OS-508 -- Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. Comprehend the capabilities and limitations of US military forces across the range of military operations, to include command relationships, force development and organization, and the concepts of deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment (OPMEP Learning Area 1).
LESSON OBJECTIVES
508.1 Comprehend the considerations of employing joint and multinational forces at
the operational level of war [I.3(a)]
508.11 Describe the roles of the military, IGOs, and NGOs in international
peacekeeping.
MOOTW focus on deterring war and promoting peace while war encompasses large-scale, sustained combat operations to achieve national objectives or to protect national interests. MOOTW are more sensitive to political considerations and often the military may not be the primary player. More restrictive rules of engagement and a hierarchy of national objectives are followed. All military personnel should understand the political objective and the potential impact of inappropriate actions. Crisis response: military force or threat of its use may be required to demonstrate US resolve and capability. Force may be required to compel compliance in the form of strikes, raids, peace enforcement, counterterrorism, enforcement of sanctions, support to insurgency and counterinsurgency, and evacuation of noncombatants. The use of military forces in peacetime helps keep the day-to-day tensions between nations below the threshold of armed conflict or war and maintains US influence in foreign lands. These operations include:
Noncombat MOOTW often can be a simultaneous operation with combat MOOTW.
Of particular importance in the planning process is the development of a clear definition, understanding, and appreciation for all potential threats. Unit integrity, Intelligence and information gathering, Multinational operations, Command and control, Public affairs, Civil affairs, Psychological operations are areas of interest for successful MOOTW scenarios. Legal issues/ logistics element /Medical operations support MOOTW. Arms Control: the numbers, types, and performance characteristics of weapon systems (including the command and control, logistic support arrangements, and any related intelligence gathering mechanism); and the numerical strength, organization, equipment, deployment or employment of the armed forces retained by the parties poossibly a diplomatic mission, the military can play an important role. Combatting terrorism involves actions taken in antiterrorism (defensive) counterterrorism (offensive) measures. DOD Support to Counterdrug Operations disrupt the transfer of illegal drugs into the United States. Enforcement of Sanctions/Maritime Intercept Operations. Employ coercive measures to interdict the movement of certain types of designated items. Enforcing Exclusion Zones to prohibit specified activities in a specific geographic area. Three basic types of HA operations: those coordinated by the UN, those where the United States acts in concert with other Multi-national forces, or those where the United States responds unilaterally. Adequate emergency supplies existed either in government storage houses, called "Go Downs," or stored and owned by nongovernmental organizations(NGO) such as Cooperative American Relief Everywhere (CARE) and the Red Crescent. The GOB, however, was hindered by the lack of cooperation from the NGO, which remembered martial law and were wary of the new regime.
Further, the bureaucrats that controlled the grain in the "Go Downs" were
similarly reluctant to hand over control to other agencies. Notwithstanding these
political hurdles, the most serious problem was one of distribution. US, British,
Bangladeshi, and Japanese non-governmental organizations, and other organizations such as
the US Agency for International Development (AID) and a Chinese assistance element. End
State
508.12 Describe the roles of the military and other actors in Foreign Internal
Defense (FID).
Foreign Internal Defense - The total political, economic, informational, and military support provided to another nation to assist its fight against subversion and insurgency.
Foreign Internal Defense programs encompass the total political, economic,
informational, and military support provided to another nation to assist its fight against
subversion and insurgency. The focus of all United States foreign internal defense (FID)
efforts is to support the host nation's (HN) program of internal defense and
development (IDAD). military assistance is often necessary to provide the secure
environment US military support to FID should focus on assisting HN personnel to
anticipate, preclude, and counter these threats. FID supports HN internal defense and
development (IDAD) programs. US military involvement in FID has traditionally been
focused on helping another nation defeat an organized movement attempting to overthrow the
government. US FID programs may address other threats to an HN's internal stability, such
as civil disorder, illicit drug trafficking, and terrorism. Military FID programs can
generally be categorized into indirect support, direct support (not including combat
operations), and combat operations.
508.13 Summarize the relationship of Joint and Service roles and responsibilities
in FID process.
JTF Command Responsibilities: Chain of Command., Communications will not be
easy-plan on the worst, It is critical that military/security, humanitarian/economic, and
political/ diplomatic activities are constantly coordinated. Each of these three
"legs" must remain steady. Political/Diplomatic Military/Security Humanitarian /
Economic for the JTF. One of the JTF Commander's biggest challenges will be to determine
just who are the policy makers and power brokers."
508.14 Describe the roles of the military and other actors in counterdrug
operations.
Military support comes from all components of Department of Defense. It is categorized
into three areas: Title 10 forces (active duty and Reserve forces), Title 32 (National
Guard) and logistical support through four regional offices. ; New Mexico, for
example, has no infantry or engineer units. This is one reason why active duty and Reserve
forces are invaluable complements to the counter-drug campaign along the Southwest border.
