[MacE76] MacElroy, R.D. (1976) Life on the second sun. In: Chemical evolution of the giant planets, pp. 69-84 (ed. C. Ponnamperuma). Academic Press, New York.
[Mahe88] Maher, K.A. and Stevenson, D.J. (1988) Impact frustration of the origin of life. Nature 331, 612-614.
[Mar71] Mar, T. and Govindjee (1971) Thermoluminescence in spinach chloroplasts and in Chlorella. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 226, 200-203.
[Marg65] Margosian, P.M. (1965) Parametric study of a thermoelectrostatic generator for space applications. NASA Techn. Note TN D-2763
[Marg77] Margulis, L., Halvorson, H.O., Lewis, J. and Cameron, A.G.W. (1977). Limitations to growth of microorganisms on Uranus, Neptune, and Titan. Icarus 30, 793-808.
[Mart86] Martin, B. (1986) Arrhenius plots and the involvement of thermotropic phase transitions of the thylakoid membrane in chilling impairment of photosynthesis in thermophilic higher plants. Plant Cell Environm. 9, 323-331.
[Mart92] Martin, J., Horwich, A.L. and Hartl, F.U. (1992) Prevention of protein denaturation under heat stress by the chaperonin hsp60. Science 258, 995-998.
[Mart93] Martin, J., Mayhew, M., Langer, T. and Hartl, F.U. (1993) The reaction cycle of GroEL and GroES in chaperonin-assisted protein folding. Nature 366, 228-233.
[Masc80] Mascarenhas, S. (1980) Bioelectrets: electrets in biomaterials and biopolymers. Top. Appl. Physics 33, 321-346.
[Mati89] Matin, A., Auger, E.A., Blum, P.H. and Schulz, J.E. (1989) Genetic basis of starvation survival in nondifferentiating bacteria. A. Rev. Microbiol. 43, 293-316.
[Mats90] Matsuura, K. and Shimada, K. (1990) Evolutionary relationships between reaction center complexes with and without cytochrome c subunits in purple bacteria. In: Current Research in Photosynthesis, Vol I, pp 193-196 (ed. M. Baltscheffsky). Kluwer, Dordrecht.
[Matt94] Matthews, B.W., Craik, C.S. and Neurath, H. (1994) Can small cyclic peptides have the activity and specificity of proteolytic enzymes? Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. 91, 4103-4105.
[Maut95] Mautner, M.N., Leonard, R.L., and Deamer, D.W. (1995) Meteorite organics in planetary environments: hydrothermal release, surface activity, and microbial utilization. Planet. Space Sci. 43, 139–147.
[Mauz89] Mauzerall, D. and Greenbaum, N.L. (1989) The absolute size of a photosynthetic unit. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 974, 119-140.
[Mauz92] Mauzerall, D. (1992) Light, iron, Sam Granick and the origin of life. Photosynth. Res. 33, 163-170.
[Mayo93] Mayo, S.L. and Baldwin, R.L. (1993) Guanidinium chloride induction of partial unfolding in amide proton exchange in RNase A. Science 262, 873-876.
[McEv72] McEvoy, F.A. and Lynn, W.S. (1972) The effects of temperature on photophosphorylation and on the two forms of cytochrome 559 in subchloroplast particles. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 150, 632-635.
[McKa92] McKay, C.P. (1992) Mars: a reassessment of its interest to biology. In: Exobiology in solar system exploration, pp. 67-81 (eds G.C. Carle, D.E. Schwartz and J.L. Huntington). NASA, SP512.
[McKa94] McKay, C.P., Ivanov, M. and Boston, P.J. (1994) Considering the improbable: life underground on Mars. The Planetary Report 14 (4), 13-15.
[Meda85] Medawar, P. and Medawar, J. (1985). Aristotle to zoos. p. 209. Oxford University Press.
[Megg56] Meggy, A.B. (1956) Glycine peptides. Part II. The heat and entropy of formation of the peptide bond in polyglycine. J. Chem. Soc. B 1956, 1444-1454.
[Meht86] Mehta, N.G. (1986) An alternative view of the origin of life. Nature 324, 415-416.
