A List of References

Terbutaline, Other Tocolytics' Safety, Efficacy

Updated 4/13/99

Some of these studies are available as abstracts on the Internet (try Medscape, which has free registration). Others are only available at a medical library. A * (star) denotes a study or article reviewed by the FDA in issuing its warning on the terbutaline pump.

*"ACOG Technical Bulletin Preterm Labor #206," International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (1995), Vol. 50, pp. 303-313.

Benedetti,Thomas J., "Maternal Complications of Parenteral Beta-Sympathomimetic Therapy for Premature Labor," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1983, Vol. 145, No. 1, pp. 1-6.

Ben-Shlomo, Izhar, et al., "Mycardial Ischaemia During Intravenous Ritodrine Treatment: Is It So Rare?" The Lancet, 1986, Vol. 2., pp. 917-918.

Blickstein, I., et al., "Ritodrine-Induced Pulmonary Edema Unmasking Underlying Peripartum Cardiomyopathy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988, Vol. 159, pp. 332-333.

Braden, Gregory L. et al., "Ritodrine and Terbutaline-Induced Hypokalemia in Preterm Labor: Mechanisms and Consequences," Kidney International,1997 June; Vol. 51(6), pp. 1867-1875.

Carpenter, Robert J., and Decuir, Phyllis, "Cardiovascular Collapse Associated with Oral Terbutaline Tocolytic Therapy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1984, Vol. 148, No. 6, pp. 821-822.

Coughlin, Steven S., et al., "Respiratory Illness, Beta-Agonists, and the Risk of Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyhopathy," American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, Vol. 142, pp. 395-403.

Finley, John, et al., "Cardiovascular Consequences of Beta-Agonist Tocolysis: An Echocardiographic Study," Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1984, Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 787-791.

*Hankins, Gary D.V., "Complications of Beta-Sympathomimetic Tocolytic Agents," Critical Care Obstetrics, 2nd Ed.,Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991, pp. 223-250.

Hill, Washington Clark, "Risks and Complications of Tocolysis," Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1995, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 725-745.

Ingemarsson, I., et al., "Complications of Beta-Mimetic Therapy in Preterm Labor," Australian New Zealand Journal of Obstetrical Gyneacology 1985, Vol. 25, pp. 182-189.

*Katz, Michael, et al., "Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Terbutaline Treatment for Preterm Labor," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1981, Vol. 139, pp. 605-608.

Lampert, Mark B., et al., "Peripartum Heart Failure Associated with Prolonged Tocolytic Therapy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1993, Vol. 168, pp. 493-495.

Lampert, Mark B., and Lang, Roberto M., "Periparum Cardiomyopathy," American Heart Journal, 1995, Vol. 130, pp. 860-870.

Kubli, F., "Terbutaline: Maternal Hazards," European Journal of Obstetrical Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 1983, Vol. 15, No. 4-6, pp. 404-407.

Martin, A.J., "Severe Unwanted Effects Associated with Betasympathomimetics When Used in the Treatment of Premature Labour: Causes, Incidence and Preventative Measures," The British Journal of Clinical Practice, 1981, Vol. 35, pp. 325-329.

*Moise, Kenneth J., et al., "Continuous Subcutaneous Terbutaline Pump Therapy for Premature Labor: Safety and Efficacy," Southern Medical Journal, 1992, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 255-260.

Physicians' Desk Reference, 52nd Edition, 1998, Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, pp. 1829-1830.

Pisani, Richard J., and Rosenow, Edward C., "Pulmonary Edema Associated with Tocolytic Therapy," Annals of Internal Medicine, 1989, Vol. 110, pp. 714-718.

*Robertson, P.A., et al., "Maternal Morbidity Associated with Isoxsuprine and Terbutaline Tocolysis," European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1981, Vol. 11., pp. 371-378.

Ron-El, Raphael, et al., "Unexpected Cardiac Pathology In Pregnant Women Treated with Beta-Adrenergic Agents (Ritodrine)," Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1983, Vol. 61, pp. 10S-12S.

