En Supernova sprider Ljus över mörk Energi.

Översättning från NASA En Upptäckt av astronomer som använder Hubble rymd Teleskop, stöder antagandet att Universum är fylld med en mystisk form av energi, som knuffar galaxerna isär med accelererande hastighet.

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April 3, 2001 -- NASA's Hubble Rymd Teleskop har upptäckt ett utbrott av ljus från en exploderande stjärna, längre bort från jorden än någonsin förut - en supernovaexplosion i det tidiga universum, som kastar ljus över en mystik i verkligt kosmisk skala.

Denna stjärnexplosion är extraordinär, inte bara pga dess enorma avstånd från jorden, 10 miljarder ljusår, men också för att den förstärker teorin att universum är fylld med en mystisk form av "mörk energi". Teorin om en mörk energi, som knuffar galaxerna isär med allt högre hastighet lades fram, men togs sedan tillbaka av Albert Einstein i början av 1900-talet.

Ovan:  Den här bilden, tagen av Hubble Space telescope, visar den supernova som bevisar teorin att en mystisk form av mörk energi får universum att expandera med allt högre hastighet. Tryck på bilden, så får du en förklaring.

Hubble teleskopets upptäckt förstärker också den uppseendeväckande idén att universums expansion har accelererat ganska nyligen (relativt).
Detta är det första efterlängtade, observerbara beviset för att gravitationen bromsade universums expansion efter Big Bang, och först efteråt fick den mörka kraften övertaget över gravitationens grepp.

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The team of astronomers, led by Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), made the discovery by analyzing hundreds of images taken by Hubble to study how galaxies formed.

"This supernova appears to be one of a special class of explosions that allows astronomers to understand how the universe's expansion has changed over time, much as the way a parent follows a child's growth spurts by marking a doorway," said Riess. "It shows us the universe is behaving like a driver who slows down approaching a red stoplight and then hits the accelerator when the light turns green."

The record-breaking supernova appears relatively bright, a consequence of the Universe slowing down in the past (when the supernova exploded) and accelerating only recently.

"Long ago, when the light left this distant supernova, the universe appears to have been slowing down due to the mutual tug of all the mass in the universe," explained Riess. "Billions of years later, when the light left more recent supernovas, the universe had begun accelerating, stretching the expanse between galaxies and making objects in them appear dimmer."

Above and Below: Astronomers know the universe is expanding because of the "red shift" seen in the light from distant galaxies. Due to the Doppler Effect, light waves are compressed when a light source is moving toward you and stretched when it's moving away. This happens to sound waves too, which is why the pitch of a police car's siren drops as the car passes you. With light, however, frequency equates with color, not pitch. Higher frequencies look bluer and lower frequencies look redder. So the "red shift" in the light from the galaxies around ours means those galaxies are moving away from us. How could all the galaxies be moving away from us? Only if the universe itself is expanding, as demonstrated by the balloon below.

"Hubble's ability to find titanic stellar explosions at these extreme distances is what it takes to confirm this theory that the universe must have been slowing down before it switched into high gear," said Dr. Anne Kinney, Director of NASA's Origins program at NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. "Later this year astronauts will install a new camera on Hubble that will give us 10 times better resolution than the current camera, which will give us even better capability to find answers to grand cosmic questions like this."

Observations of several distant supernovae by two teams of astronomers in 1998 led to the theory that the universe got the "green light" to accelerate when it was half its present age. Astronomers say the new Hubble findings rule out other explanations. 

Nearly a century ago, Einstein's Law of General Relativity concluded the universe must collapse under the relentless pull of gravity. However, like many scientists of his time, he assumed the universe to be static and unchanging. To make his equations fit those assumptions, Einstein added something he called the "cosmological constant" whose gravity is repulsive, though he had no idea if it was real.

Left: Albert Einstein revamped humanity's understanding of the universe in several fundamental ways. Special Relativity overhauled our notions of space and time, and General Relativity modified those ideas to include an explanation of the hitherto mysterious force of gravity. Now it appears his conjecture that the universe is pervaded by an expansive force called the "cosmological constant" was also correct.

Shortly afterwards, astronomer Edwin Hubble made the celebrated discovery that the universe was expanding. He assumed that the universe must be slowing down under gravity and might even come to a halt, leading Einstein later to say that his cosmological constant was the biggest blunder of his career. Now it appears Einstein was on the right track after all.

The source of the repulsive gravity may be something akin to Einstein's cosmological constant -- referred to as the energy of the "quantum vacuum," a subatomic netherworld pervading space -- or it may be something entirely new and unexpected.

"While we don't know what dark energy is we are certain that understanding it will provide crucial clues in the quest to unify the forces and particles in the universe, and that the route to this understanding involves telescopes, not accelerators," said astrophysicist Michael Turner of the University of Chicago.

Riess made the discovery in collaboration with Peter Nugent (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Brian Schmidt, (Mount Stromlo Observatory) and John Tonry (Institute for Astronomy). NASA's Hubble Space telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. The team of astronomers made their discovery by analyzing hundreds of images taken by Hubble to study how galaxies formed. Fortuitously, one of those galaxies contained a supernova previously discovered by astronomers Ron Gilliland, STScI, and Mark Phillips, Carnegie Institutions of Washington.

The Hubble Constant -- an explanation of the variable that describes the rate of expansion -- and thus the age -- of the universe. From a NASA Space Science Short.

Hubble Space Telescope -- public information page

Animation of a supernova -- 2.6 MB Quicktime animation of a supernova explosion

Chandra Home Page -- Chandra is a space-based X-ray observatory used to study supernovae and black holes

Chandra Newsroom -- from the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center