ANSWER: (aeg9610.doc) In order to provide Service focus, the Planning Guidance section is organized by the Air Force areas of core competency, the fundamental contributions the Air Force provides for national security. Focusing on core competencies allows us to better provide combatant commanders the global reach, power, and awareness necessary to defend our nation and its interests. The new core competencies—Air and Space Superiority, Global Attack, Rapid Global Mobility, Precision Engagement, Information Superiority, and Agile Combat Support.

Degree of control necessary to allow US and allied forces of all media to position, maneuver, employ, and engage freely, while denying the same ability to adversary forces.

• Air Superiority - decisive factor in winning virtually every campaign
• Offensive Counter Air (OCA) - offensive air operations (strike, SEAD, sweep, etc.)
• Defensive Counter Air (DCA)- defense against air breathing attack, e.g. cruise missiles, aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.
• Space Superiority - provides freedom to conduct operations without interference from enemy forces
• Counter Space - protect ability to use space, prevent adversaries from interfering with that use, and negate the ability for adversaries to exploit space capabilities
• Offensive Counter Space - capability to destroy or neutralize adversary’s space systems
• Defensive Counter Space - capability to preserve use of friendly space systems and reduce or preclude the effectiveness of adversary counterspace operations
• National Missile Defense - protect North America from the emerging rogue nation ballistic missile threat

Timely positioning of forces through air and space, across the spectrum of military operations.

• Airlift - requirement to support a "2 MRC" situation and support military-unique requirements such as airdrop, outsize and oversize cargo delivery, and special operations
• Air Refueling - crucial to meeting US global commitments
• Spacelift - Air Force will be responsible for all DoD spacelift

Ability to precisely employ selective forces against an adversary to degrade his capability and will, or the use of forces to affect an event in such a way as to minimize risk and undesired collateral damage.

• Strategic Attack/Interdiction/Close Air Support - provide shooter accuracy day, night, and adverse weather employment precision, enabling pinpoint target accuracy with minimal collateral damage
• Special Air Operations (Special Operations Forces)
• Combat Search and Rescue
• Precision Air Drop - critical Air Force capability

Ability to collect, control, exploit and defend information while denying an adversary the ability to do the same.

• Offensive Counter Information - ability to gain and maintain information superiority will be critical to joint operations - critical component of future conflicts
• Electronic Warfare - increase the effectiveness of SEAD
• Psychological Operations (Psyops)
• Defensive Counter Information - capability to detect and react to attack against information systems
• Information Operations
• C4I - increasingly important to a nation’s power base and its military forces
• Intelligence - timely and tailored intelligence increasingly important to safeguarding Air Force assets
• Surveillance and Reconnaissance
• real-time information in the cockpit (RTIC) and situational awareness is required by the warfighter
• threat of nuclear/biological/chemical blackmail with low technology delivery systems by third world nations or transnational actors requires increased capability in our national surveillance of US borders
• Navigation and Positioning - integral to warfighters - GPS coupled with data link will become a primary means of maintaining command and control
• Environmental Monitoring - ability to anticipate the future state of the battlespace and exploit an adversary’s inability to operate in adverse weather and in the presence of other natural forces and disturbances - also a crucial input to planning, weapons development, and wartime operations

Ability to execute the mission and maintain operations once forces are engaged.

• Modernization - technological superiority in warfighting equipment underpins our national military strategy, allowing us to field the most potent military forces and prevent technological surprise by potential adversaries
• Test and Evaluation - ensure acquisition of operationally effective and suitable weapon systems
• Modeling and Simulation - can be the basis for planning and decision making tools to stretch the ability of commanders to train, plan, program, and employ forces
• Logistics - ensure responsiveness to operational demands in time of war, contingencies, and other emergencies
• Infrastructure - requirement to have access to and operate from air bases in forward locations and preserve lines of communication to them
• Education and Training - skills requirements for all grades will continue to increase

ANSWER: (perry2.doc) This is Perry’s big picture...