Russo, LR., et al., "Effect of Chronic Tocolytic Therapy on Maternal Ventricular Function in Pregnant Rabbits," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1996, Vol.175(4 Pt 1), pp. 847-852.

Schneider, Elizabeth P., et al., "Detection of Cardiac Events by Continuous Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Ritodrine Infusion," Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1988, Vol. 71, pp. 361-364.

Sly, Michael R., et al., The American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, "Position Statement: Adverse Effects and Complications of Treatment with Beta-Adrenergic Agonist Drugs," Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1985, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 443-449.

Taslimi, M. Mark, et al., "A National Survey on Preterm Labor," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1989, Vol. 160, pp. 1352-1360.

Tye, Kuang-Hung, et al., "Angina Pectoris Associated with Use of Terbutaline for Premature Labor," The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1980, Vol. 244, pp. 696-693.

Wagner, James M., et al., "Terbutaline and Maternal Cardiac Function," The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1981, Vol. 246, pp. 2697-2701.

Witlin, Andrea G., et al., "Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: An Ominous Diagnosis," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1997, Vol. 176, pp. 182-188.

Braden, Gregory L. et al., "Ritodrine and Terbutaline-Induced Hypokalemia in Preterm Labor: Mechanisms and Consequences," Kidney International, 1997; Vol. 51(6), pp. 1867-1875.

*Quinn, Patrick G., et al., "Terbutaline Hepatitis in Pregnancy: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1994, Vol. 89, No. 5, pp. 781-784.

Suzuki, Masatoshi, et al., "Maternal Liver Impairment Associated with Prolonged High-Dose Administration of Terbutaline for Preterm Labor," Obstetrical Gynecology 1985, Vol. 66, 14S.

Terbutaline, Gestational Diabetes:

Fisher, Jay E., et al., "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Women Receiving Beta-Adrenergics and Corticosteroids for Threatened Preterm Delivery," Obstetrical Gynecology, 1997, Vol. 90, pp. 880-883.

Terbutaline, Glucose Intolerance:

*Caritis, Steve N., et al., "A Double-Blind Study Comparing Ritodrine and Terbutaline in the Treatment of Preterm Labor," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1984, Vol. 150, pp. 7-14.

*Foley, Michael R., et al., "Effect of Prolonged Oral Terbutaline Therapy on Glucose Tolerance in Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1993, Vol. 168, pp. 100-105.

*Main, Elliott K., et al., "Chronic Oral Terbutaline Tocolytic Therapy Is Associated With Maternal Glucose Intolerance," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1987, Vol. 157, pp. 644-647.

Beta-Adrenergics and Deaths:

Athanassiou, Achilles M., and Turrentine, Mark A., "Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Artery Dissection During Pregnancy Associated with Type IV Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome," American Journal of Perinatology, 1996, Vol .13., No. 3, pp. 181-183.

Edoute, Yeouda, et al., "Periparum Congestive Cardiomyopathy and Endocardial Fibroelastosis Associated with Ritodrine Treatment," The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 1987, Vol. 32, pp. 793-797.

*Hudgens, David R., and Conradi, Sandra E., "Sudden Death Associated with Terbutaline Sulfate Administration," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1993, Vol. 169, pp. 120-121.

Ingemarsson, I., et al., "Complications of Beta-Mimetic Therapy in Preterm Labor," Australian New Zealand Journal of Obstetrical Gyneacology 1985, Vol. 25, pp. 182-189.

Milliez, J. and Sureau, Blot and C., "A Case Report of Maternal Death Associated with Betamimetics and Betamethasone Administration in Premature Labor," European Journal of Obstetrical Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 1980, Vol. 11, p. 98-100.

Taslimi, M. Mark, et al., "A National Survey on Preterm Labor," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1989, Vol. 160, pp. 1352-1360.

Toxicity of Terbutaline, Ritodrine:

Hankins, Gary D.V., and Hauth, John C., "A Comparison of the Relative Toxicities of Beta-Sympathomimetic Tocolytic Agents," American Journal of Perinatology, 1985, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 338-346.