[Meie81a] Meier, A. and Bachofen, R. (1981) The temperature dependence of initial events in photophosphorylation of spinach chloroplasts. FEBS Lett. 127, 193-195.
[Meie81b] Meier, A., Hofmann, M. and Bachofen, R. (1981) Initial events in photophosphorylation with chloroplasts and chromatophores: effects of temperature and of valinomycin. In: Energy Coupling in Photosynthesis, pp 79-87 (eds B.R. Selman and S. Selman-Reimer). Elsevier-North Holland, New York.
[Mela74] Melandri, B.A., Zannoni, D., Casadio, R. and Baccarini-Melandri, A. (1974) Energy conduction and transduction in photosynthesis and respiration of facultative photosynthetic bacteria. In: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Photosynthesis, pp 1147-1162 (ed. M. Avron). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[Mela77] Melandri, M.A., Casadio, R. and Baccarini-Melandri, A. (1977) Energy levels and rates of photophosphorylation in bacterial chromatophores. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Photosynthesis, pp 601-609 (eds. D.O. Hall, J. Coombs and T.S. Goodwin). The Biochemical Society, London.
[Mela80] Melandri, M.A., Venturoli, G., DeSantis, A. and Baccarini-Melandri, A. (1980). The induction kinetics of bacterial photophosphorylation. Treshold effects by the phosphate potential and correlation with the amplitude of the carotenoid absorption band shift. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 592, 38-52.
[Meli76] Melis, A. and Homann, P.H. (1976) Heterogeneity of the photochemical centers in system II of chloroplasts. Photochem. Photobiol. 23, 343-350.
[Meli85] Melis, A. (1985) Functional properties of photosystem II b in spinach chloroplasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 808, 334-342.
[Meli87] Melis, A., Spangfort, M. and Andersson, B. (1987) Light-absorption and electron-transport balance between photosystem II and photosystem I in spinach chloroplasts. Photochem. Photobiol. 45, 129-136.
[Meli91] Melis, A. (1991) Dynamics of photosynthetic membrane composition and function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1058, 87-106.
[Melt84] Meltzer, S. and Berman, M.C. (1984) Effects of pH, temperature and calcium concentration on the stoichiometry of the calcium pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 4244-4253
[Mess90] Messinger, J. and Renger, G. (1990) Temperature dependence
of O 2 -oscillation
pattern of spinach thylakoids. In: Current research in Photosynthesis,
Vol I, pp 849-852 (ed. M. Baltscheffsky). Kluwer, Dordrecht.
[Meye81] Meyer, R., Snozzi, M. and Bachofen, R. (1981) Freeze fracture studies of reaction centers from Rhodospirillum rubrum in chromatophores and liposomes. Arch. Microbiol. 130, 125-128.
[Mich80] Michel, H. and Oesterhelt, D. (1980) Electrochemical proton gradient across the cell membrane of Halobacterium halobium: comparison of the light-induced increase with the increase of intracellular adenosine triphosphate under steady-state illumination. Biochemistry 19, 4615-4619.
[Midd93] Middendorf, T.R., Mazzola, L.T., Lao, K., Steffen, M.A. and Boxer, S.G. (1993) Stark effect (electroabsorption) spectroscopy of photosynthetic reaction centers at 15 K: evidence that the special pair has a large excited-state polarizability. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1143, 223-234.
[Mill67] Miller, W.G., Brant, D.A. and Flory, P.J. (1967) Random coil configuations of polypeptide copolymers. J. Mol. Biol. 23, 67-80.
[Mill71] Miller, S.L. and Parris, M. (1971) Synthesis of pyrophosphate under primitive earth conditions. In: Prebiotic and biochemical evolution, pp. 83-88 (eds A.P. Kimball and J. Oró). North-Holland, Amsterdam.
[Mill76] Miller, K.R., Miller, G.J. and McIntyre, K.R. (1976) The light harvesting complex of photosystem II. J. Cell Biol. 71, 624-638.
[Mill80] Mills, J.D., Mitchell, P. and Schürmann, P. (1980) Modulation of the coupling factor ATPase activity in intact chloroplasts. FEBS Lett. 112, 173-177.
