[Kacs84] Kacser, H. and Beeby, R. (1984) Evolution of catalytic proteins or on the origin of enzyme species by means of natural selection. J. Mol. Evol. 20, 38-51.
[Kaga84] Kagan, M. and Avnir, D. (1984) Spatial dissipative structures formed by spontaneous molecular aggregation at interfaces. Origins of Life 14, 365-373.
[Kaga92] Kagawa, Y., Ohta, S., Harada, M., Kihara, H., Ito, Y. and Sato, M. (1992) The ab complexes of ATPsynthase: the a3b3 oligomer and a1b1 protomer. J. Bioenerg. Biom. 24, 441-445.
[Kais80] Kaiser, I. and Oelze, J. (1980) Growth and adaptation to phototrophic conditions of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides at different temperatures. Arch. Microbiol. 126, 187-194.
[Kaki82] Kakitani, T., Honig, B. and Crofts, A.R. (1982) Theoretical studies of the electrochromic response of carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes. Biophys. J. 39, 57-63.
[Kami62] Kamiya, N. (1962) Protoplasmic streaming. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol 17, part 2, pp 979-1035 (ed. W. Ruhland). Berlin, Springer.
[Karl02] Karl, D.M. (2002) Hidden is a sea of microbes. Nature 415, 590–591.
[Karl 84] Karl, D.M., Knauer, G.A., Martin, J.H., and Ward, B.B. (1984) Bacterial chemolitrotrophy in the ocean is associated with sinking particles. Nature 309, 54–56.
[Kast93] Kasting, J.F., Whitmire, D.P., and Reynolds, R.T. (1993) Habitable zones around main sequence stars. Icarus 101, 108–128. [Kauf86] Kauffman, S.A. (1986) Autocatalytic sets of proteins. J. Theor. Biol. 119, 1-24.
[Kauf93] Kauffman, S.A. (1993) The origins of order: self-organization and selection in evolution. pp. XIII, XVI, Oxford University Press, New York
[Kaya77] Kayalar, C., Rosing, J. and Boyer, P.D. (1977) An alternating site sequence for oxidative phosphorylation suggested by measurement of substrate binding patterns and exchange reaction inhibitions. J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2486-2491.
[Kell01] Kelley, D.S., Karson, J.A., Blackman, D.K., Früh-Green, G.L., Butterfield, D.A., Lilley, M.D., Olson, E.J., Schrenk, M.O., Roe, K.K., Lebon, G.T., Rivizzigno, P., and The AT3-60 Ship Board Party (2001) An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N. Nature 412, 145–149.
[Kell79] Kell, D.B. (1979) On the functional proton current pathway of electron transport phosphorylation. An electrodic view. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 549, 55-99.
[Kemp93] Kempner, E.S. (1993) Movable lobes and flexible loops in proteins. FEBS Lett. 326, 4- 10.
[Kenn94] Kennedy, M.J., Reader, S.L. and Swierczynski, L.M. (1994) Preservation records of micro-organisms: evidence of the tenacity of life. Microbiology 140, 2513-2529.
[Keos78] Keosian, J. (1978) The crisis in the problem of the origin of life. In: Origin of life. Proc. of the second ISSOL meeting. The fifth ICOL meeting, pp. 569-574 (ed. H. Noda). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
[Khur98] Khurana, K.K., Kivelson, M.G., Stevenson, D.J., Schubert, G., Russell, C.T., Walker, R.J., and Polanskey, C. (1998) Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto. Nature 395, 777–780. [Kim94] Kim, J. and Rees, D.C. (1994) Nitrogenase and biological nitrogen fixation. Biochemistry 33, 389-397.
[King90] King, C.C. (1990) Did membrane electrochemistry precede translation? Origins of Life 20, 15-25.
[Kirk71] Kirk, J.T.O. (1971) Chloroplast structure and biogenesis. A. Rev. Plant Physiol. 21, 161-196.
[Kirs92] Kirschenmann, P.P. (1992) Does the anthropic principle live up to scientific standards? Annals Japan Ass. Philosophy Sci. 8, 21-48.