ANSWER: (lewroll.doc) Strategy-to-Tasks is a Methodology for Resource Allocation and Management developed by RAND for improving the resource management process. The framework is intended to make planning, programming, and budgeting more rational and more credible by linking high-level strategic goals to tasks performed by the various participants in the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS). The linkages, defined by the methodology, are intended to help the various participants in the PPBS process to interact more effectively in DoD’s overall PPBS functions. It links resource decisions to specific military tasks that require resources, which in turn are linked downward hierarchically from higher-level operational and national security strategies to supporting programs and tasks.

ANSWER: (perry.doc) These are the 12 joint warfighting operational capabilities identified in Perry’s article with corresponding answers:

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

• Brings information technology experience to bear on the problem of providing information dominance.
• Efforts concentrated in comprehensive battlefield awareness and planning, replanning, and near real-time command, control, and communications (C3).
• Working on tools and technologies necessary to transform sensor and intelligence data into useful information for the warfighter and disseminate it to the right place at the right time.
• Planning and C3 technology developments will enable warfighters to quickly develop, evaluate, disseminate, execute, and monitor courses of action tailored for the particular situation, the types of forces available, and the military result desired. The goal is complete replanning and dynamic retasking in near real-time.

Joint Service and DARPA Speakeasy program.

• Develop the technology and demonstrate an advanced digital radio providing for common communications between Services.
• Provides important joint and coalition warfare capability.

The above systems, along with DoD policies mandating interoperability among the Services, are aimed at enhancing the capability of the Joint Task Force commander to operate inside an adversary’s decision loop by obtaining dominant battlespace knowledge.

• Dominant battlespace knowledge requires the combined capabilities of battlespace management systems; command, control, communications, and computer systems; and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems to acquire and assimilate the information needed to dominate and neutralize adversary forces.

Army Combat Identification program uses millimeter wave interrogation/response system.

• Identifies friendly systems on the battlefield.
• Exploring advancements offered by improved situational awareness (SA) derived from battlefield digitization.

Air Force and Navy Combat Identification uses interrogation/response and noncooperative target recognition technologies (NCTR), including inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging, jet engine modulation (JEM), and unintentional modulation on pulse-based specific, emitters, as well as improved waveforms for the Mk 12. for aircraft targets.

Success in all three areas—cooperative systems for ground targets, cooperative systems for air targets, and noncooperative systems—is needed to achieve an adequate combat identification capability. (Bottom line - prevent fratricide and increase SA.)

3. Information Warfare and Security

• Air Force developing capability for highly secure, highly directional communications using high power semiconductor laser technologies.
• Microelectronics devices and systems technologies that enable and pace the migration of small, lightweight, conformal, and mobile information systems.
• Required as military information systems increasingly leave fixed command centers and migrate to mobile platforms and the pockets and palms of combatants.
• Capability to achieve information superiority by affecting adversary information and systems while protecting U.S. and ally information and systems.
• Air Force pursuing variety of techniques in directed energy from lasers and high power microwaves designed to disrupt the function of enemy space assets, and is investigating the susceptibility of U.S. assets to such attacks.
• Performing critical experiments in optical beam forming and beam control for illuminating, tracking, and active imaging of satellites.
• Air Force and Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) developing high performance infrared focal plane arrays needed to quickly and assuredly detect, classify, and confirm ingressing ballistic missile attacks and to notify defense forces and threatened areas.
• U.S. forces must be assured access to space while denying the same to adversaries.
• Space is ideal base for performing these functions but requires highly advanced sensors.
• Capability benefits counterproliferation and joint theater missile defense.

• Capability to destroy selected targets remotely and with precision while limiting collateral damage.
• Army efforts focus on demonstration of end-to-end, sensor-to-shooter precision strike for location, identification, and elimination of short-dwell targets.
• Air Force hyperspectral sensor program is promising approach, and use of three-dimensional information from a laser radar is proving to be especially successful.
• Navy initiative will demonstrate the capability to redirect attack aircraft and cruise missiles while enroute on a mission exploiting real-time retargeting updates.
• Hardened Global Positioning System (GPS) being demonstrated for possible application to existing weapons (e.g., Tomahawk cruise missile) and new weapons (e.g., an inexpensive cruise missile and small smart bomb technology).
• Army exploring precision force with lightweight non-line-of-sight systems for air deployed early entry forces - Concept uses teleoperation with fiber-optic or radio frequency data links.

