An Evaluation of Approaches and a Tiered Methodology for Screening Chemicals in the context of Long
Range Transport
DAVID W. PENNINGTON
Laboratory of Ecosystem Management,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Lausanne (EPFL)
CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
In many national and
international programs, where thousands of chemicals are screened, the
relative ability of a chemical to be transported over long distances
can be an important criterion in determining whether concern is
warranted. Preliminary screening
can be conducted in terms of the effective travel distance (ETD), the
characteristic travel distance (CTD) or the degradation half-life in
air. However, despite their relative merits, the use of
multimedia screening approaches like the ETD and CTD is often inhibited
by the limited availability of degradation data (for air and water, but
particularly for soils and sediments). Preliminary screening in
terms of the atmospheric degradation half-life
alone therefore remains the most practical approach. The
relationship
of these three screening approaches and their suitability for screening
is
both theoretically and empirically evaluated in this paper. A
technique
to reduce the degradation data requirements of multimedia measures like
the
ETD and CTD by approximately 64% is introduced and a screening
methodology consisting of three tiers is proposed. It is
demonstrated that the predictions
at each tier are conservative (no false negatives) but that the number
of
false positives is reduced with both increasing degradation data
requirements
and model complexity.
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