Law enforcement agencies have a great need for military equipment with counter-drug
applications. Joint Task Force Six was formed in November 1989 at Fort Bliss, Texas,
to plan and coordinate active duty and Reserve military support to civilian law
enforcement agencies along the Southwest land border. The 129-member military and civilian
staff encompasses all four uniformed services and includes liaison personnel from the Border
Patrol, Customs, and the Drug Enforcement Administration. Its area of responsibility
mirrors Operation Alliance, that being Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California as far
north as Fresno.
508.2 Comprehend the nature and current issues associated with MOOTW peace
operations [SAE 1].
508.21 Summarize the nature and current issues associated with international
peacekeeping.
In peace operations, traditional roles and functions of the military will be greatly expanded to support taskings.
Competing Dynamics:
Disarmament, Failed Economy, Economy 0f Force, Jobs, Emergency Relief, Political
Reconciliation, Lack Of Judiciary, Mission Expansion, Local Agreements, Coalition,
Turnover, Competing Agendas, Force Protection, Neighboring Forces, Secure Environment,
Police Forces, National Goals, Civic Action, Culturalism/Tribalism, Warlords/Paramilitary.
508.22 Nature and current issues with Foreign Internal Defense.
Indirect support- diplomatic / economic / informational / and military.
Friendly nations facing threats to their internal security may receive assistance from the United States through a variety of diplomatic, materiel, and instructional means. This important element of US foreign policy is called foreign internal defense (FID). FID is a primary program used in supporting friendly nations operating in or threatened with potential hostilities.
There are specific tools used in executing the Department of Defense portion of the FID program including indirect support, direct support (not involving combat operations), and US combat operations. For FID to be successful US Government must integrate efforts of multiple government agencies. FID involves operations ranging from development of civilian infrastructure to combat operations.
Concept development includes a mission analysis that looks at threats to HN IDAD; HN social, economic, and political environment; analysis of assigned tasks; and development of a mission statement.
NGOs and PVOs are a fact of life-the civil military operations center (CMOC) has worked well integrating and capitalizing
on differing expertise and capabili-ties. The media can help--you will not be able to operate outside their scrutiny. Human intelligence (HUMINT) will be critical to your operation. Negotiation and mediation may be necessary to settle disputes.
Status-of-Forces Agreement KEY TERM SOFA: defines the legal position of a visit-ing
military force. may be bilateral or multilateral
508.23 Explain the different FID operations which may involve combat operations.
Civil-Military Operations. CMO are a variety of activities supporting military operations that embrace the relationship between military forces, civilian authorities, and the population.
Civil affairs, psyops hum affairs, humm & civ asst, mil civ action and combat ops.
US combat operations support the HN IDAD program and remain strategically defensive in
nature.
508.24 Summarize the nature and current issues associated with counterdrug
operations.
Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than two years or both. Congress has made a number of authorized exceptions whereby the President can order military involvement in otherwise prohibited activities. The most widely known exception has been the authority to enforce civil rights laws. This was the provision used by President Eisenhower in 1957 to enforce the integration of public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Congress may decide that military counter-drug involvement merits legislative relief. If Congress can authorize military protection of guano deposits an actual authorized Posse Comitatus exception then permission to accompany law enforcement agents onto private land or to give active-duty forces authority to examine inbound cargo is distinctly possible. Decisions in such matters are in civilian hands; meanwhile, the military is committed to providing the best possible support under the existing conditions.
"The detection and countering of the production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs is a high priority national security mission of the Department of Defense."
The 2,000-mile border. RPV, SCAMP, Helos Infrared etc . Cocaine seizures by Southwest
law enforcement agencies increased from 31,000 pounds in 1987 to 49,000 pounds in 1990;
marijuana confiscation's ballooned to more than a million pounds over the same period. or
Marines are accompanied by members of the law enforcement agency requesting the support.
DoD participants have no part in the subsequent seizure or arrest.
508.25 Describe the salient points of the current national drug control strategy.
US drug control strategy. In 1992, 93.6 percent of the $11.9 billion national drug control budget was spent on domestic enforcement, demand reduction, and border control. Of the rest, 6.3 percent went to bilateral programs to help governments in source and transit countries fight illicit narcotics. One-tenth of 1 percent ($15.5 million) of the total budget supported multilateral drug programs.