• Uses assets of multiple Services to detect, acquire, track, and destroy enemy theater ballistic missiles and cruise missiles.
• Air Force Airborne Laser (ABL) program developing a fully operational, extremely long-range airborne laser system that will destroy enemy theater missiles during boost phase.
• Revolutionary change in concept of weapons employment for warfighter.
• BMDO researching space-based lasers as alternative concept for this mission.
• Navy working on ship-based component of Joint Theater Missile Defense and achieving Precision Strike with cruise missiles that can locate specified targets autonomously.
• DARPA investing infrared and radar technologies for cruise missile defense.

• Degradation of enemy radars and communications by jamming or electronic deception.
• Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD).
• Tactical aircraft made more survivable by degrading/neutralizing effectiveness of enemy air defenses.
• Air Force demonstrating capability to damage components of air defense systems using extremely high power microwaves.
• Similar programs for protection of land vehicles and ships.
• Air Force evaluating powered submunition with laser radar that can acquire ground-based air defenses within a large search area and destroy them.
• Stealth program applied to tactical aircraft is vital for SEAD and survival.
• Advanced signals intelligence (SIGINT) from manned and unmanned aerial vehicles for finding air defenses and recognizing attempts to track/engage aircraft is critical.

7. Counterproliferation

• Counterproliferation program is developing capability for detecting the manufacture, storage, and employment of weapons of mass destruction, and capability to destroy the weapons and related materials and facilities.
• Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) assisting Service laboratories to improve lethality of conventional weapons for attacking underground facilities.
• Innovative warhead technologies, not dependent on high explosives, being developed to destroy chemical, biological, and nuclear materials and weapons.
• DNA developing advanced prediction models for dispersal of nuclear, biological, and chemical agents released into the atmosphere.
• Air Force exploring hypersonic weapons that, when used with real-time target acquisition and communications systems, provide means to quickly destroy mobile launchers.

8. Chemical and Biological Warfare Detection

• Chemical and Biological Warfare Detection program developing capability to rapidly detect and assess threat posed by these agents and provide adequate warning.
• Need to detect agents remotely and accurately identify agent.
• DoD investigating use of laser to remotely detect agents in the atmosphere.
• DARPA and Naval Research Laboratory developed biological agent detector that uses sensitive cell surface receptors located on the surface of living neural cells.
• Army is executive agent for the entire chemical and biological defense program for all Services
• Develops vaccines and antidotes for chemical and biological agents.
• Develops protective clothing and filtration systems needed on vehicles so operations can continue in contaminated environment.

9. Countermine

• Countermine program provides capability for assured, rapid neutralization of land and sea mines to enable amphibious and ground force operational maneuvers and forced entry.
• Focus on shallow water, surf zone, and beach areas where acoustical characteristics and visibility are poor.
• Use of infrared cameras and ultra wideband radar to find mines on land.
• Useful for counterproliferation mission by finding entrances to underground facilities and missile launchers hidden in wooded areas.
• Relevant to solving vexing international peacemaking and peacekeeping problem of identifying and demining civilian areas.

10. Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT)

• MOUT requires capability to achieve military objectives with a minimum of casualties and collateral damage in urban and industrial areas.
• Army 21st Century Land Warrior program gives soldiers means to communicate soldier to soldier within a squad and navigate within the urban environment.
• Nonlethal weapons technology being developed to control individuals or crowds.
• MOUT ACTD with variety of new system concepts and advanced simulation will be conducted.

11. Real-Time Logistics Control

• Real-Time Logistics Control means near real-time visibility into entire logistics support structure, including visibility across the Services of material in transit and storage.
• Accomplished only through application of massive databases, high capacity computers, automated data input devices, and advanced software systems.
• Army exploring automated planning tools coupled to real-time databases.
• Commercial technology will apply to some of this need and will be exploited for affordability.

12. Joint Readiness

• Joint Readiness is capability to enhance readiness for joint and coalition operations, including capability for enhanced simulation for training and operation planning.
• DARPA’s focused on realistic advanced simulation.
• Provide viable synthetic theater of war with intent to create technologist/warfighter inter-action in a realistic environment that will enable innovation and interoperability that historically has only been achieved in real crisis or war.
• Support joint and Service training and mission rehearsal and provide the capability to examine the contribution of new weapons systems, doctrines, and organizations to the full spectrum of military operations.

