cases/1000 person-years, respectively. Lyme disease is an important health problem in school-aged children living in southeastern Connecticut.

9
TITLE:
Appropriateness of serologic tests and parenteral antibiotic therapy for patients with presumed Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Gerber MA; Bieluch V; Levitz RE; Parry MF; Sabetta J; Schleiter G
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 7606906 NLM CIT. ID: 95330947
SOURCE: Conn Med 1995 Apr;59(4):195-6

10
TITLE:
Recombinant outer surface protein C ELISA for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Gerber MA; Shapiro ED; Bell GL; Sampieri A; Padula SJ
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 7876628 NLM CIT. ID: 95181889
SOURCE: J Infect Dis 1995 Mar;171(3):724-7
ABSTRACT:
To compare the sensitivity of a new ELISA for IgM antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi that uses a recombinant outer surface protein C (rOspC) with those of a whole cell (WC) ELISA and an immunoblot assay for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease, serum specimens from 82 consecutive patients with physician-documented erythema migrans were analyzed. To compare the specificities of the three assays, serum specimens from 50 patients without a history of Lyme disease and from an area in which B. burgdorferi is not endemic were analyzed. The sensitivities of the WC ELISA, immunoblot assay, and IgM rOspC ELISA were 28%, 29%, and 46%, respectively, while the specificities were 100%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. The IgM rOspC ELISA is a convenient, readily automated, easily standardized serologic test that is significantly more sensitive for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease than either WC ELISA or immunoblot assay.

11
TITLE:
The risk of acquiring Lyme disease or babesiosis from a blood transfusion.
AUTHORS: Gerber MA; Shapiro ED; Krause PJ; Cable RG; Badon SJ; Ryan RW
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 8014507 NLM CIT. ID: 94284646
SOURCE: J Infect Dis 1994 Jul;170(1):231-4
ABSTRACT:
To determine the risk of acquiring Lyme disease or babesiosis from blood transfusion, serum was collected before and 6 weeks after patients received multiple transfusions during cardiothoracic surgery and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti were measured. Of 155 subjects, 149 received 601 total units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and 48 received 371 total units of platelets. No patient developed clinical or serologic evidence of Lyme disease; 1 (who received 5 units of PRBC) developed clinical and serologic evidence of babesiosis. The risk of acquiring Lyme disease from a transfused unit of PRBC was 0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0-0.5%) and from a transfused unit of platelets was 0 (95% CI, 0-0.8%); the same risks for babesiosis were 0.17% (95% CI, 0.004%-0.9%) and 0 (95% CI, 0-0.8%), respectively. The risk of acquiring either Lyme disease or babesiosis from a blood transfusion in Connecticut is very low.

12
TITLE:
Childhood neurologic disorders and Lyme disease during pregnancy.
AUTHORS: Gerber MA; Zalneraitis EL
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-1515.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 7986291 NLM CIT. ID: 95077616
SOURCE: Pediatr Neurol 1994 Jul;11(1):41-3
ABSTRACT:
To determine the prevalence of clinically significant nervous system disease attributable to transplacental transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, we surveyed neurologists in areas of the United States in which Lyme disease is endemic (i.e., Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin, and Minnesota). Overall, 162 of the 176 (92%) pediatric neurologists contacted responded to the survey with a range of 90-100% in the different geographic areas. One pediatric neurologist was following 3 children who were labeled as having "congenital Lyme disease," but none of the 3 met our case definition. None of the other pediatric neurologists surveyed had ever seen a child whose mother had been diagnosed as having Lyme disease during pregnancy. Similarly, none of the 37 adult neurologists in Connecticut surveyed had ever seen a child whose mother had been diagnosed as having had Lyme disease during pregnancy. We conclude that congenital neuroborreliosis is either not occurring or is occurring at an extremely low rate in areas endemic for Lyme disease.