Review of Tocolytic Safety, Effectiveness:

*Macones, George A., et al., "Efficacy of Oral Beta-Agonist Maintenance Therapy in Preterm Labor: A Meta-Analysis," Obstetrical Gynecology 1995, Vol. 85, pp. 313-317.

Menticoglou, Savas M., et al., "Maximum Possible Impact of Tocolytics in Preventing Preterm Birth: A Retrospective Assessment," American Journal of Perinatology, Vol. 9, No. 5/6, pp. 394-397.

Effectiveness of Terbutaline for Preterm Labor

Brown, HL, et al., "Tocolytic Treatment for Preterm Contractions with and without Cervical Changes," American Journal of Perinatology, 1997 August, Vol. 14 (7), pp. 405-409.

Cotton, David B., et al., "Comparison of Magnesium Sulfate, Terbutaline and a Placebo for Inhibition of Preterm Labor: A Randomized Study," The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 1985, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 92-97.

Guinn, DA, et al., "Management Options in Women with Preterm Uterine Contractions: A Randomized Clinical Trial," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1997 October, Vol. 177 (4), pp. 814-818.

Guinn, Debra A., et al., "Terbutaline Pump Maintenance Therapy for the Prevention of Preterm Delivery: A Double-Blind Trial," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1998, Vol. 179, pp. 874-878.

*Howard, T.E., et al., "A Double Blind Randomized Study of Terbutaline in Premature Labor," Military Medicine, 1982, Vol. 147, pp. 305-307.

*How, Helen Y., et al., "Oral Terbutaline in the Outpatient Management of Preterm Labor," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1995, Vol. 173, pp. 1518-1522.

*Lewis, R., et al., "Oral Terbutaline After Parental Tocolysis: A Randomized, Double- Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1996, Vol. 175, pp. 834-837. Summary of this study

Menticoglou, Savas, M., et al., "Maximum Possible Impact of Tocolytics in Preventing Preterm Birth: A Retrospective Assessment," American Journal of Perinatology, 1992, Vol. 9, No. 5/6, pp. 394-397.

*Parilla, Barbara V., et al., "The Efficacy of Oral Terbutaline After Intravenuous Tocolysis," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1993, Vol. 169, pp. 965-969.

Sciscione, Anthony, et al., "Tocolysis of Preterm Contractions Does Not Improve Preterm Delivery Rate or Perinatal Outcomes," American Journal of Perinatology, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 177-181.

*Wenstrom, Katherine D., et al., "A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial of the Terbutaline Pump for Prevention of Preterm Delivery," American Journal of Perinatology, Vol. 14 (2), pp. 87-91.

Warnings Against Using Terbutaline for Preterm Labor

Physicians' Desk Reference, 52nd Ed. 1998, New Jersey, Medical Economics Company, p. 1829-1830.

Terbutaline's Effect on Baby

*Fletcher, Scott E., Fyfe, et al., "Myocardial Necrosis in a Newborn After Long-Term Maternal Subcutaneous Terbutaline Infusion for Suppression of Preterm Labor," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1991, Vol. 165, pp. 1401-1404.

Groome, Lynn J., et al., "Neonatal Periventricular-intraventricular Hemorrhage After Maternal Beta-Sypathomimetic Tocolysis," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1992, Vol. 167, pp. 873-879.

Hallak, Mordechai, et al., "The Effect of Tocolytic Agents (Indomethacin and Terbutaline) on Fetal Breathing and Body Movements: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1992, Vol. 167, pp. 1059-1063.

Combining Magnesium Sulfate, Beta-Adrenergics

Coleman, Fred, "Safety and Efficacy of Combined Ritodrine and Magnesium Sulfate for Preterm Labor: A Method for Reduction of Complications," American Journal of Perinatology, 1990, vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 366-369.