[Klei84] Kleinfeld, D., Okamura, M.Y. and Feher, G. (1984) Electron-transfer kinetics in photosynthetic reaction centers cooled to cryogenic temperatures in the charge-separated state: evidence for light-induced structural changes. Biochemistry 23, 5780-5786.
[Knaf93] Knaff, D.B. (1993) The cytochrome bc1 complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Photosynth. Res. 35, 117-133.
[Knap90] Knapp, A.K. and Smith, W.K. (1990) Stomatal and photosynthetic responses to variable sunlight. Physiol. Plant 78, 160-165.
[Knap89] Knapp, A.K., Smith, W.K. and Young, D.R. (1989) Importance of intermittent shade to the ecophysiology of subalpine herbs. Functional Ecol. 3, 753-758.
[Know75] Knowles, A.F. and Racker, E. (1975) Formation of adenosine triphosphate from P i and adenosine diphosphate by purified Ca2+ -adenosine triphosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1949-1951.
[Know91] Knowles, J.R. (1991) Enzyme catalysis: not different, just better. Nature 350, 121-124.
[Koba90] Kobayashi, M., Maeda, H., Watanabe, T., Nakane, H. and Satoh, K. (1990) Chlorophyll a and §-carotene content in the D 1 /D 2 /cytochrome b-559 reaction center complex from spinach. FEBS Lett. 260, 138-140.
[Koch85] Koch, A.L. (1985) Primeval cells: possible energy-generating and cell-division mechanisms. J. Mol. Evol. 21, 270-277.
[Koik87] Koike, H., Hanssum, B., Inoue, Y. and Renger, G. (1987) Temperature dependence of S-state transition in a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Synechoccus vulcanus Copeland measured by absorption changes in the ultraviolet region. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 893, 524- 533.
[Kok49] Kok, B. (1949) On the interrelation of respiration and photosynthesis in green plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 3, 625-631.
[Kok66] Kok, B. and Cheniae, G.M. (1966) Kinetics and intermediates of the oxygen evolution step in photosynthesis. Cur. Top. Bioenerg. 1, 1-47.
[Kolb94] Kolb, V.M., Dworkin, J.P. and Miller, S.L. (1994) Alternative bases in the RNA world: the prebiotic synthesis of urazole and its ribosides. J. Mol. Evol. 38, 549-557.
[Kole81] Kolesnikov, M.P., Voronova, N.I. and Egorov, I.A. (1981) Molecular complexes of amino acids with porphyrins as possible precursors of pigment-protein systems. Origins of Life 11, 223- 231.
[Koll82] Koller, D. and Hadas, A. (1982) Water relations in the germination of seeds. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol. 12, Part B, pp. 401-431 (eds O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond and H. Ziegler). Springer, Berlin.
[Korn80] Kornberg, A. (1980) DNA replication. Freeman, San Francisco.
[Kosh76] Koshland, D.E. (1976) The evolution of function in enzymes. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. exp. Biol. 35, 2104-2111.
[Kraa71] Kraayenhof, R., Katan, M.B. and Grunwald, T. (1971) The effect of temperature on energy-linked functions in chloroplasts. FEBS Lett. 19, 5-10.
[Krab93] Krab, K., Bakels, R.H.A., Scholts, M.J.C. and Van Walraven, H.S. (1993) Activation of the H+ -ATPsynthase in thylakoid vesicles from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6716 by DµH+. Including a comparison with chloroplasts, and introducing a new method to calibrate light-induced DµH+. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1141, 197-205.
[Kram89] Kramer, D.M. and Crofts, A.R. (1989) Activation of the chloroplast ATPase measured by the electrochromic change in leaves of intact plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 976, 28-41.
[Kram90] Kramer, D.M., Wise, R.R., Frederick, J.R., Alm, D.M., Hesketh, J.D., Ort, D.R. and Crofts, A.R. (1990) Regulation of coupling factor in field-grown sunflower: a redox model relating coupling factor activity to the activities of other thioredoxin-dependent chloroplast enzymes. Photosynth. Res. 26, 213-222.