Today drugs are a $100 billion a year transnational industry. The illicit stockholders and operatives come from every continent and include Colombians, Mexicans, Italians, Nigerians, Poles, Turks, Chinese, Lebanese, and Georgians. Problems are unraveling of socialism, colossal social and economic dislocations, the recent resurgence of ethnic, religious, and nationalistic conflict. Poppy, coca, and cannabis can be grown almost anywhere. Sub-Saharan Africa, inner Mongolia, southern China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and northeastern Brazil) For those in the business of moving illicit drugs and money, the post-Cold War era has much to offer:
Medellin Cartel a violent unlike the Cali cartel which is a loose conglomeration of Colombian families based in a major Colombian city. But unlike the often violent Medellin cartel, which conjures up images of well-heeled thugs surrounded by private armies, the Cali cartel operates more like the senior management team at Exxon or Coca Cola. Its transportation, distribution, and money-laundering networks cover the globe. Outside the Western Hemisphere, Cali operatives work in Japan, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain. Because the huge US and European markets are so far from coca productions areas
Atlantic Command and Pacific Command have their own joint task forces-JTF-Four (Key West, Florida) and JTF-Five (Alameda, California)-which conduct aerial and maritime surveillance along the nation's coasts. Southern Command directs efforts to eliminate drugs at their Latin American sources through foreign military support and intelligence analysis. For example, SOUTHCOM provided 49 mobile training teams and managed the delivery of $65 million worth of military equipment to Colombia in FY90. An additional $53 million has since been directed to Colombia and six other Latin American nations. , 48 percent of all AWACS flying hours worldwide were devoted to counter-drugs. These assets are used to supplement a series of radar-carrying aerostats (tethered blimps) integrated into Customs control facilities. Actual intercept, however, is the province of the air branch of Customs.
The National Guard plays an important role in its capacity as a state militia.
Congress may decide that military counter-drug involvement merits legislative relief. If Congress can authorize military protection of guano deposits-an actual authorized Posse Comitatus exception-then permission to accompany law enforcement agents onto private land or to give active-duty forces authority to examine inbound cargo is distinctly possible. Decisions in such matters are in civilian hands; mean-while, the military is committed to providing the best possible support under the existing conditions.
As a host of multilateral organizations such as the European Community, the G-7, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund work to promote a new global economic order, conditions should be attached to aid and trade concessions to former Communist and Third World countries. Development assistance should be tied to a recipient government's commitment to curb any activity that advances transnational threats such as arms proliferation, terrorism, and the drug trade. Subsequent aid should be tied to results. Since many of these countries lack the resources and technical means to put enforcement regimes in place, they should receive financial and technical help from the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP), the IMF, the International Maritime Organization, the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), and regional organizations such as the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD).
Only .1 of 1 percent of last year's $11.9 billion US national drug control budget went to multilateral drug programs administered by agencies such as INTERPOL, UNDCP, and CICAD. Such a meager US commitment sends a demoralizing message to these organizations. Taking $250 million (2 percent of the overall 1993 drug control budget) from the costly and largely ineffective US overseas interdiction effort and contributing it to these multilateral programs would allow them to play a far more meaningful role in any international drug control strategy and give them an incentive, which they have so far lacked, to be responsive to US leadership.
More than $39 billion in federal revenues and billions more of state and local taxes in
just the past 4 years. The drug problem requires Americans to face one of the most vexing
but incontrovertible truths of the post-Cold War era: A state can neither insulate itself
nor independently resolve a threat that extends beyond its national borders. Meeting such
threats will require a strategy of cooperative engagement that includes a broadly based
alliance of international, regional, and nongovernmental organizations. It requires
reordering budgetary priorities to ensure the multilateral programs with the best prospect
for success are well funded. It also requires that bureaucratically and conceptually the
drug issue be moved from the back room and into the front parlor of the US national
security, foreign policy, and economic policy communities. To the degree that the
expanding drug trade can potentially undermine the advancement of democracy, the opening
of the global economy, and the peaceful resolution of conflict in many troubled corners of
the globe, it must be considered side by side with more traditional overseas concerns.
READING RATIONALE
Given the evolutionary nature of today's MOOTW roles and missions, today's student and
tomorrow's warrior needs to understand both the doctrinal tenets of MOOTW and the
international perspective. Joint Publication 3-07 provides the joint perspective on MOOTW
peace operations including peacekeeping, FID, and counterdrug operations.
The Joint Task Force Commanders Handbook on Peace Operations highlights the numerous types of peace operations, including peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peacemaking, and other military operations supporting diplomatic actions to establish and maintain peace. Joint Publication 3-07.1 introduces the concepts, relationships, employment parameters, and framework of FID as it relates to MOOTW. The last two articles describe the global drug challenges in the post-Cold War era and the role of the DOD in counterdrug operations.
Thesis: MOOTW encompass the use of military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war. To understand MOOTW, it is useful to understand how they differ from operations in war. MOOTW focus on deterring war, resolving conflict, promoting peace, and supporting civil authorities in response to domestic crises. Specifically, this lesson covers three forms of MOOTW: peacekeeping; nation assistance (via Foreign Internal Defense); and counterdrug operations.
Main Point I: Peacekeeping operations encompass many different kinds of operations involving the military, intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The definitions of the different operations in "Peacekeeping" operations are in constant flux. A knowledge of the operations and their definitions is important to the military professional planning or working one of these operations.
Main Point II: Foreign Internal Defense (FID) involves the diplomatic corps, the military, and intergovernmental organizations. The various actors, and their roles, must be known and understood. FID is an established and formalized process that is conducted by all branches of the armed forces. Knowledge of these operations and the status of each is beneficial to the operational planner.
Main Point III: The US military's growing role in domestic and international counterdrug activities is multifaceted and diverse. It includes planning, coordinating, and participating, not only in joint operations involving both active and reserve forces, but with other federal and international agencies as well.