13
TITLE:
Long-term outcome of Lyme disease in children given early treatment.
AUTHORS: Salazar JC; Gerber MA; Goff CW
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-1515.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 8463906 NLM CIT. ID: 93217764
SOURCE: J Pediatr 1993 Apr;122(4):591-3
ABSTRACT:
Sixty-three patients treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy between 1985 and 1990 for physician-documented erythema migrans were identified. A telephone interview program 1 to 6 years after the initial episode of Lyme disease revealed that none of the patients had evidence of carditis, arthritis, or neurologic complications attributable to Lyme disease. A new episode of erythema migrans was reported in 7 (11%) of the patients 1 to 4 years after the initial episode.

14
TITLE:
Early Lyme disease: a flu-like illness without erythema migrans.
AUTHORS: Feder HM Jr; Gerber MA; Krause PJ; Ryan R; Shapiro ED
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 8424027 NLM CIT. ID: 93141312
SOURCE: Pediatrics 1993 Feb;91(2):456-9
ABSTRACT:
The existence of a form of early Lyme disease characterized by a flu- like illness without erythema migrans is controversial. To confirm the existence and define the clinical characteristics of the flu-like illness without erythema migrans of localized Lyme disease, the authors studied patients from a Lyme disease endemic area of Connecticut who visited their primary care physicians with an undefined flu-like illness. Patients kept a diary of their symptoms. Acute and convalescent sera were obtained. The diagnosis of Lyme disease was based on the appearance of IgM or IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi as demonstrated by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot assay. Twenty-four untreated patients were studied. In five patients acute serologic evidence of Lyme disease developed. The flu-like illness in these five patients was characterized by fever and fatigue and resolved spontaneously in 5 to 21 days. Symptoms recurred in three of these five patients. The existence of a flu-like illness without erythema migrans of early Lyme disease has been clearly established. Prospective, controlled studies are needed to better define its incidence, characteristics, and prognosis so that appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can be developed.

15
TITLE:
A controlled trial of antimicrobial prophylaxis for Lyme disease after deer-tick bites [see comments]
AUTHORS: Shapiro ED; Gerber MA; Holabird NB; Berg AT; Feder HM Jr; Bell GL; Rys PN; Persing DH
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. 06510-8064.
COMMENTS:
Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993 May 13;328(19):1418; discussion 1420
Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993 May 13;328(19):1418-9; discussion 1420
Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993 May 13;328(19):1419; discussion 1420
Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993 May 13;328(19):1419-20
[Note: For all comments above, see:
Correspondence -- Antimicrobial Prophylaxis after Tick Bites, NEJM 1993; 328: 1418-1420 ]
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 1435930 NLM CIT. ID: 93063129
SOURCE: N Engl J Med 1992 Dec 17;327(25):1769-73
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND. Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease, is transmitted by deer ticks (lxodes dammini) in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Although deer-tick bites are common in areas in which the disease is endemic, there is uncertainty about how to manage the care of persons who are bitten. METHODS. To assess the risk of infection with B. burgdorferi and the efficacy of prophylactic antimicrobial treatment after a deer-tick bite, we conducted a double- blind, placebo-controlled trial in an area of southeastern Connecticut in which Lyme disease is endemic. Children and adults who had been bitten by deer ticks were randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin or placebo for 10 days. Subjects were followed for one year for clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Serum samples obtained at enrollment and six weeks and three months later were tested for antibodies against B. burgdorferi. RESULTS. Of the 387 subjects, 205 (53 percent) were assigned to receive amoxicillin and 182 (47 percent) to receive placebo. Of 344 deer ticks submitted and analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction, 15 percent were infected with B. burgdorferi. Erythema migrans developed in two subjects, both of whom had received placebo. There were no asymptomatic seroconversions and no late manifestations of Lyme disease. The risk of infection with B. burgdorferi in the placebo-treated subjects was 1.2 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 4.1 percent), which was not significantly different (P = 0.22) from the risk in the amoxicillin-treated subjects (0 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 0 to 1.5 percent). CONCLUSIONS. Even in an area in which Lyme disease is endemic, the risk of infection with B. burgdorferi after a recognized deer-tick bite is so low that prophylactic antimicrobial treatment is not routinely indicated.