[Kras71] Krasnovsky, A.A. (1971) The evolution of photochemical electron transfer systems. In: Prebiotic and biochemical evolution, pp 209-216 (eds A.P. Kimball and J. Or—). North-Holland, Amsterdam.
[Krau73] Krause, G.H. (1973) The high-energy state of the thylakoid systen as indicated by chlorophyll flurorescence and chloroplast shrinkage. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 292, 715-728.
[Krau91] Krause, G.H. and Weis, E. (1991) Chlorophyll fluorescense and photosynthesis: the basics. A. Rev. Plant Physiol. 42, 313-349.
[Kraw91] Krawczyk, S. (1991) Electrochromism of chlorophyll a monomer and special pair dimer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1056, 64-70.
[Kreb02] Krebs, C. and Deming, J. (2002) Is there life in a desert of ice? Available online at: http://www. arctic.noaa.gov/ essay_krebsdeming.html [Kreb66] Krebs, H.A. (1966) Theoretical concepts in biological sciences. In: Current Aspects of Biochemical Energetics, pp 83-95 (eds N.O. Kaplan and E.P. Kennedy). Academic Press, New York.
[Kreb86] Krebs, E.G. (1986) The enzymology of control by phosphorylation. In: The enzymes. Vol 17. Control by phosphorylation. 3rd ed. pp. 3-20 (eds. P.D. Boyer and E.G. Krebs). Academic Press, New York.
[Kreb94] Krebs, E.G. (1994) The growth of research on protein phosphorylation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 439.
[Kren93] Krenn, B.E., Van Walraven, H.S., Scholts, M.J.C. and Kraayenhof, R. (1993) Modulation of the proton-translocation stoichiometry of H+ -ATP synthases in two phototrophic prokaryotes by external pH. Biochem. J. 294, 705-709.
[Krie73] Kriedemann, P.E., Tšrškfalvy, E. and Smart, R.E. (1973) Natural occurrence and photosynthetic utilisation of sunflecks by grapevine leaves. Photosynthetica 7, 18-27.
[Kris02] Krishnan, M., Ugaz, V.M., and Burns, M.A (2002) PCR in a Rayleigh-Benard convection cell. Science 298, 793. [Kris84] Krishnan, M. and Mohanty, P. (1984) Reactivation by chloride of hill activity in heat- and tris-treated thylkoid membranes from Beta vulgaris. Photosynth. Res. 5, 185-198.
[Krul92] Krulwich, T.A. and Guffanti, A.A. (1992) Proton-coupled bioenergetic processes in extremely alkaliphilic bacteria. J. Bioenerg. Biom. 24, 587-599.
[Krup85] Krupinska, K., Akoyunoglou, G. and Senger, H. (1985) Relationship between light-induced state I/II-transition and Mg2+ -effect on fluorescence, tested in synchronous cultures of Scenedesmus obliquus. Photochem. Photobiol. 41, 159-164.
[Kuhl87] Kuhlbrandt, W. (1987) Photosynthetic membranes and membrane proteins. In: Electron Microscopy of Proteins, pp 156-207 (ed. J.R. Harris). Academic Press, London.
[Kuhn72] Kuhn, H. (1972) Selbstorganisation molekularer Systeme und die Evolution des genetischen Apparats. Angew. Chem. 84, 838-862.
[Kuhn76] Kuhn, H. (1976) Model consideration for the origin of life. Environmental structure as stimulus for the evolution of chemical systems. Naturwissenschaften 63, 68-80.
[Kuhn94] Kuhn, H. (1994) Organized monolayer assemblies. Their role in constructing supramolecular devices and in modeling evolution of early life. IEEE Engineer. Med. Biol. Magaz. 13, 33-44.
[Kula80] Kulaev, I.S., Mansurova, S.E., Burlakova, E.B. and Dukhovich, V.F. (1980) Why ATP instead of pyrophosphate? Interrelationship between ATP and pyrophosphate production during evolution and in contemporary organisms. Biosystems 12, 177-180.
[Kula83] Kulaev, I.S. and Vagabov, V.M. (1983) Polyphosphate metabolism in micro-organisms. Adv. Microbial Physiol. 244, 83-171.