Metals
Be, Mg, Al, Ca, Zn, Ga, Sr,
Cd, In, Sn, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, Ra

            The most obvious characteristics of metals are an ability to conduct electricity, an excellent conductivity of heat, and a high level of reflected light from a polished surface, i.e. metallic. In addition, most metals deform, rather than shatter, on impact or under pressure. Metals that can be hammered or beaten into sheets are called malleable; those that can be drawn into wire are called ductile. Certain properties, such as hardness and mechanical strength, are not shared by all metals; some metals are actually soft enough to be scratched by a fingernail or deformed by hand, some are liquids at room temperature.
           Metals characteristically combine with nonmetals to form ionic compounds in which  the metal ion is always positive and the nonmetal ion is always negative.
           Their electrical resistance increases as their temperature increases.

Name: Beryllium
Symbol: Be
Atomic Number: 4
Atomic Weight: 9,01218 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2
Boiling Point: 3243 K
Melting Point: 1560 K
Density: 1,85 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: 1s2,2s2
Acid/Base Properties: Amphoteric
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Electronegativity: 1,57
Heat of Vaporization: 297 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 11,71 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 25 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 200 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 1,825 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 9,322
Atomic Volume: 5,0 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,12 A
Covalent Radius: 0,90 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1797; by Vauquelin in Paris, France
Note: soft, shiny metal; does not react with water or air; used with copper to make spark proof tools

Name: Magnesium
Symbol: Mg
Atomic Number: 12
Atomic Weight: 24,305 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2
Boiling Point: 1380 K
Melting Point: 922 K
Density: 1,74 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Ne]3s2
Acid/Base Properties: Basic
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Electronegativity: 1,31
Heat of Vaporization: 127,6 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 8,95 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 22,4 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 156 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 1,02 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 7,646
Atomic Volume: 14,0 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,60 A
Covalent Radius: 1,36 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1755; by Black in Edinburgh, Scotland
Note: soft, shiny metal; burns in air; used with other metals to make light weight items

Name: Aluminum
Symbol: Al
Atomic Number: 13
Atomic Weight: 26,98154 g/mol
Oxidation States: 3
Boiling Point: 2740 K
Melting Point: 933,5 K
Density: 2,70 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Ne]3s2,p1
Acid/Base Properties: Amphoteric
Crystal Structure: Cubic, face centered
Electronegativity: 1,61
Heat of Vaporization: 290,8 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 10,7 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 37,7 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 237 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,90 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 5,986
Atomic Volume: 10,0 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,43 A
Covalent Radius: 1,18 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1825; Oersted; Copenhagen, Denmark
Note: hard metal; reacts very rapidly with oxygen to form protective oxide coating; used to manufacture many useful items

Name: Calcium
Symbol: Ca
Atomic Number: 20
Atomic Weight: 40,078 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2
Boiling Point: 1757 K
Melting Point: 1112 K
Density: 1,55 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s2
Acid/Base Properties: Basic
Crystal Structure: Cubic, face centered
Electronegativity: 1,00
Heat of Vaporization: 154,67 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 8,53 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 31,3 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 200 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,647 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 6,113
Atomic Volume: 29,90 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,97 A
Covalent Radius: 1,74 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1808; by Davy in London, England
Note: soft metal; calcium oxide is often called powdered lime; calcium gives strength to bone cells

Name: Zinc
Symbol: Zn
Atomic Number: 30
Atomic Weight: 65,39 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2
Boiling Point: 1180 K
Melting Point: 682,73 K
Density: 7,13 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Ar]3d10,4s2
Acid/Base Properties: Amphoteric
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Electronegativity: 1,65
Heat of Vaporization: 115,30 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 7,38 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 16,9 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 116 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,388 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 9,394
Atomic Volume: 9,20 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,38 A
Covalent Radius: 1,25 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1500 BC; discoverer unknown
Note: brittle, blue-white metal; oxidizes very rapidly to form protective layer; used in batteries, brass, and for plating (galvanizing) over iron

