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| Muscle of Mastication PA: temporal fossa (squamous portion of temporal bone) DA: apex & deep surface of coronoid process & anterior border of ramus of mandible Actions: posterior fibers- retraction anterior fibers- elevation Innervation: mandibular division of trigeminal (V) Palpation: Apply firm pressure in temple area and clench teeth | |
| Muscle of Mastication PA: zygomatic arch DA: external surface of ramus Actions: elevates mandible so teeth come together; superficial fibers help protract jaw. Innervation: mandibular division of trigeminal (V) Palpation: apply pressure at angle of mandible and clench teeth. |
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| Muscle of Mastication PA: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
DA: neck of mandible & articular disc of TMJ Actions: protrusion- pulls head of mandible, intra-articular disc & jt capsule forward onto articular eminence; might help disc glide anteriorly. Innervation: mandibular division of trigeminal (V) | Spasm of the lateral pterygoid muscle could cause anterior displacement of the intra-articular disc of TMJ joint. Symptoms: heachaches, pain, audible clicking when mouth opens, tendency of jaw to lock. | |
| Muscle of Mastication PA: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate DA: medial surface of angle of mandible Actions: elevates mandible; pulls mandible forward toward pterygoid plate; when medial and lateral pterygoid on 1 side contract together, chin swings to other side Innervation: mandibular division of trigeminal (V) | ||
| Facial Muscle Posterior Part: PA: outer part of superior nuchal line and mastoid part of temporal DA: aponeurosis Anterior Part: PA: aponeurosis DA: superficial fascia of forehead & eyebrow, obicularis oris Actions: raising eyebrows- Asurprise@; pull scalp back or forward; can raise eyebrows one at a time for quizzical look; creates horizontal wrinkles on forehead Innervation: temporal division of Facial (VII) |
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| Facial Muscle PA: medial end of superciliary arch, blending with obicularis oris DA: fibers run up and laterally to skin of eyebrows Actions: pull both eyebrows down and medial, creating deep vertical wrinkles between eyebrows Innervation: Facial (VII) | |
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| Facial Muscle PA: lower part of nasal bone DA: skin over lower forehead mingling with anterior belly of occipitofrontalis Actions: pulls medial part of eyebrow down and causes transverse wrinkles at root of nose Innervation: Facial (VII) | |
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| Facial Muscle Attachments: runs elliptically around mouth Actions: Orbital part: draws skin of forehead and cheek toward medial angle of orbit, screwing up eyes Palpebral part: pull down upper lid and raises lower lid, closing eye Lacrimal part: dilates lacrimal sac Innervation: Facial (VII) | If there is paralysis of the obicularis oculi, there is an inability to close the eye. Thus, blinking and washing mechanisms are hindered and the eye becomes red and inflamed. See also Bell=s Palsy |
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| Facial Muscle Attachments: Vertically- nasal septum to midway between chin and lower lip; fibers run elliptically around mouth Actions: puckering & whistling; change shape of mouth and lips for speech; contraction against teeth pushes food back between teeth for chewing. Innervation: Facial (VII) | If there is paralysis of the obicularis oris due to paralysis of the facial nerve, etc, there will be impaired speech and difficulty eating. See also Bell=s Palsy |
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| Facial Muscle Attachments: Arises from maxilla and mandible opposite the molars. Fibers run forward to blend with orbicularis oris. Actions: presses cheek in against teeth and resists outward pressure against cheek; sucking action Innervation: Buccal division of Facial Nerve (VII) Palpation: place finger between teeth and cheek. Feel it contract as it presses the finger against teeth. | Accumulation of food in cheek occurs during paralysis of this muscle. |
b)Levator Labii Superioris c) Levator Anguli Oris | Facial Muscles PA: Maxilla DA: a) ala of nose and skin, muscles of upper lip, b) upper lip (lateral end) c) skin and muscles at angle of mouth; maybe lower lip Actions: contraction on both sides= raise upper lip (smiling) contraction on 1 side= sneer Innervation: Facial Nerve (VII) | Paralysis of these muscles results in a gradual drooping of the angle of the mouth on the affected side, causing a leaking of saliva with a constant dribble from the corner of the mouth. |