[Mill82] Mills, J.D. and Mitchell, P. (1982) Thiol modulation of CFo -CF1 stimulates acid/base-dependent phosphorylation of ADP by broken pea chloroplasts. FEBS Lett. 144, 63- 67.
[Mill83] Miller, K.R. and Jacob, J.S. (1983) Two-dimensional crystals formed from photosynthetic reaction centers. J. Cell Biol. 97, 1266-1270.
[Mill84] Mills, J.D. (1984) Thiol modulation of CF o -CF 1 by thioredoxin: the function and consequences of a redox link between the reactions of electron transport and ATP synthesis. In: H+ -ATPase (ATPsynthase): structure, function, biogenesis. The Fo F1 complex of coupling membranes, pp 349-358 (eds S. Papa, K. Altendorf, L. Ernster and L. Packen). ICSU Press, Bari.
[Mill95] Miller, S.L. and Lazcano, A. (1995) The origin of life-did it occur at high temperatures? J. Mol. Evol. 41, 689-692.
[Mint92] Minton, A.P. (1992) Confinement as a determinant of macromolecular structure and reactivity. Biophys. J. 63, 1090-1100.
[Mitc70] Mitchell, P. (1970) Membranes of cells and organelles: morphology, transport and metabolism. Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 20, 121-166.
[Mitc75] Mitchell, P. (1975) Protonmotive redox mechanism of the cytochrome b-c1 complex in the respiratory chain: protonmotive ubiquinone cycle. FEBS Lett. 56, 1-6.
[Mitc79a] Mitchell, P. (1979a) Keilin's respiratory chain concept and is chemiosmotic consequences. Science 206, 1148-1159.
[Mitc79b] Mitchell, P. (1979b) Direct chemiosmotic ligand conduction mechanisms in protonmotive complexes. In: Membrane bioenergetics, pp. 361-372 (eds C.P.Lee, G. Schatz and L. Ernster). Addison Wesley, London.
[Mitr02] Mitrofanov, I., Anfimov, D., Kozyrev, A., Litvak, M., Sanin, A., Tret’yakov, V., Krylov, A., Shvetsov, V., Boynton, W., Shinohara, C., Hamara, D., and Saunders, R.S. (2002) Maps of subsurface hydrogen from the high energy neutron detector, Mars Odyssey. Science Science 297, 78–81.
[Mitr03] Mitrofanov, I.G., Zuber, M.T., Litvak, M.L., Boynton, W.V., Smith, D.E., Drake, D., Hamara, D. Kozyrev, A.S., Sanin, A.B., Shinohara, C., Saunders, R.S., and Tretyakov V. (2003) CO2 snow depth and subsurface water-ice abundance in the northern hemisphere of Mars. Science 300, 2081–2084.
[Miya92] Miyasaka, T., Koyama, K. and Itoh, I. (1992) Quantum conversion and image detection by a bacteriorhodopsin-based artificial photoreceptor. Science 255, 342-344.
[Moll92] Möller, W. and Janssen, G.M.C. (1992) Statistical evidence for remnants of the primordial code in the acceptor stem of prokaryotic transfer RNA. J. mol. Evol. 34, 471-477.
[Mono71] Monod, J. (1971) Chance and necessity. Knopf, New York.
[Morf88] Morfill, G.E., Goertz, C.K., and Havnes, O. (1988) Thermal cycling and fluctuations in the protoplanetary nebula. Icarus 76, 391–403.
[Morg95] Morgan, A. (1995) Exocytosis. Essays in Biochemistry 30, 77- 95.
[Mori82] Morita, R.Y. (1982) Starvation-survival of heterotrophs in the marine environment. Adv. Microb. Ecol. 6, 171-198.
[Mori83] Morita, S., Itoh, S. and Nishimura, M. (1983) Flash-induced photophosphorylation in chloroplasts with activated ATPase. Biochim. biophys. Acta 724, 411-415.
[Moro67] Morowitz, H. and Sagan, C. (1967) Life in the clouds of Venus? Nature 215, 1259-1260.