Name: Gallium
Symbol: Ga
Atomic Number: 31
Atomic Weight: 69,723 g/mol
Oxidation States: 3
Boiling Point: 2478 K
Melting Point: 302,92 K
Density: 5,91 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Ar]3d10,4s2,p1
Acid/Base Properties: Amphoteric
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic
Electronegativity: 1,81
Heat of Vaporization: 256,06 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 5,59 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 1,8 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 40,6 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,371 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 5,999
Atomic Volume: 11,80 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,41 A
Covalent Radius: 1,26 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1875; de Boisbaudran in Paris, France
Note: soft, silvery metal; melts at low temperature, 30 C; semiconductor of electric current; used in electronics

Name: Strontium
Symbol: Sr
Atomic Number: 38
Atomic Weight: 87,62 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2
Boiling Point: 1655 K
Melting Point: 1042 K
Density: 2,54 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Kr]5s2
Acid/Base Properties: Basic
Crystal Structure: Cubic, face centered
Electronegativity: 0,95
Heat of Vaporization: 136,9 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 8,2 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 5,0 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 35,3 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,30 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 5,695
Atomic Volume: 33,7 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 2,15 A
Covalent Radius: 1,91 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1808; Crawford; Edinburgh, Scotland
Note: soft, shiny metal; burns in air; burns with a bright red color; used in fireworks and flares

Name: Cadmium
Symbol: Cd
Atomic Number: 48
Atomic Weight: 112,41 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2
Boiling Point: 1040 K
Melting Point: 594,26 K
Density: 8,65 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Kr]4d10,5s2
Acid/Base Properties: Basic
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Electronegativity: 1,69
Heat of Vaporization: 99,87 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 6,07 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 14,7 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 96,8 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,232 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 8,993
Atomic Volume: 13,10 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,71 A
Covalent Radius: 1,41 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1817; by Davy in London, England
Note: shiny metal; oxidizes easily; used in paint and rechargeable batteries

Name: Indium
Symbol: In
Atomic Number: 49
Atomic Weight: 114,82 g/mol
Oxidation States: 3
Boiling Point: 2350 K
Melting Point: 429,78 K
Density: 7,31 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Kr]4d10,5s2,p1
Acid/Base Properties: Amphoteric
Crystal Structure: Tetragonal
Electronegativity: 1,78
Heat of Vaporization: 226,35 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 3,26 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 3,4 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 81,6 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,233 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 5,786
Atomic Volume: 15,70 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,66 A
Covalent Radius: 1,44 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1863; by Reich in Freiberg, Germany
Note: soft metal; has a low melting point, (157 C); used to make low melting metals and to make transistors

Name: Tin
Symbol: Sn
Atomic Number: 50
Atomic Weight: 118,710 g/mol
Oxidation States: 4, 2
Boiling Point: 2876 K
Melting Point: 505,12 K
Density: 7,31 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Kr]4d10,5s2,p2
Acid/Base Properties: Amphoteric
Crystal Structure: Tetragonal
Electronegativity: 1,96
Heat of Vaporization: 290,37 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 7,2 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 8,7 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 66,6 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,228 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 7,344
Atomic Volume: 16,30 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,62 A
Covalent Radius: 1,41 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 2100 BC; discoverer unknown
Note: very soft metal; forms protective oxide layer; used in metal plating and solder

Name: Barium
Symbol: Ba
Atomic Number: 56
Atomic Weight: 137,33 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2
Boiling Point: 2079 K
Melting Point: 1002 K
Density: 3,59 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Xe]6s2
Acid/Base Properties: Basic
Crystal Structure: Cubic, body centered
Electronegativity: 0,89
Heat of Vaporization: 140,2 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 8,01 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 2,8 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 18,4 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,204 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 5,212
Atomic Volume: 39,0 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 2,22 A
Covalent Radius: 1,98 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1808; by Davy in London, England
Note: soft, shiny white metal; used in medicines, paint, glass making

