The term narcotic, derived from the Greek word for stupor, originally referred to a variety
of substances that induced sleep. In a legal context, narcotic refers to opium, opium
derivatives, and their semisynthetic or totally synthetic substitutes. Cocaine and coca
leaves, which are classified as "narcotics" in the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), are
technically not narcotics and are discussed in the section on stimulants.
Narcotics can be administered in a variety of ways. Some are taken orally, transdermally
(skin patches) or injected. They are also available in suppositories. As drugs of abuse, they
are often smoked, sniffed or self-administered by the more direct routes of subcutaneous
("skin popping") and intravenous ("mainlining") injection.
Drug effects depend heavily on the dose, route of administration, previous exposure to the
drug, and the expectation of the user. Aside from their clinical use in the treatment of pain,
cough suppression and acute diarrhea, narcotics produce a general sense of well-being by
reducing tension, anxiety, and aggression. These effects are helpful in a therapeutic setting
but contribute to their abuse.
Narcotic use is associated with a variety of unwanted effects including drowsiness,
inability to concentrate, apathy, lessened physical activity, constriction of the pupils,
dilation of the subcutaneous blood vessels causing flushing of the face and neck,
constipation, nausea and vomiting and, most significantly, respiratory depression. As the
dose is increased, the subjective, analgesic, and toxic effects become more pronounced.
Except in cases of acute intoxication, there is no loss of motor coordination or slurred
speech as occurs with many depressants.
Among the hazards of illicit drug use is the ever-increasing risk of infection, disease and
overdose. Medical complications common among narcotic abusers arise primarily from
adulterants found in street drugs and in the non-sterile practices of injecting. Skin, lung and
brain abscesses, endocarditis, hepatitis and AIDS are commonly found among narcotic
abusers. Since there is no simple way to determine the purity of a drug that is sold on the
street, the effects of illicit narcotic use are unpredictable and can be fatal.
With repeated use of narcotics, tolerance and dependence develop. The development of
tolerance is characterized by a shortened duration and a decreased intensity of analgesia,
euphoria and sedation, which creates the need to administer progressively larger doses to
attain the desired effect. Tolerance does not develop uniformly for all actions of these
drugs, giving rise to a number of toxic effects. Although the lethal dose is increased
significantly in tolerant users, there is always a dose at which death can occur from
respiratory depression.
Physical dependence refers to an alteration of normal body functions that necessitates the
continued presence of a drug in order to prevent the withdrawal or abstinence syndrome.
The intensity and character of the physical symptoms experienced during withdrawal are
directly related to the particular drug of abuse, the total daily dose, the interval between
doses, the duration of use and the health and personality of the addict. In general, narcotics
with shorter durations of action tend to produce shorter, more intense withdrawal
symptoms, while drugs tha produce longer narcotic effects have prolonged symptoms that
tend to be less severe.
The withdrawal symptoms experienced from heroin/morphine-like addiction are usually
experienced shortly before the time of the next scheduled dose. Early symptoms include
watery eyes, runny nose, yawning and sweating. Restlessness, irritability, loss of appetite,
tremors and severe sneezing appear as the syndrome progresses. Severe depression and
vomiting are not uncommon. The heart rate and blood pressure are elevated. Chills
alternating with flushing and excessive sweating are also characteristic symptoms. Pains in
the bones and muscles of the back and extremitites occur as do muscle spasms and kicking
movements, which may be the source of the expression "kicking the habit." At any point
during this process, a suitable narcotic can be administered that will dramatically reverse
the withdrawal symptoms. Without intervention, the syndrome will run its course and most
of the overt physical symptoms will disappear within 7 to 10 days.
The psychological dependence that is associated with narcotic addiction is complex and
protracted. Long after the physical need for the drug has passed, the addict may continue to
think and talk about the use of drugs. There is a high probability that relapse will occur
after narcotic withdrawal when neither the physical environment nor the behavioral
motivators that contributed to the abuse have been altered.
There are two major patterns of narcotic abuse or dependence seen in the United States.
One involves individuals whose drug use was initiated within the context of medical
treatment who escalate their dose through "doctor shopping" or branch out to illicit drugs.
A very small percentage of addicts are in this group.
The other more common pattern of abuse is initiated outside the therapeutic setting with
experimental or recreational use of narcotics. The majority of individuals in this category
may abuse narcotics sporadically for months or even years. These occasional users are
called "chippers." Although they are neither tolerant of nor dependent on narcotics, the
social, medical and legal consequences of their behavior is very serious. Some
experierimental users will escalate their narcotic use and will eventually become
dependent, both physically and psychologically. The earlier drug that use begins, the more
likely it is to progress to abuse and dependence. Heroin use among males in inner cities is
generally initiated in adolescence, and dependence develops in about 1 or 2 years.