Hakken, David. Cyborgs @cyberspace? An Ethnographer Looks to the Future. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Hakken states that "the nation remains important to the imagining of cyberspace" (131). Expanding the traditional interpretation of cyberspace to include the landscape of Civilization (especially appropriate when considering the internet-based version of the game, where opponent civilizations are actually other human players), it is apparent how apt Hakken's position is for this critique of Civilization.

"Computer theorists use the term 'cyberspace' to refer to the notional social arena we 'enter' when using computers to communicate" (1). So begins Hakken's ethnographic enquiry in cyberspace. Important to note here is the idea that cyberspace is fundamentally a realm of communication, of information being passed back and forth. The obvious question this raises for my inquiry into Civilization is, what is it that this game is communicating? And what does it mean for the communication to be taking place in cyberspace?



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