Oven Temperatures

        
   Farenheit     Centigrade     Gas mark

    37 F             3 C
    50 F            10 C
    60 F            16 C
    70 F            21 C
    80 F            27 C
    85 F            29 C
   100 F            38 C
   110 F            43 C
   120 F            49 C
   130 F            54 C
   140 F            60 C
   150 F            66 C
   160 F            71 C
   170 F            77 C
   180 F            82 C
   190 F            88 C
   200 F            93 C
   205 F            96 C
   212 F           100 C
   225 F           107 C       1/4  (Very cool)
   228 F           109 C
   238 F           114 C
   250 F           121 C       1/2
   275 F           135 C       1
   300 F           149 C       2  (cool)
   325 F           163 C       3  (warm)
   350 F           177 C       4
   375 F           191 C       5  (moderate)
   400 F           204 C       6  (fairly hot)
   425 F           218 C       7 
   450 F           232 C       8  (hot)
   475 F           246 C       9  (very hot)
   500 F           260 C

        The equations for converting Fahrenheit and Celsius (centigrade) temperatures are:

        • Fahrenheit temperature minus 32 divided by 9 multiplied by 5 equals Celsius.
        • Celsius temperature divided by 5 multiplied by 9 plus 32 equals Fahrenheit.

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        Baking Pan Substitutions

        The size pan a recipe calls for is based on the amount of batter that is produced. Substituting a different size pan can cause problems with textures, rising and browning; but if changing the pan size is necessary, select a pan that is closest in area measurement and volume. You may need to adjust baking time and temperature. In general, larger, more shallow pans need a higher temperature; smaller, deeper pans need a lower temperature. If you use a cake recipe to make cupcakes, cut the baking time in half. 
        
  Pan Sizes                Approximate Volume 

  Square & Rectangular:
  8" x 4" x 2.5" loaf pan         4 cups
  8.5" x 4.5" x 2.5" loaf pan     6 cups
  8" x 8" x 1.5"                  6 cups
  11" x 7" x 2"                   6 cups
  9" x 5" x 3" loaf pan           8 cups
  8" x 8" x 2"                    8 cups
  9" x 9" x 1.5"                  8 cups
  9" x 9" x 2"                    10 cups
  13" x 9" x 2"                   15 cups

        
  Round:
  1 3/4" x 3/4" mini muffin cup   1/8 cup
  2 3/4" x 1 1/8" muffin cup      1/4 cup
  2 3/4" x 1 3/8" muffin cup      1/2 cup
  3" x 1 1/4" giant muffin cup    5/8 cup
  8" x 1 1/4" pie plate           3 cups level or 4.5 mounded
  9" x 1.5" pie plate             4 cups level or 6 mounded
  8" x 1.5"                       4 cups
  8" x 2"                         5.5 cups
  9" x 1.5"                       6 cups
  9" x 2" deep dish pie plate     6 cups
  9" x 2"                         8.5 cups
  9" x 3" bundt pan               9 cups
  9" x 3" tube pan                9 cups
  9" x 3" springform pan          10 cups
  10" x 2"                        10 3/4 cups
  10" x 3.5" bundt pan            12 cups

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        Equivalent Measurements

                 
      3  teaspoons         1  tablespoon   
      2  tablespoons     1/8  cup            1  ounce
      4  tablespoons     1/4  cup            2  ounces
  5 1/3  tablespoons     1/3  cup
      8  tablespoons     1/2  cup            4  ounces
 10 2/3  tablespoons     2/3  cup
     12  tablespoons     3/4  cup
     16  tablespoons       1  cup            8  ounces
      1  pint              2  cups          16  ounces
      2  pints             4  cups           1  quart
      1  liter        ~4 1/4  cups        33.8  ounces
                           4  quarts         1  gallon
      2  gallon            1  peck
      4  peck              1  bushel
      4  ounces          1/4  pound
      8  ounces          1/2  pound
     12  ounces          3/4  pound
     16  ounces            1  pound

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        Metric Weight & Measures

        Dry
        1 teaspoon
        1 ounce
        1 3/4 ounces
        3 1/2 ounces
        8 ounces         		=
        =
        =
        =
        =         		about 5 grams
        28.35 grams
        50 grams
        100 grams
        227 grams
        Volume
        1 teaspoon (1/16 oz*)
        1 tablespoon (3 tsp**)
        1 cup (8 oz)
        2 cups (1 pt***)
        4 cups (1 quart)
        6 tablespoons + 2 teaspoons
        1 cup + 2 1/4 teaspoons
        1 pint + 4 1/2 teaspoons
        1 quart + 4 scant tablespoons
        1 gallon + 1 scant cup
        2 1/2 gallons + 2 1/2 cups         		=
        =
        =
        =
        =
        =
        =
        =
        =
        =
        =
        		 5 milliliters
        15 milliliters
        1/4 liter
        1/2 liter
        0.946 liter
        1 deciliter
        1/4 liter
        1/2 liter
        1 liter
        4 liters
        10 liters
        Linear
        1 inch
        39 1/3 inches         		=
        =         		2 1/2 centimeters
        100 centimeters = 1 meter
        The equations for converting centimeters, inches, grams and ounce are:

        • Multiplying inches by 2.54 equals centimeters.
        • Multiplying centimeters by 0.39 equals inches.
        • Multiplying ounces by 28.35 equals grams.
        • Multiplying grams by 0.035 equals ounces.

        * oz = ounce; ** tsp = teaspoon; ***pt = pint

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        Standard Metric Measurements

        Weights
        10 milligrams
        10 centigrams
        10 decigrams
        10 grams
        10 decagrams
        10 hectograms         		=
        =
        =
        =
        =
        =         		1 centigram
        1 decigram
        1 gram
        1 decagram
        1 hectogram
        1 kilogram
        Fluid Measures
        1