Ferguson, James E., et al., "Adjunctive Use of Magnesium Sulfate with Ritodrine for Preterm Labor Tocolysis," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1984, Vol. 148, pp. 166-171.

Kosasa, Thomas S., et al., "Long-Term Tocolysis with Combined Intravenous Terbutaline and Magnesium Sulfate: A 10-Year Study of 1,000 Patients," Obstetrical Gynecology, 1994, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 369-373.

Ogburn, Paul, et al., "Magnesium Sulfate and Beta-Mimetic Dual-Agent Tocolysis in Preterm Labor After Single-Agent Failure," Journal of Reproductive Medicine, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 583-587.

Skorodin, Morton S., et al., "Magnesium Sulfate Potentiates Several Cardiovascular and Metabolic Actions of Terbutaline," Chest, 1994, Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 701-705.

Cox, Susan, et al., "Randomized Investigation of Magnesium Sulfate for Prevention of Preterm Birth," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1990, Vol. 163, pp. 767-772.

Bennett, Phillip, and Edwards, David, " Use of Magnesium Sulphate In Obstetrics," The Lancet, 1997, Vol. 350, p. 1491.

Mittendorf, Robert, et al., "Is Tocolytic Magnesium Sulphate Associated With Increased Total Paediatric Mortality?" The Lancet, 1997, Vol. 350, pp. 1517-1518.

Mittendorf, Robert, et al., "If Tocolytic Magnesium Sulfate Is Associated with Excess Total Pediatric Mortality, What Is Its Impact?" Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1998, Vol. 92, pp. 308-311.

*Ridgway, Louis E., et al., "A Prospective Randomized Comparison of Oral Terbutaline and Magnesium Oxide for the Maintenance of Tocolysis," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1990, Vol. 163, pp. 879-882.

Decreasing Effectiveness of Beta-Adrenergics Over Long-Term

*Berg, Goran, et al., "Beta-Adrenergic Receptors in Human Myometrium During Pregnancy: Changes in the Number of Receptors After Beta-mimetic Treatment," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1985, Vol. 151, pp. 392-396.

Impact of Tocolytics on Incidence of Low Birthweight, Perinatal Mortality

*Boylan, Peter, and O'Driscoll, Kieran, "Improvement in Perinatal Mortality Rate Attributed to Spontaneous Preterm Labor Without Use of Tocolytic Agents," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1983, Vol. 145, pp. 781-783.

*King, James F., et al., "Beta-Mimetics in Preterm Labour: An Overview of the Randomized Controlled Trials," British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1988, Vol. 95, pp. 211-222.

*Leveno, Kenneth J. et al., "The National Impact of Ritodrine Hydrochloride for Inhibition of Preterm Labor," Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1990, Vol. 76, pp. 12-15.

Effectiveness and Safety of Ritodrine

*Larsen, Jorgen Flack, et al., "Ritodrine in the Treatment of Preterm Labor: Second Danish Multicenter Study," Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1986, Vol. 67, pp. 607-613.

Leveno, Kenneth J. And Cunningham, F. Gary, "Beta-Adrenergic Agonists for Preterm Labor," New England Journal of Medicine, 1992, Vol. 327, pp. 349-351.

Moutquin, J.M., et al., The Canadian Preterm Labor Investigators Group, "Treatment of Preterm Labor with the Beta-Adrenergic Agonist Ritodrine," New England Journal of Medicine, 1992, Vol. 327, pp. 308-312.

Van Dijk, Katinke, et al., "Ritodrine and Nifedipine as Tocolytic Agents: A Preliminary Comparison," Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 1995, Vol. 23, pp. 409-415.

Rosene, Karen, et al., "Cerebral Ischemia Associated with Parenteral Terbutaline Use in Pregnant Migraine Patients," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1982, Vol. 143, pp. 405-407.

Terbutaline, Massive Vulvar Edema

Trice, Laura, et al., "Massive Vulvar Edema Complicating Tocolysis in a Patient with Twins: A Case Report," Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 1996, Vol. 41, pp. 121-124.

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