16
TITLE:
Persistence of serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Feder HM Jr; Gerber MA; Luger SW; Ryan RW
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 1445977 NLM CIT. ID: 93075878
SOURCE: Clin Infect Dis 1992 Nov;15(5):788-93
ABSTRACT:
To determine if antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi persist after antibiotic treatment, we recalled 32 patients with Lyme disease from a primary care practice a mean of 16 months after treatment and analyzed initial and follow-up serum samples by ELISA and immunoblot assays. Of the eight patients whose initial serum specimens were positive for IgM antibody by ELISA, three had positive titers of IgM antibody at follow- up; of the 23 patients whose initial serum specimens were positive for IgG antibody by ELISA, 19 had positive titers of IgG at follow-up. Of the five patients whose initial serum specimens were positive for IgM antibody by immunoblot, two had positive titers of IgM antibody at follow-up; of the 30 patients whose initial serum specimens were positive for IgG antibody by immunoblot, 29 had positive titers of IgG antibody at follow-up. The bands on the IgG immunoblot remained remarkably constant during the period from analysis of the initial specimen to that of the follow-up specimen. Nine of the 32 patients had persistent or recurrent symptoms, and ELISA and immunoblot were not helpful for identifying these nine patients.

17
TITLE:
Diagnosis of Lyme disease in children.
AUTHORS: Gerber MA; Shapiro ED
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 1625075 NLM CIT. ID: 92325856
SOURCE: J Pediatr 1992 Jul;121(1):157-62
[No abstract available.]

19
TITLE:
False positive serologic tests for Lyme disease after varicella infection [letter]
AUTHORS: Feder HM Jr; Gerber MA; Luger SW; Ryan RW
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 1961232 NLM CIT. ID: 92072645
SOURCE: N Engl J Med 1991 Dec 26;325(26):1886-7
[No abstract available.]

20
TITLE:
Geographical and temporal distribution of babesial infection in Connecticut.
AUTHORS: Krause PJ; Telford SR 3d; Ryan R; Hurta AB; Kwasnik I; Luger S; Niederman J; Gerber M; Spielman A
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatrics, Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 06115.
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 1993742 NLM CIT. ID: 91131759
SOURCE: J Clin Microbiol 1991 Jan;29(1):1-4
ABSTRACT:
Human babesiosis was first recognized in Connecticut in 1989, nearly 15 years after Lyme disease, a similarly transmitted spirochetosis, was detected in the state. To determine the seroprevalence for the babesial pathogen and whether it was recently introduced, we used an indirect immunofluorescence assay to test for Babesia microti antibody in 1,285 Connecticut residents. Four groups were studied: I, people seropositive for Lyme disease, tested from 1986 to 1989; II, randomly selected outpatients tested in 1989; III, college students residing in Connecticut, tested from 1959 to 1989; and IV, healthy people without tick exposure or Lyme disease, tested in 1989. Babesia seropositivity was significantly higher in group I (9.5%; n = 735) than in groups II (2.6%; n = 304, P less than 0.0001) and III (1.0%; n = 206, P less than 0.0001) but not group IV (2.5%, n = 40). Babesia seropositivity for group I ranged from 9.2 to 10.2% between 1986 and 1989, and Babesia seropositivity for group III ranged from 0% between 1959 and 1985 to 2.9% between 1986 and 1989. There is a considerable risk of babesial infection among residents of the Connecticut mainland who are seropositive for Lyme disease, a risk that appears to have remained constant over the past 5 years.

21
TITLE:
Lyme disease and pregnancy.
AUTHORS: Cartter ML; Hadler JL; Gerber MA; Mofenson L
NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 2758822 NLM CIT. ID: 89337701
SOURCE: Conn Med 1989 Jun;53(6):341-2
[No abstract available.]



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Art Doherty
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