Joint Vision 2010 also mentions Joint Doctrine and Joint Education and Training.

"JV 2010" looks at concepts that impact the military as we approach the 21st Century, such as Dominant Maneuver, Precision Engagement, Full-Dimensional Protection, Focused Logistics, and Full Spectrum Dominance.

The "Air Force Executive Guidance" provides a good overview by discussing Air and Space Superiority, Global Attack, Rapid Global Mobility, Precision Engagement, Information Superiority, and Agile Combat Support.

One of many possible examples; Air Superiority can support Dominant Maneuver and Precision Engagement.

GCCS, CTAPS, and the JPT provide the overarching tools that link the strategic to the operational to the tactical. These help link the national strategy to the air campaign execution.

The MAAP and ATO. (NCA-ATO Toolbook, and the JFACC Primer)

Dominant Battlespace Knowledge, Combat ID, Precision Force, Information Warfare and Security, Joint Theater Missile Defense, Electronic Warfare, etc.

Air Superiority, Strike Warfare, Surveillance and Recon, Deterrence, and MOOTW.

The B-2, F-22 and the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF).

JSOW, JDAM, SLAM, WCMD, Sensor Fused Weapon, and Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile.

Strategy-to-Tasks allow the planner to take the strategy and develop course of actions (COAs).

They have linked national and military strategy and objectives and plan for potential COAs depending on the situation.

READINGS:
ac501.ppt; an introductory PowerPoint presentation (big picture overview of AC 501 - AC 510 with no pertinent study material - not worth the time to open it or the discussion, 501dl.doc, that goes with it)

nca-ato1.tbk; NCA-ATO1 Toolbook. (overview of what’s involved in planning an airpower-focused campaign - informative, but not specifically testable.)

aeg9610.doc; Air Force Executive Guidance (October 1996). (source for answer to DLO 501.11 - 34 pages, but the testable stuff starts with "Planning Guidance" on page 6)

Jv2010.pdf; Joint Vision 2010. - also in coursebook (yep, it’s a vision - best read with God Bless America playing in the background - the CD has the actual 39 page document with motivational pictures - the coursebook summarizes what it says in 4 pages)

fogel.doc; Fogleman, "Advantage USA: Air Power and Asymmetric Force Strategy" - also in coursebook (good insight from the EX-Chief and only 10 pages, but nothing testable)

jfacprmr.doc; JFACC Primer ("Air Campaign Tools", "Appendix Overview", "Appendix A", "Appendix B"). (good preview of things to come and only 10 pages)

perry.doc; Perry, "Science and Technology". (source for answer to DLO 501.41 - semi-interesting, full of testable stuff, and only 11 pages)

perry2.doc; Perry, "Aviation Forces". (source for answer to DLO 502.21 - good reading about what aviation assets we have and are going to have - 27 pages)

lewroll.doc; Lewis and Roll, "Strategy-to-Tasks: A Methodology for Resource Allocation and Management". (source for answer to DLO 501.31 - first 2 pages explain the concept and the remaining 13 apply it to USFK)

Dudney, "US Air Force Core Competencies" - only in coursebook (senior leadership talking about core competencies - only 7 pages, but don’t bother)

Main Point I: ACSC’s campaign process model, the Air Force’s core competencies, and AFDD 1’s missions may be used to help develop a concept of air operations and the JFACC Estimate, as outlined in the JFACC Primer.

a. The contextual (political, international, economic, sociocultural, environment, and leadership) and operational art (information, logistics, targeting science, deception, technology, and measuring success) elements provide a broad framework for analyzing the strategic context of a conflict and developing courses of action.

b. The core competencies and missions provide an additional frame of reference for determining how to accomplish various courses of action.

Main Point II: Strategy-to-tasks methodology may be used to link strategic and operational objectives to tactical tasks and to match airpower assets and capabilities to tasks.

Main Point III: Secretary Perry’s 12 joint warfighting capabilities encompass technological developments that will enhance airpower employment and enable achievement of Joint Vision 2010’s new operational concepts of dominant maneuver, precision engagement, focused logistics, and full-dimensional protection.