Name: Mercury
Symbol: Hg
Atomic Number: 80
Atomic Weight: 200,59 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2, 1
Boiling Point: 629,88 K
Melting Point: 234,31 K
Density: 13,55 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Xe]4f14,5d10,6s2
Acid/Base Properties: Basic
Crystal Structure: Rhombohedral
Electronegativity: 2,00
Heat of Vaporization: 59,30 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 2,292 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 1,0 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 8,34 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,140 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 10,437
Atomic Volume: 14,80 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,60 A
Covalent Radius: 1,49 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1500 BC; discoverer unknown
Note: shiny, liquid metal; mercury vapor is poisonous; melting point is -39 C.; used in electronics, lighting; and fungicides

Name: Thallium
Symbol: Tl
Atomic Number: 81
Atomic Weight: 204,383 g/mol
Oxidation States: 1, 3
Boiling Point: 1746 K
Melting Point: 577 K
Density: 11,85 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Xe]4f14,5d10,6s2,p1
Acid/Base Properties: Basic
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Electronegativity: 2,04
Heat of Vaporization: 162,09 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 4,27 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 5,6 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 46,1 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,129 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 6,108
Atomic Volume: 17,20 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,71 A
Covalent Radius: 1,48 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1861; Crookes in London, England
Note: soft, shiny gray metal; very toxic to humans; few uses; used in special glass

Name: Lead
Symbol: Pb
Atomic Number: 82
Atomic Weight: 207,2 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2, 4
Boiling Point: 2023 K
Melting Point: 600,65 K
Density: 11,35 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Xe]4f14,5d10,6s2,p2
Acid/Base Properties: Amphoteric
Crystal Structure: Cubic, face centered
Electronegativity: 2,33
Heat of Vaporization: 177,9 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 4,77 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 4,8 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 35,3 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,129 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 7,416
Atomic Volume: 18,30 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,75 A
Covalent Radius: 1,47 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1000 BC; discoverer unknown
Note: very soft, weak, dull gray metal; used in paint, glass, solder, radiation shielding, and batteries

Name: Bismuth
Symbol: Bi
Atomic Number: 83
Atomic Weight: 208,9804 g/mol
Oxidation States: 3, 5
Boiling Point: 1837 K
Melting Point: 544,59 K
Density: 9,75 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Xe]4f14,5d10,6s2,p3
Acid/Base Properties: Acidic
Crystal Structure: Rhombohedral
Electronegativity: 2,02
Heat of Vaporization: 179 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 11,0 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 0,9 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 7,87 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,122 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 7,289
Atomic Volume: 21,3 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,70 A
Covalent Radius: 1,46 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1500 BC; discoverer unknown
Note: brittle, shiny pink metal; does not oxidize easily; used in drugs, electronics, and paints

Name: Polonium
Symbol: Po
Atomic Number: 84
Atomic Weight: 209 (most stable) g/mol
Oxidation States: 4, 2,6
Boiling Point: 1235,15 K
Melting Point: 527 K
Density: 9,3 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Xe]4f14,5d10,6s2,p4
Acid/Base Properties: Amphoteric
Crystal Structure: Monoclinic
Electronegativity: 2,0
Heat of Vaporization: 120 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 13 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 0,7 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 20 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 8,42
Atomic Volume: 22,70 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 1,67 A
Covalent Radius: 1,53 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1898; by Curie in Paris, France
Note: shiny, gray metal; radioactive; used as a source of radiation to power space equipment

Name: Radium
Symbol: Ra
Atomic Number: 88
Atomic Weight: 226,0254 g/mol
Oxidation States: 2
Boiling Point: 1413 K
Melting Point: 973 K
Density: 5,0 g/cm³
Electron Configuration: [Rn]7s2
Acid/Base Properties: Basic
Crystal Structure: Cubic, body centered
Electronegativity: 0,89
Heat of Vaporization: 136,82 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 8,37 kJ/mol
Electrical Conductivity: 1,0 10⁶ (Om cm)^-1
Thermal Conductivity: 18,6 W/(m K) (at 300 K)
Specific Heat Capacity: 0,094 J/(g K) (at 300 K)
First Ionization Potential: 5,279
Atomic Volume: 45,2 cm³/mol
Atomic Radius: 2,33 A
Synthetic: No
Discovery: 1898; Curie & Curie; Paris, France
Note: soft shiny metal; found in uranium ore; rarely used; toxic to humans