| Facial Muscles PA:mandible below mental foramen DA: a) muscles of lower lip at angle of mouth; some may go to upper lip b) skin/muscles of lower lip Actions: together- pull mouth down and laterally. Muscle b alone- curls lower lip down Innervation: Mandibular division of Facial Nerve (VII) | |
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| Facial Muscle PA: fascia covering parotid gland DA: skin at angle of mouth Action: pulls angle of mouth laterally as in laughing | |
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| Facial Muscle PA: mandible (below incisors) DA: skin of chin Actions: pulls chin up, causing protrusion of lower lip= pouting Innervation: Mandibular division of Facial Nerve (VII) | |
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| Facial Muscle PA: skin/superficial part of chest DA: lower border of body of mandible Actions: depresses mandible; depresses angle of mouth & lower lip= expression of horror; tenses neck; prevents compression of veins or sucking in of soft tissues of neck during violent respiratory efforts Innervation: Cervical Division of Facial Nerve (VII) | Paralysis causes skin of neck to fall away in slack folds. |
| Oculomotor Muscle Attachments: Comes from medial side and attaches to bottom of posterior part of eye Actions: pulls eye medial and up Innervation: Oculomotor (III) | Weakness causes difficulty gazing up and medially | |
| Oculomotor Muscle Attachments: Comes from medial side and attaches to top of posterior part of eye Actions: pulls eyes down and medial Innervation: Oculomotor (III) | Weakness causes difficulty gazing down and medially | |
| Oculomotor Muscle Attachments: Goes to medial side of posterior part of eye Actions: Adducts eye Innervation: Oculomotor (III) | Weakness causes difficulty adducting eye | |
| Oculomotor Muscle Attachments: Goes to medial side of posterior part of eye Actions: Abducts eye Innervation: Abducens Nerve (VI) | Weakness causes difficulty abducting eye | |
| Oculomotor Muscle Attachments: attaches on top part of posterior side of eyeball after coming from medial side Actions: pulls eye down and laterally Innervation: Trochlear Nerve (IV) | Weakness causes difficulty directing eye down and laterally | |
| Oculomotor Muscle Attachments: Comes from medial side and attaches to bottom of posterior part of eyeball Actions: pulls eye up and laterally Innervation: Oculomotor (III) | Weakness causes difficulty directing eye up and laterally | |
| PA: mastoid process and superior nuchal line
DA: medial end of clavicle and manubrium Actions: laterally flexes neck and flexes head in opposite direction; if both contract, forward flexion occurs Innervation: Spinal Accessory (XI) Palpation: resist rotation and lateral flexion of neck & feel muscle from mastoid process to sternum | Torticollis: due to shortening or abnormal spasticity of the sternocleidomastoid; puts head into permanent lateral flexion
Ramifications: pain, dizziness, problems with balance and vision -idiopathetic disease (unsure of cause) -found mainly in adults, although congenital torticollis occurs in children and causes developmental problems, including a skewed face. | |
| Anterior Triangle Muscle PA:trans processes of C1-4 DA: (ant) superior surface of 1st rib (mid) more posterior part of superior surface of 1st rib (post) superior surface of 2nd rib Actions: Laterally flex the neck; elevate ribs when neck is stable Innervation: motor branches of cervical plexus | ||
| Muscle of Inspiration PA: lower part of ligamentum nuchae & spinous processes of C7-T3 DA: fibers pass down and lat to ribs 2,3,4 (external surface) Action: causes elevation of ribs to assist inspiration Innervation: ventral rami of thoracic nerves T2-T6 (intercostal nerves) | ||
| Muscles of Inspiration PA: tip of transverse processes of C7-T11 (of vertebra above) DA: tubercle of rib below (upper border) Action: elevates ribs during inspiration; produces slight degree of rotation and lateral flexion of trunk Innervation: dorsal rami of thoracic nerves | ||
| Muscles of Inspiration Attachments: extend from inferior border of one rib to superior border of rib below -External: directed inferiorly & toward sternum (lower border of rib above to upper border of rib below) -Internal: directed inferiorly & toward vertebral column (extends from lower border of costal cartilage and grove above to upper border of rib below); 90 degrees to external Intercostals -Innermost: deepest; fibers directed away from sternum; not complete; separated from internal Intercostals by intercostal nerves and vessels Action: add rigidity to chest wall/stabilization of chest wall; resists blowing in and out of intercostal spaces during respiration (bellowing effect); externals may play a role in elevation of ribs Innervation: anterior primary rami of adjacent intercostal nerves | |