[Moro74] Morowitz, H.J. (1974) Energy flow and biological organization. In: Irreversible thermodynamics and the origin of life, pp. 25-31, 66-69. (eds G.F. Oster, I.L. Silver and C.A. Tobias). Gordon and Breach, New York.
[Moro88] Morowitz, H.J., Heinz, B. and Deamer, D.W. (1988) The chemical logic of a minimum protocell. Origins of Life 18, 281-287.
[Morr92] Morrow, M.R., Whitehead, J.P. and Lu, D. (1992) Chain-length dependence of lipid bilayer properties near the liquid crystal to gel phase transition. Biophys. J. 63, 18-27.
Muhl66 [Muhl66] Mühlethaler, K. (1966) The ultrastructure of the plastid lamellae. In: Biochemistry of chloroplasts, pp 49-64 (ed. T.W. Goodwin). Academic Press, New York.
[Muhl91] Muhleman, D.O., Butler, B.J., Grossman, A.W. and Slade, M.A.(1991) Radar images of Mars. Science 253, 1508-1513.
[Mull83] Muller, A.W.J. (1983) Thermoelectric energy conversion could be an energy source of living organisms. Phys. Lett. A 96, 319-321.
[Mull85] Muller, A.W.J. (1985) Thermosynthesis by biomembranes: energy gain from cyclic temperare changes. J. Theor. Biol. 115, 429- 453.
[Mull93] Muller, A.W.J. (1993) A mechanism for thermosynthesis based on a thermotropic phase transition in an asymmetric biomembrane. Physiol. Chem. Physics med. NMR 25, 95-111.
[Mull94] Muller, A.W.J. (1994) A model for biogenesis based on thermosynthesis. Origins of Life Evol. Biosph. 24, 253-254.
[Mull95] Muller, A.W.J. (1995) Were the first organisms heat engines? A new model for biogenesis and the early evolution of biological energy conversion. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 63, 193-231.
[Mull96a] Muller, A.W.J. (1996a) Life on Mars? Nature 380, 100.
[Mull96b] Muller, A.W.J. (1996b) hypothesis: The thermosynthesis model for the origin of life and the emergence of regulation by Ca2+ . Essays in Biochemistry 31, 103-119.
[Muno02] Muñoz Caro, G.M., Meierhenrich, U.J., Schutte, W.A., Barbier, B., Arcones Segovia, A., Rosenbauer, H., Thiemann, W.H.-P., Brack, A., and Greenberg, J.M. (2002) Amino acids from ultraviolet irradiation of interstellar ice analogues. Nature 416, 403–406.
[Mura69] Murata, N. (1969) Control of excitation transfer in photosynthesis. II. Magnesium ion-dependent distribution of excitation energy between two pigment systems in spinach chloroplasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 189, 171-181.
[Mura70] Murakami, S. and Packer, L. (1970) Protonation and chloroplast membrane structure. J. Cell Biol. 47, 332-351.
[Mura75a] Murata, N., Troughton, J.H. and Fork, D.C. (1975) Relationships between the transition of the physical phase of membrane lipids and photosynthetic parameters in Anacystis nidulans and lettuce and spinach chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 56, 508-517.
[Mura75b] Murata, N. and Fork, D.C. (1975) Temperature dependence of chlorophyll a fluorescence in relation to the physical phase of membrane lipids in algae and higher plants. Plant Physiol. 56, 791-796.
[Mura90] Murata, N., Higashi, S.-I. and Fujimura, Y. (1990) Lipids in spinach photosystem II. In: Current Research in Photosynthesis, Vol 1, pp 403-406 (ed. M. Baltscheffsky). Kluwer, Dordrecht.
[Murp92] Murphy, K.P. and Freire, E. (1992) Thermodynamics of structural stability and cooperative folding behavior in proteins. Adv. Prot. Chem. 43, 313-361.
[Murr91] Murray, A.W. and Kirschner, M.W. (1991) What controls the cell cycle. Sci. Am. 264 (3), 34-41.
[Myer71] Myers, J. and Graham, J.-R. (1971) The photosynthetic unit in Chlorella measured by repetitive short flashes. Plant Physiol. 48, 282-286.