| Muscle of Expiration PA: spinous processes of T11-L2 (& their supraspinous ligaments via thoracolumbar fascia) DA: ribs 10, 11, 12 (at angles) Action: pulls lower ribs down and backwards to assist expiration Innervation: ventral rami of T9-11 - located deep to latissimus dorsi | ||
| Muscle of Expiration PA: posterior surface of xiphoid process & lower aspect of sternum DA: pass up and laterally to costal cartilage of ribs 2-6 Action: pulls costal cartilages articulating with sternum down; contributes to expiration Innervation: anterior primary rami of adjacent thoracic nerves | ||
| Muscle of Expiration Attachments: inner surface of ribs near angle Actions: depress ribs and aid expiration Innervation: ventral rami of adj thoracic nerves - best developed in lower thoracic region - fibers run in same general direction as innermost Intercostals and are continuous with them | ||
| Primary Muscle of Inspiration - musculotendinous sheet separating thoracic and abdominal cavities - higher anteriorly than posteriorly Muscular Portions: -Sternal- arises by 2 slips from posterior surface of xiphoid process and go right into central tendon; Costal- arises from all along costal margin (lower 6 ribs, exp 11-12) to insert into anterolateral part of central tendon; Lumbar- 2 crura attaching to anterolateral aspects of vertebral bodies of T11-T12 and lumbar vertebrae to central tendon; Right Lumbar: from bodies & IV discs of L1-3; right to left; Left Lumbar: from bodies & IV discs of L1-2; left to right Actions: upon contraction, diaphragm moves down, ribs are elevated, and sternum moves forward = increased dimensions of thorax = air in; relaxes to control rate of expiration |
| Superficial Back Muscles Description: deep to rhomboids, trapezius, and SCM PA: lower 2 of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes C7-T6 DA: mastoid process and superior nuchal line Actions: individually- extends head and neck, accompanied by lateral flexion of neck and ipsilateral rotation; both- pure extension of head and neck Innervation: dorsal rami of C3, 4, 5 | ||
| Superficial Back Muscles PA: lower 2 of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes C7-T6 DA: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C4 (in front of ligamentum nuchae) Action: by itself- laterally flexes and slightly rotates neck to same side; both acting- extends neck Innervation: dorsal rami of C5, 6, 7 | ||
| Deep Back Muscles PA: transverse processes C4-T6 DA: between sup & inf nuchal lines Actions: both sides acting- extension of head on neck; one side acting- contralateral rotator Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves | ||
| Deep Back Muscles PA: Transverse processes C4-T6 DA: ligamentum nuchae Actions: both sides- extension of neck; one side- contralateral rotator Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves | ||
| Intermediate Back Muscles Description: large powerful muscle mass running length of vertebral column; splits into 3 muscles above the lumbar region PA: iliac crest (posterior) DA: (iliocostalis) angle of ribs (longissimus) mastoid process transverse processes (spinalis) lat surface of spinous processes
Innervation: posterior primary rami (dorsal rami) of spinal nerves | |
| Deep Back Muscle Attachments: adjacent to transverse processes of 1 vertebra & passes up to attach to lamina of above vertebra -most developed in thoracic region Actions: rotation in thoracic region; extensible ligament for stabilization Innervation: dorsal rami | ||
| Deep Back Muscles PA: along transverse and articular processes specifically: t processes of thoracic, back of sacrum, fascia of erector spinae, mamillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, articular processes of lower 4-5 cerv vert. DA: spinous processes of vertebra above -goes b/t 1 or 4 spinal levels -deep to semispinalis and erector spinous in gutter b/t transverse and spinous processes at all levels Actions: helps with rotation, lateral flexion and rotation at all levels; dynamic ligament: a structure that=s a muscle but whose function is stabilization of the joints Innervation: posterior primary rami of adjacent spinal nerves | ||
| Suboccipital Muscle PA: spinous process C2 DA: inferior nuchal line Innervation: dorsal ramus C1 Action(s): extends head on neck; working singly- ipsilateral rotation of head; stabilization of atlanto-occipital joint during movement | ||
| Suboccipital Muscle PA: posterior tubercle of atlas DA: inferior nuchal line (medial and deep to rectus capitis major) Innervation: dorsal ramus C1 Action(s): extends head on neck and stabilizes atlanto-occipital joint | ||
| Suboccipital Muscle PA: transverse process of atlas (C1) DA: inferior nuchal line (lateral to semispinalis capitis) Innervation: dorsal ramus C1 (suboccipital nerve) Action(s): extends head on neck; stabilization | ||
| Suboccipital Muscle PA: spinous process of axis (C2) DA: transverse process of atlas (C1) Innervation: dorsal ramus C1 Action(s): turns face to same side; extensile ligament stabilizing atlanto-occipital joint -largest suboccipital muscle | ||
| Anterolat Ab Wall Muscle Description: most superficial of 3 layers PA: external surface of lower (8) ribs and their costal cartilages DA: ant. iliac crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba via aponeurosis Fiber Direction: down and medially from ribs toward midline Action: contralateral rotation (i.e. right one rotates to left); can assist w/ forward flexion action bilaterally Innervation: ventral rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves (T7-T12) i.e. intercostal and subcostal nerves; plus iliohypogastric (L1) | ||
| Anterolat Ab Wall Muscle Description: deep to ext oblique in middle of 3 layers PA: lumbar fascia, ant. iliac crest, inguinal ligament DA: lower (4) ribs, linea alba via aponeurosis Fiber Direction: opp ext obliques Actions: ipsilateral rotation; both sides acting- assists with forward flexion Innervation: T7-T11 intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve (T12); iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal off of L1 | ||
| Anterolat Ab Wall Muscle Description: deep to int oblique PA: lumbar fascia, post iliac crest, Lower ribs DA: linea alba (via aponeurosis) Fiber Direction: transversely Actions: increases intra-abd pressure during forced exhalation; increases venous blood flow; Valsalva maneuver used when picking up heavy objects; helps in defecation Innervation: T7-11 intercostals and subcostal; iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal off of L1 | ||
| Anterolat Ab Wall Muscle Description: runs vertically on front of abdomen within rectus sheath PA: xiphoid process and adj costal cartilage (ribs 5-7) DA: symphysis pubis + pubic crest Action: helps with forward flexion; posterior pelvic tilt; helps stabilize pelvis during gait Innervation: T7-11 intercostals and subcostal nerve | ||
| Description: small muscle that may or may not be present anterior to rectus abdominis in rectus sheath
PA: pubic crest DA: linea alba Innervation: subcostal nerve | ||
| Posterolat Ab Wall Muscle Description: large, flat quadrilateral muscle Fiber Direction: up and medially PA: iliac crest (& iliolumbar lig) DA: 12th rib, transverse processes L1-L5 Actions: some ipsilateral lat flexion of trunk; standing on 1 leg- keeps pelvis from dropping on NWB side; steadies 12th rib during inspiration (when diaphragm contracts + pulls ribs down, it has s/t to hold onto); extends lumbar vertebral column; ***stabilizes back- subtle moves Innervation: subcostal nerve and upper lumbar ventral rami (L1-3?) | ||
| Posterolat Ab Wall Muscle Description: large, thick powerful Fiber Direction: 9 and forwards until pelvic brim and them it becomes more vertical (9, back, lat) PA: L1-5 vertebral bodies DA: lesser trochanter of femur (passes under inguinal lig 1st) Action: flexion of hip joint (brings thigh up); forward flexion if hip stabilized; one side only- ipsilateral lateral flexion? Innervation: upper lumbar ventral rami (L1-3) and s/t L4; skin over groin- L1 Iliacus + Psoas= Iliopsoas | ||
| Posterolat Ab Wall Muscle Description: weak muscle not always present PA: sides of T12 and L1 and IV disc-gives rise to long tendon lying on psoas major DA: ilipubic eminence & iliac fascia Innervation: ventral rami of L1 Action: weak flexor of lumbar spine | ||
| Posterolat Ab Wall Muscle Description: LG, fleshy, muscle Fiber Direction: passes down and forwards + med, blends w/ psoas major & then changes direction over pelvic brim to pass down, back, lat-passes deep to inguinal ligament PA: iliac fossa DA: lesser trochanter of femur Action: flexion at hip joint (brings thigh up or forwards); pelvis tilted ant if femur stabilized Innervation: upper level lumbar ventral rami, femoral nerve (L2,3); skin= L1 |